DOCSLIB.ORG

Typical Brain Networks and Individual Differences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Typical Brain Networks and Individual Differences Reading Fluent Speech from Talking Faces: Typical Brain Networks and Individual Differences Deborah A. Hall, Clayton Fussell, and A. Quentin Summerfield Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/17/6/939/1757281/0898929054021175.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract & Listeners are able to extract important linguistic informa- occipital cortex, whereas visual speech additionally engaged the tion by viewing the talker’s face—a process known as middle temporal gyrus, inferior and middle frontal gyri, and the ‘‘speechreading.’’ Previous studies of speechreading present inferior parietal lobe, particularly in the left hemisphere. These small closed sets of simple words and their results indicate that latter regions are implicated in lexical stages of spoken visual speech processing engages a wide network of brain language processing. Although auditory speech generated regions in the temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes that are extensive bilateral activation across both superior and middle likely to underlie multiple stages of the receptive language temporal gyri, the group-averaged pattern of speechreading system. The present study further explored this network in a activation failed to include any auditory regions along the large group of subjects by presenting naturally spoken superior temporal gyrus, suggesting that fluent visual speech sentences which tap the richer complexities of visual speech does not always involve sound-based coding of the visual input. processing. Four different baselines (blank screen, static face, An important finding from the individual subject analyses was nonlinguistic facial gurning, and auditory speech) enabled us that activation in the superior temporal gyrus did reach to determine the hierarchy of neural processing involved in significance ( p < .001, small-volume corrected) for a subset speechreading and to test the claim that visual input reliably of the group. Moreover, the extent of the left-sided superior accesses sound-based representations in the auditory cortex. temporal gyrus activity was strongly correlated with speech- In contrast to passively viewing a blank screen, the static-face reading performance. Skilled speechreading was also associ- condition evoked activation bilaterally across the border of the ated with activations and deactivations in other brain regions, fusiform gyrus and cerebellum, and in the medial superior suggesting that individual differences reflect the efficiency of a frontal gyrus and left precentral gyrus ( p < .05, whole brain circuit linking sensory, perceptual, memory, cognitive, and corrected). With the static face as baseline, the gurning face linguistic processes rather than the operation of a single evoked bilateral activation in the motion-sensitive region of the component process. & INTRODUCTION information facilitates perceptual accuracy by providing Speechreading is the ability to understand a talker by supplementary information about the spatial location of viewing the movements of their lips, teeth, tongue, and the talker and about the segmental elements of the jaw. Visual speech therefore conveys specific linguistic speech acoustic waveform, as well as complementary information that is separate from the analysis of facial information about consonant place of articulation that is features and of nonmeaningful movements of the face most susceptible to acoustic distortion (Summerfield, (Figure 1). In isolation, speechreading is rarely perfect 1987). Thus, linguistic facial movements are particularly because some phonetic distinctions between conso- informative for speech perception when the auditory nants do not have visible articulatory correlates and signal is degraded by noise (Sumby & Pollack, 1954), fluent speech contains coarticulation between words. reverberation, or the distortions introduced by a senso- Nevertheless, linguistic facial movements exert an auto- rineural hearing impairment (Jeffers & Barley, 1971). matic influence on the perception of heard speech; Macleod and Summerfield (1987, 1990) demonstrated famously demonstrated by the fusion illusion in which, that the comprehension benefit at poor acoustic signal- for example, the congruent presentation of a heard to-noise ratios from seeing the talker’s face was closely syllable [ba] and a seen utterance [ga] generates the related to the success with which those subjects were subjective impression of hearing [da] (McGurk & Mac- able to perform a comparable silent speechreading test Donald, 1976). In normal listening situations, visual (r = .9, p < .01). Therefore, silent speechreading and audiovisual speech perception are likely to share com- mon processes of visual analysis. As a consequence, tests of speechreading have often been used to probe the MRC Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK patterns of brain activation that support audiovisual D 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17:6, pp. 939–953 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/0898929054021175 by guest on 02 October 2021 Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/17/6/939/1757281/0898929054021175.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Figure 1. Freeze-frame clips of one of the talkers (AQS) used in the present study. Both the gurning face and visual speech clips were extracted from a 3.9-sec recording of dynamic facial articulations. speech processing. The results of these neuroimaging (Calvert & Campbell, 2003). Speechreading activation studies are reviewed in the following section. typically also includes the precentral gyrus (BA 6) and parietal lobe (BA 7 and 40) in both hemispheres. It is proposed that the processes underlying perception and Neural Underpinnings of Speechreading Simple action might share a common representational frame- Word Lists work such that premotor, parietal, and inferior frontal brain regions could support the perception of meaning- The neural basis of speechreading has been measured ful actions (Decety & Grezes, 1999). Indeed, observing by presenting subjects with simple word lists such as the speech-related lip movements has been shown to en- numbers 1 to 10 or other closed sets of high-frequency hance the excitability of the primary motor units under- words. One of the first studies to elucidate some of the lying speech production, particularly those in the left brain areas specifically involved in speechreading pre- hemisphere (Watkins, Strafella, & Paus, 2003). sented five normally hearing individuals with auditory speech, visual speech, pseudo-speech, closed-mouth gurning, static face, and silent baseline conditions (Cal- Individual Differences in Speechreading Ability vert, Bullmore, et al., 1997). Relative to the static face, visual speech engaged the extrastriate visual cortex Closed sets of high-frequency monosyllabic or bi- implicated in the detection of visual motion and the syllabic words are relatively easy to speechread and superior temporal gyrus traditionally viewed as the so previous neuroimaging studies tend to report per- unimodal auditory cortex. Parts of the auditory cortex formance levels that are close to ceiling. However, for were claimed to be involved in encoding at a prelexical, fluent speech, large individual differences in speech- phonological stage of visual speech processing because reading ability exist in both normally hearing and they were also engaged by pseudo-speech, but not by hearing-impaired populations. Fluent visual speech con- the gurning face. At the time of publication, fMRI tains many ambiguities because some phonetic dis- methodology was at an early stage of development: tinctions do not have visible articulatory correlates The imaging view was limited to a portion of the brain, and there is coarticulation across word boundaries. the activation maps were those of a simple composite Speechreading ability can be measured by scoring group average, and the functional localization was ap- the percentage of content words correctly reported proximate. Nevertheless, the finding that visual speech in short sentences (Macleod & Summerfield, 1990). elicits superior temporal gyrus activation has been rep- Scores on such tests often range from less than 10% licated many times since (Calvert & Campbell, 2003; correct to over 70% correct among any group screened Bernstein et al., 2002; MacSweeney et al., 2002; Camp- to have normal vision and similar hearing status and bell et al., 2001; Calvert, Campbell, & Brammer, 2000), age. For 20 normally hearing adults, Macleod and and even in the absence of scanner acoustic noise Summerfield (1987) reported a spread in performance (Paulesu et al., 2003; MacSweeney et al., 2000). Whole- across the bottom 50% range of scores on a subset brain scanning has revealed that visual speech generates of the British-English sentences developed by Bamford robust activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44 and and Wilson (1979). For 68 deaf children aged 9 to 45), occipito-temporal junction (BA 37), middle tempo- 19 years, Heider and Heider (1940) reported a spread ral gyrus (BA 21), and superior temporal sulcus, but of scores from 11% to 93% on a story-like sentence generally with greater activation on the left than the comprehension test. right side. These regions are implicated in traditional Because the intersubject variability in speechreading speech-processing circuitry and can be engaged even is much greater than in auditory speech perception when syllables, not words or sentences, are presented (Macleod & Summerfield,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Brain Is Contained Within the Cranium, and Constitutes the Upper, Greatly Expanded Part of the Central Nervous System
    The brain is contained within the cranium, and constitutes the upper, greatly expanded part of the central nervous system. Henry Gray (1918) Looking through the gray outer layer of the cortex, you can see a mass of white matter. At the center is a cluster of large nuclei, including the basal ganglia, the hippocampi, the amygdalae, and two egg-shaped structures at the very center, barely visible in this figure, the thalami. The thalami rest on the lower brainstem (dark and light blue). You can also see the pituitary gland in front (beige), and the cerebellum at the rear of the brain (pink). In this chapter we will take these structures apart and re-build them from the bottom up. 09_P375070_Ch05.indd 126 1/29/2010 4:08:25 AM CHAPTER 5 The brain OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction 127 3.2 Output and input: the front-back division 143 1.1 The nervous system 128 3.3 The major lobes: visible and hidden 145 1.2 The geography of the brain 129 3.4 The massive interconnectivity of the cortex and thalamus 149 2.0 Growing a brain from the bottom up 133 3.5 The satellites of the subcortex 151 2.1 Evolution and personal history are expressed in the brain 133 4.0 Summary 153 2.2 Building a brain from bottom to top 134 5.0 Chapter review 153 3.0 From ‘ where ’ to ‘ what ’ : the functional 5.1 Study questions 153 roles of brain regions 136 5.2 Drawing exercises 153 3.1 The cerebral hemispheres: the left-right division 136 1.0 INTRODUCTION found.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: the Neural Substrates of Visible Speech
    Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech Gemma A. Calvert1 and Ruth Campbell2 Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/15/1/57/1757731/089892903321107828.pdf by guest on 18 May 2021 Abstract & Speech is perceived both by ear and by eye. Unlike heard regions including the left inferior frontal (Broca’s) area, left speech, some seen speech gestures can be captured in superior temporal sulcus (STS), and left supramarginal gyrus stilled image sequences. Previous studies have shown that in (the dorsal aspect of Wernicke’s area). Stilled speech hearing people, natural time-varying silent seen speech can sequences also generated activation in the ventral premotor access the auditory cortex (left superior temporal regions). cortex and anterior inferior parietal sulcus bilaterally. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the Moving faces generated significantly greater cortical activa- present study explored the extent to which this circuitry was tion than stilled face sequences, and in similar regions. activated when seen speech was deprived of its time-varying However, a number of differences between stilled and moving characteristics. speech were also observed. In the visual cortex, stilled faces In the scanner, hearing participants were instructed to generated relatively more activation in primary visual regions look for a prespecified visible speech target sequence (‘‘voo’’ (V1/V2), while visual movement areas (V5/MT+) were or ‘‘ahv’’) among other monosyllables. In one condition, the activated to a greater extent by moving faces. Cortical regions image sequence comprised a series of stilled key frames activated more by naturally moving speaking faces included showing apical gestures (e.g., separate frames for ‘‘v’’ and the auditory cortex (Brodmann’s Areas 41/42; lateral parts of ‘‘oo’’ [from the target] or ‘‘ee’’ and ‘‘m’’ [i.e., from Heschl’s gyrus) and the left STS and inferior frontal gyrus.
    [Show full text]
  • Are the Neural Correlates of Consciousness in the Front Or in the Back of the Cerebral Cortex?
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/118273; this version posted March 19, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Are the neural correlates of consciousness in the front or in the back of the cerebral cortex? Clinical and neuroimaging evidence Melanie Boly1,2*, Marcello Massimini3,4, Naotsugu Tsuchiya5, Bradley R. Postle2,6, Christof Koch7, Giulio Tononi2* 1 Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705 USA 2 Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53719 USA 3 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, University of Milan, Milan, 20157, Italy 4 Instituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, 20148, Italy 6 Department of Psychology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3168, Australia 6 Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53705 USA 7 Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA Abbreviated title: Is consciousness in the front versus the back of corteX? Correspondence to: Melanie Boly: [email protected] or Giulio Tononi: [email protected]. Address: 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison WI 53719 Number of pages: 25 Number of figures: 5 Number of words for Abstract: 45; number of words for Main teXt: 3750 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by NIH/NINDS 1R03NS096379 (to M.B.), by the Tiny Blue Dot Foundation and the Distinguished Chair in Consciousness Science (University of Wisconsin) (to G.T.), and by the James S.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction of Inferior Temporal Cortex with Frontal Cortex and Basal Forebrain: Double Dissociation in Strategy Implementation and Associative Learning
    The Journal of Neuroscience, August 15, 2002, 22(16):7288–7296 Interaction of Inferior Temporal Cortex with Frontal Cortex and Basal Forebrain: Double Dissociation in Strategy Implementation and Associative Learning David Gaffan,1 Alexander Easton,2 and Amanda Parker2 1Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom, and 2School of Psychology, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom Macaque monkeys learned a strategy task in which two groups TSϩAMϩFX cannot be generally attributed to the partial tem- of visual objects needed to be treated differently, one with poral–frontal disconnection that this lesion creates, and there- persistent and one with sporadic object choices, to obtain food fore support the hypothesis that the amnesic effects of this rewards. After preoperative training, they were divided into two lesion are caused primarily by the disconnection of temporal surgical groups of three monkeys each. One group received cortex from ascending inputs from the basal forebrain. The crossed unilateral removals of frontal cortex and inferior tem- results also show that temporal–frontal interaction in strategy poral cortex (IT ϫ FC) and were severely impaired in performing implementation does not require those routes of temporal– the strategy task. The other group received bilateral transection frontal interaction that are interrupted in TSϩAMϩFX, and of anterior temporal stem, amygdala, and fornix (TSϩAMϩFX) therefore support the hypothesis that projections to other pos- and were unimpaired in performing the strategy task. Subse- terior cortical areas allow temporal and frontal cortex to interact quently the same animals were tested in visual object–reward with each other by multisynaptic corticocortical routes in strat- association learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience Sampling During Fmri Reveals Default Network and Executive System Contributions to Mind Wandering
    Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering Kalina Christoffa,1, Alan M. Gordonb, Jonathan Smallwoodc, Rachelle Smitha, and Jonathan W. Schoolerc aDepartment of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 2R8; bDepartment of Psychology, Stanford University, CA 94305; and cDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Edited by Michael I. Posner, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, and approved March 27, 2009 (received for review February 9, 2009) Although mind wandering occupies a large proportion of our there were no online measures of mind wandering taken during waking life, its neural basis and relation to ongoing behavior scanning, it is possible that the observed default network recruit- remain controversial. We report an fMRI study that used experi- ment could be due to factors other than mind wandering. In this ence sampling to provide an online measure of mind wandering vein, Gilbert et al. (9) recently argued that instead of mind during a concurrent task. Analyses focused on the interval of time wandering, activations in the medial PFC part of the default immediately preceding experience sampling probes demonstrate network may reflect stimulus-related thought such as enhanced activation of default network regions during mind wandering, a watchfulness toward the external environment that is also likely to finding consistent with theoretical accounts of default network occur during highly practiced tasks. functions. Activation in medial prefrontal default network regions A key objective of the present study was to provide a direct was observed both in association with subjective self-reports of empirical test for the hypothesis that default network recruitment, mind wandering and an independent behavioral measure (perfor- including medial PFC regions, occurs during the precise moments mance errors on the concurrent task).
    [Show full text]
  • Posterior Cortex Epilepsy: Diagnostic Considerations and Surgical Outcome
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Seizure 18 (2009) 288–292 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Seizure journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yseiz Posterior cortex epilepsy: Diagnostic considerations and surgical outcome Tao Yu, Yuping Wang, Guojun Zhang, Lixin Cai, Wei Du, Yongjie Li * Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, China ARTICLE INFO SUMMARY Article history: Purpose: To assess the role of various pre-surgical evaluations in posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE) and its Received 15 January 2008 surgical outcome. Received in revised form 12 November 2008 Methods: A retrospective analysis of clinical and laboratory data from 43 PCE patients referred for Accepted 20 November 2008 surgery was performed. The diagnosis was established by standard pre-surgical evaluation modalities including semiology, MRI, interictal and ictal scalp video-EEG as well as additional intracranial EEG Keywords: monitoring in selected cases. Posterior cortex Results: The 43 patients included 11 parietal lobe epilepsies, 13 occipital lobe epilepsies, and 19 patients Epilepsy surgery with seizures originating from parieto-occipito-posterior temporal cortex. Thirty-three (76.7%) patients Surgical outcome experienced at least one type of aura. Seventeen patients showed complex focal seizures, which were followed by secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizures in seven of them; eighteen patients predominantly showed simple motor seizures (clonic seizures in 6, tonic seizures in 7, and versive seizures in 5). Long-term visual field deficits were observed in 8 patients. Other transient neurological deficits occurred in 7 patients. All patients received the follow-up study lasting 1–5 years, and achieved Engel’s I in 26 cases, II in 5, III in 5, and IV–V in 7.
    [Show full text]
  • Cortical Connectivity Maps Reveal Anatomically Distinct Areas in the Parietal Cortex of the Rat
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Cortical connectivity maps reveal anatomically distinct areas in the parietal cortex of the rat. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/01d2v835 Journal Frontiers in neural circuits, 8(JAN) ISSN 1662-5110 Authors Wilber, Aaron A Clark, Benjamin J Demecha, Alexis J et al. Publication Date 2014 DOI 10.3389/fncir.2014.00146 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 05 January 2015 NEURAL CIRCUITS doi: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00146 Cortical connectivity maps reveal anatomically distinct areas in the parietal cortex of the rat Aaron A. Wilber 1,2*†, Benjamin J. Clark 1,3*†, Alexis J. Demecha 1, Lilia Mesina 1, Jessica M. Vos 1 and Bruce L. McNaughton 1,2 1 Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, The University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada 2 Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA 3 Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Edited by: A central feature of theories of spatial navigation involves the representation of spatial Charles F.Stevens, The Salk relationships between objects in complex environments. The parietal cortex has long Institute for Biological Studies, USA been linked to the processing of spatial visual information and recent evidence from Reviewed by: single unit recording in rodents suggests a role for this region in encoding egocentric Richard Hahnloser, ETH University Zurich, Switzerland and world-centered frames. The rat parietal cortex can be subdivided into four distinct Ya-tang Li, California Institute of rostral-caudal and medial-lateral regions, which includes a zone previously characterized as Technology, USA secondary visual cortex.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW ARTICLE the Retrosplenial-Parietal Network and Reference Frame Coordination for Spatial Navigation
    REVIEW ARTICLE The Retrosplenial-Parietal Network and Reference Frame Coordination for Spatial Navigation Benjamin J. Clark1, Christine M. Simmons2, Laura E. Berkowitz1, Aaron A. Wilber2 1Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 2Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Main text: 35 Pages, 2 figures Key Words: spatial navigation, reference frame, parietal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, retrosplenial cortex To whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] [email protected] Acknowledgments: The manuscript was written while the authors were supported by grants from NIAAA P50AA022534 and R21AA024983 to BJC and NIA R00AG049090 to AAW. 2 Abstract The retrosplenial cortex is anatomically positioned to integrate sensory, motor, and visual information and is thought to have an important role in processing spatial information and guiding behavior through complex environments. Anatomical and theoretical work has argued that the retrosplenial cortex participates in spatial behavior in concert with its primary input, the parietal cortex. Although the nature of this interactions is unknown, the central position is that the functional connectivity is hierarchical with egocentric spatial information processed at parietal cortex, and higher-level allocentric mappings generated in the retrosplenial cortex. Here, we review the evidence supporting this proposal. We begin by summarizing the key anatomical features of the retrosplenial-parietal network, and then review studies investigating the neural correlates of these regions during spatial behavior. Our summary of this literature suggests that the retrosplenial-parietal circuitry does not represent a strict hierarchical parcellation of function between the two regions, but instead a heterogeneous mixture of egocentric-allocentric coding and integration across frames of reference.
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Between Auditory and Motor Systems in Speech Perception
    Neurosci Bull June 1, 2014, 30(3): 490–496. http://www.neurosci.cn 490 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1428-6 ·Review· Interaction between auditory and motor systems in speech perception Zhe-Meng Wu, Ming-Li Chen, Xi-Hong Wu, Liang Li Department of Psychology, Speech and Hearing Research Center, Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Corresponding author: Liang Li. E-mail: [email protected] © Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Based on the Motor Theory of speech perception, the interaction between the auditory and motor systems plays an essential role in speech perception. Since the Motor Theory was proposed, it has received remarkable attention in the fi eld. However, each of the three hypotheses of the theory still needs further verifi cation. In this review, we focus on how the auditory-motor anatomical and functional associations play a role in speech perception and discuss why previous studies could not reach an agreement and particularly whether the motor system involvement in speech perception is task-load dependent. Finally, we suggest that the function of the auditory-motor link is particularly useful for speech perception under adverse listening conditions and the further revised Motor Theory is a potential solution to the “cocktail-party” problem. Keywords: auditory-motor interaction; Motor Theory of speech perception; motor cortex; “cocktail-party” problem. Introduction in a reading-machine study. In their experiments, although blind people could recognize independent linguistic How listeners process the acoustic signals of speech is a units, they could not perceive alphabetic sequences and hot question.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Frontiers Neural Circuits
    Two Neural Circuits to Point Towards Home Position After Passive Body Displacements Jean Blouin, Anahid Saradjian, Jean-Philippe Pialasse, Gerome Manson, Laurence Mouchnino, Martin Simoneau To cite this version: Jean Blouin, Anahid Saradjian, Jean-Philippe Pialasse, Gerome Manson, Laurence Mouchnino, et al.. Two Neural Circuits to Point Towards Home Position After Passive Body Displacements. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, Frontiers, 2019, 13, 10.3389/fncir.2019.00070. hal-02338493 HAL Id: hal-02338493 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02338493 Submitted on 30 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 30 October 2019 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00070 Two Neural Circuits to Point Towards Home Position After Passive Body Displacements Jean Blouin 1*, Anahid H. Saradjian 1, Jean-Philippe Pialasse 2, Gerome A. Manson 1,3, Laurence Mouchnino 1 and Martin Simoneau 2,4 1Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France, 2Faculté de Médecine, Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 3Centre for Motor Control, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 4Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, QC, Canada A challenge in motor control research is to understand the mechanisms underlying the transformation of sensory information into arm motor commands.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Atrophy of the Medial Temporal Lobe with Reduced Blood
    190 Journal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1992;55:190-194 Association of atrophy of the medial temporal lobe J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.55.3.190 on 1 March 1992. Downloaded from with reduced blood flow in the posterior parietotemporal cortex in patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease K A Jobst, A D Smith, C S Barker, A Wear, E M King, A Smith, P A Anslow, A J Molyneux, B J Shepstone, N Soper, K A Holmes, J R Robinson, R A Hope, C Oppenheimer, K Brockbank, B McDonald Abstract lateral temporal lobes are related to the degree A combination of medial temporal lobe of cognitive decline,"8 but such findings are atrophy, shown by computed tomo- difficult to reconcile with neuropathological graphy, and reduced blood flow in the studies showing that the most severely affected parietotemporal cortex, shown by single parts of the brain in Alzheimer's disease are in photon emission tomography, was found the medial lobe, mainly the amygdala, the in 86% (44151) of patients with a clinical hippocampal formation and adjacent parahip- diagnosis of senile dementia of the Alz- pocampal gyrus.>'3 Atrophy of these areas can heimer type (SDAT). The same combina- be revealed in life by CT studies in which the tion ofchanges was found in four out of 10 scan angle is adjusted to give a clearer view of patients with other clinical types of the medial temporal lobe, and such studies in dementia and in two out of 18 with no patients with a clinical diagnosis ofAlzheimer's evidence of cognitive deficit.
    [Show full text]
  • Posterior Cortex Epilepsy Surgery
    UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL FACULDADE DE MEDICINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM MEDICINA: CIÊNCIAS MÉDICAS TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO DA EPILEPSIA DO CÓRTEX POSTERIOR: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E METANÁLISE Autor: Fabrício Diniz Kleber Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin Dissertação de Mestrado Porto Alegre 2013 ! TRATAMENTO CIRÚRGICO DA EPILEPSIA DO CÓRTEX POSTERIOR: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA E METANÁLISE Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin Porto Alegre 2013 ! CIP - Catalogação na Publicação Kleber, Fabrício Diniz Tratamento Cirúrgico da Epilepsia do Córtex Posterior: Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise / Fabrício Diniz Kleber. -- 2013. 60 f. Orientador: Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin. Dissertação (Mestrado) -- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Ciências Médicas, Porto Alegre, BR-RS, 2013. 1. Epilepsia do córtex posterior. 2. Cirurgia de epilepsia. 3. Metanálise. I. Bianchin, Marino Muxfeldt, orient. II. Título. Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração Automática de Ficha Catalográfica da UFRGS com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). ! ORIENTADOR Prof. Dr. Marino Muxfeldt Bianchin Formado em Medicina pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (1991). Realizou residência médica em Neurologia no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (1992-1996) e doutorado em Ciências Biológicas (Bioquímica) na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (1999), com doutorado sanduíche em Neurociências – University of California Irvine (1998). Possui pós-doutorado pela USP de Ribeirão Preto (2003-2005). Atualmente é professor Adjunto do Departamento de Medicina Interna da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e médico do serviço de Neurologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre.
    [Show full text]