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CONSTITUȚIE*) Din 21 Noiembrie 1991 (*Republicată*) EMITENT PARLAMENTUL Publicat În MONITORUL OFICIAL Nr
CONSTITUȚIE*) din 21 noiembrie 1991 (*republicată*) EMITENT PARLAMENTUL Publicat în MONITORUL OFICIAL nr. 767 din 31 octombrie 2003 Notă *) Modificată și completată prin Legea de revizuire a Constituției României nr. 429/2003, publicată în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 758 din 29 octombrie 2003, republicată de Consiliul Legislativ, în temeiul art. 152 din Constituție, cu reactualizarea denumirilor și dându-se textelor o noua numerotare (art. 152 a devenit, în forma republicată, art. 156). Legea de revizuire a Constituției României nr. 429/2003 a fost aprobată prin referendumul național din 18-19 octombrie 2003 și a intrat în vigoare la data de 29 octombrie 2003, data publicării în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 758 din 29 octombrie 2003 a Hotărârii Curții Constituționale nr. 3 din 22 octombrie 2003 pentru confirmarea rezultatului referendumului național din 18-19 octombrie 2003 privind Legea de revizuire a Constituției României. Constituția României, în forma inițială, a fost adoptată în ședința Adunării Constituante din 21 noiembrie 1991, a fost publicată în Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, nr. 233 din 21 noiembrie 1991 și a intrat în vigoare în urma aprobării ei prin referendumul național din 8 decembrie 1991. Titlul I Principii generale Articolul 1 Statul român (1) România este stat național, suveran și independent, unitar și indivizibil. (2) Forma de guvernamant a statului român este republica. (3) România este stat de drept, democratic și social, în care demnitatea omului, drepturile și libertățile cetățenilor, libera dezvoltare a personalității umane, dreptatea și pluralismul politic reprezintă valori supreme, în spiritul traditiilor democratice ale poporului român și idealurilor Revoluției din decembrie 1989, și sunt garantate. -
Ministerul Cultelor Și Instrucțiunii Publice. 1947-1949
ARHIVELE NAŢIONALE SERVICIUL ARHIVE NAŢIONALE ISTORICE CENTRALE Biroul Arhive Administrative şi Culturale Nr. inventar: 3435 INVENTAR MINISTERUL CULTELOR ŞI INSTRUCŢIUNII PUBLICE 1947 - 1949 2017 PREFAȚĂ Perioada anilor 1947-1949 marchează transformările produse în sistemul educațional românesc, când a fost instalat modelul sovietic. Astfel, prin Decretul nr. 175 din 3 august 1948, în școlile din România a fost impus sistemul manualului unic, la început fiind traduse manualele rusești, controlul fiind făcut prin Comisia de Învățământ a Direcției de Agitație și Propagandă a Comitetului Central al P.M.R., condusă de Mihail Roller. Reformele din anul 1949 au fost esențiale în distrugerea sistemului vechi și crearea unei noi versiuni, școlile fiind segmentate pe trei niveluri (grupuri școlare, școli și universități de mijloc), care ofereau o educație identică, multe din universități fiind retrogradate la nivelul de institute tehnice, iar școlile private și religioase au fost închise și au fost preluate de către stat. Limba rusă a devenit obligatorie, iar ateismul științific a luat locul religiei, cenzura a devenit foarte răspândită, mulți autori clasici fiind interziși. Cu toate acestea, au existat și unele realizări, cea mai importantă fiind campania de alfabetizare, dar și reintroducerea învățământului în limbile minorităților. Inventarul Ministerul Cultelor și Instrucțiunii Publice (1947-1949) conţine următoarele genuri de documente: decizii, rapoarte, instrucțiuni, proiecte legi, decrete, HCM, circulare, corespondenţă externă, programe, -
Monitorul Oficial Dill a Dotta Zi
Anul CXIII Nr. 201. 00 LEI EXEMPLARUL illiereurl 5 Septemvrie 1945. 11. REUATHL ROMANIEI MONITORULPARTEA ElaL OFICIAL JURNALE .ALE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI, DECIZIUNI MINISTERIALE, ANUNTUR1 MINISTERIALE, JUDICIARE SI ADMINISTRATIVE (DE INTERES LIMITAT), ANUNTURI COMERCIALE SI PARTICULARE 101form. flesbatarile Partea I sari a II-a LINIA ABONAMENTE IN LEI parlament. PUBLICATII IN LE/ laser* 0. ..... 1 anIsIunhI3IunhIlIunäl sesiune IN TARA: JURNALELE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI Particulari 10 0005.000 2.500 1.200 6.000 Acordarea avantajelor legii pentru incurajarea industriei la industriasii fabricanti 20.000 Autoritati de Stat, judet si comune ur- Idem la meseriasi si mori tam-most! 4.030 bane 8.000 4.000 2.000 MOO 6.000 Schimbäri de nume, incetäteniri 8 000 .Autorltitti comunale rurale 4.000 2.000 1.000 6.090 Conannicate pentru depunerea juritmfintului de incetatenire8.000 AutorizAri pentru inflintari de birouri vamale ....... 5.000 IN STRAINATATE I 25.000 . 1 12.000 CITATIILE: tine lunri am= mf On. 2.500 Curtilor de Casatle, de Conturi, de Apeii tribunalelor 1.500 Judedttoriilor 750 50 part. I-a60 part. ll-a so Un exemplar din anul curent loi PUBLICATIILE PENTRU AMENAJAMENTE DE PADURI: too ff es anti trecuti Ptiduri intro 0 10 ha 800 PM... 20 1 900 Abonarnentul la partea Ill-a (Desbaterile parlamentare) pentru sesitmile If « 20,01 100 2 500 Ordinare, prelttngite sau extraordinaro se socoteste 1.200 lei lunar (minimum 100,01 200 10 000 I lunä). 200,01 509 15.000 Abonamentele si 131:Mica-title, pentru autoritAtl siparticulari se platesc 7, 500,01-1000 25.000 anticipat. Ele vor fiInsotite de o adresti din partea autoritritilor si de o peste 1009 30 000 cerere timbratil din partea particularilor. -
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe
Between Denial and "Comparative Trivialization": Holocaust Negationism in Post-Communist East Central Europe Michael Shafir Motto: They used to pour millet on graves or poppy seeds To feed the dead who would come disguised as birds. I put this book here for you, who once lived So that you should visit us no more Czeslaw Milosz Introduction* Holocaust denial in post-Communist East Central Europe is a fact. And, like most facts, its shades are many. Sometimes, denial comes in explicit forms – visible and universally-aggressive. At other times, however, it is implicit rather than explicit, particularistic rather than universal, defensive rather than aggressive. And between these two poles, the spectrum is large enough to allow for a large variety of forms, some of which may escape the eye of all but the most versatile connoisseurs of country-specific history, culture, or immediate political environment. In other words, Holocaust denial in the region ranges from sheer emulation of negationism elsewhere in the world to regional-specific forms of collective defense of national "historic memory" and to merely banal, indeed sometime cynical, attempts at the utilitarian exploitation of an immediate political context.1 The paradox of Holocaust negation in East Central Europe is that, alas, this is neither "good" nor "bad" for the Jews.2 But it is an important part of the * I would like to acknowledge the support of the J. and O. Winter Fund of the Graduate Center of the City University of New York for research conducted in connection with this project. I am indebted to friends and colleagues who read manuscripts of earlier versions and provided comments and corrections. -
The Extreme Right in Contemporary Romania
INTERNATIONAL POLICY ANALYSIS The Extreme Right in Contemporary Romania RADU CINPOEª October 2012 n In contrast to the recent past of the country, there is a low presence of extreme right groups in the electoral competition of today’s Romania. A visible surge in the politi- cal success of such parties in the upcoming parliamentary elections of December 2012 seems to be unlikely. This signals a difference from the current trend in other European countries, but there is still potential for the growth of extremism in Roma- nia aligning it with the general direction in Europe. n Racist, discriminatory and intolerant attitudes are present within society. Casual intol- erance is widespread and racist or discriminatory statements often go unpunished. In the absence of a desire by politicians to lead by example, it is left to civil society organisations to pursue an educative agenda without much state-driven support. n Several prominent members of extreme right parties found refuge in other political forces in the last years. These cases of party migration make it hard to believe that the extreme views held by some of these ex-leaders of right-wing extremism have not found support in the political parties where they currently operate. The fact that some of these individuals manage to rally electoral support may in fact suggest that this happens precisely because of their original views and attitudes, rather than in spite of them. RADU CINPOEª | THE EXTREME RIGHT IN CONTEMPORARY ROMANIA Contents 1. Introduction. 3 2. Extreme Right Actors ...................................................4 2.1 The Greater Romania Party ..............................................4 2.2 The New Generation Party – Christian Democratic (PNG-CD) .....................6 2.3 The Party »Everything for the Country« (TPŢ) ................................7 2.4 The New Right (ND) Movement and the Nationalist Party .......................8 2.5 The Influence of the Romanian Orthodox Church on the Extreme Right Discourse .....8 3. -
Executive Summary
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY HISTORICAL FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS HISTORICAL FINDINGS Statement of Fact and Responsibility The Holocaust was the state-sponsored systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany, its allies, and collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Not only Jews were victimized during this period. Persecution and mass arrests were perpetrated against ethnic groups such as Sinti and Roma, people with disabilities, political opponents, homosexuals, and others. A significant percentage of the Romanian Jewish community was destroyed during World War II. Systematic killing and deportation were perpetrated against the Jews of Bessarabia, Bukovina, and Dorohoi County. Transnistria, the part of occupied Ukraine under Romanian administration, served Romania as a giant killing field for Jews. The Commission concludes, together with the large majority of bona fide researchers in this field, that the Romanian authorities were the main perpetrators of this Holocaust, in both its planning and implementation. This encompasses the systematic deportation and extermination of nearly all the Jews of Bessarabia and Bukovina as well some Jews from other parts of Romania to Transnistria, the mass killings of Romanian and local Jews in Transnistria, the massive execution of Jews during the Iasi pogrom; the systematic discrimination and degradation applied to Romanian Jews during the Antonescu administration—including the expropriation of assets, dismissal from jobs, the forced evacuation from rural areas and concentration in district capitals and camps, and the massive utilization of Jews as forced laborers under the same administration. Jews were degraded solely on account of their Jewish origin, losing the protection of the state and becoming its victims. A portion of the Roma population of Romania was also subjected to deportation and death in Transnistria. -
Holocaust in Romania?
Holocaust in Romania? A series of documents and testimonials collected and commented upon by Ion Coja, for the use of parliamentarians and authorities engaged in the elaboration, approval and application of Urgent Order (Ordonanta de Urgenta) no. 31/2002 of the Romanian Government. Kogaion Printing House 2002 “In Romania, the Holocaust did not occur.” Nicolae Minei–Grünberg “In this war, spread across the entire surface of the Earth, Jews cannot be shielded from the suffering and harshness and the misery in which almost all of mankind has been placed. If, from lack of nourishment, and because of living in unsanitary conditions, Jewish lives are lost, this means that the relentless laws of war – which we did not provoke – force the Jews as well to pay their tribute of blood. Romanians who fight on the front lines die by the thousands every day.” Marshall Ion Antonescu “While the world blithely watched the spectacle of the annihilation of European Jews, Romania was willing to welcome Jewish refugees and was prepared to open her harbors for them. (…) Judaism lost 6 million of its members; the world lost its humanity, as well as Christian love for one’s neighbor. In contrast, the Romanian People strove to preserve their faith in humanity. And we, the Jews, are and remain indebted to the Romanian People for this.” Moshe Carmilly Weinberger “It is the biggest mistake and injustice in history to consider Ion Antonescu a fascist, Legionnaire, extremist, a man who led Judaism to extinction in Romania. None of those who lived in Romania, before or during the war, wish to any longer accept the communist theory of a massacre of Jews during the war, particularly the aberrant figures that have been tossed around.” Barbul Bronstein “During his entire life and professional career, and especially during the dark days of the war, George Alexianu did so much for the Jewish Community of Romania, from all his heart and without intrigue. -
CONTENTS PREFACE by PIERRE GUIRAL Ix FOREWORD Xi INTRODUCTION 1 ONE: DESTINY of the JEWS BEFORE 1866 1
CAROL IANCU – Romanian Jews CONTENTS PREFACE BY PIERRE GUIRAL ix FOREWORD xi INTRODUCTION 1 ONE: DESTINY OF THE JEWS BEFORE 1866 1. Geopolitical Development of Romania 13 2. Origin of the Jews and Their Situation Under the Native Princes 18 3. The Phanariot Regime and the Jews 21 4. The Organic Law and the Beginnings of Legal Anti-Semitism 24 5. 1848: Illusive Promises 27 6. The Jews During the Rebirth of the State (1856-1866) 30 TWO: THE JEWISH PROBLEM BECOMES OFFICIAL 1. Article 7 of the Constitution of 1866 37 2. Bratianu's Circulars and the Consequences Thereof 40 3. Adolphe Crémieux, The Alliance, and Émile Picot 44 4. Sir Moses Montefiore Visits Bucharest 46 THREE: PERSECUTIONS AND INTERVENTIONS (1868-1878) 1. The Disturbances of 1868 and the Draft Law of the Thirty-One and the Great Powers 49 2. The Circulars of Kogalniceanu and Their Consequences 55 3. Riots and Discriminatory Laws 57 4. Bejamin Peixotto's Mission 61 FOUR: FACTORS IN THE RISE OF ANTI-SEMITISM 1. The Religious Factor 68 2. The Economic Factor 70 3. The Political Factor 72 4. The Xenophobic Factor 74 FIVE: PORTRAIT OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 1. Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews: Clothing, Language, Names, Habitat, Occupations 77 2. Demographic Evolution 82 3. Disorganization of Community Life 84 4. Isolation and Integration 85 SIX: THE CONGRESS OF BERLIN AND NON-EMANCIPATION 1. Romania and the Jews in the Wings of the Berlin Congress 90 2. Article 44 of the Berlin Treaty 92 3. Emancipation or Naturalization? 94 4. The New Article 7 of the Constitution and Recognition of Romanian Independence 105 SEVEN: ANTI-SEMITIC LEGISLATION 1. -
Nr. 149 IULIE
Nr. 149 IULIE Anul XVI 2014 Judeţul Vaslui în Securitatea şi descrierile călătorilor intelectualii în România străini (sec. al XVII-lea) anilor ‘80 (4) Dan RAVARU Liviu ŢĂRANU Ne reîntâlnim mai întâi cu vechea noastră cunoștință, Herta Müller şi Securitatea Bartolomeo Bassetti, de data aceasta ca autor al unor scrisori adresate monseniorului Ingoli, secretarul Propagandei Fide între O discuţie pe marginea 1641-1644. Sunt reluate, între altele, acuzațiile aduse lui Giacinto, relaţiei dintre Securitate şi vicarul episcopului catolic de Bacău, inclusiv agresiunea de la intelectuali comportă desigur, Huși asupra celor pe care trebuia să-i cunune dar nu-i plătiseră pe lângă aspectele generale, la timp taxa pe care le-o pretindea. Pe 6 martie 1642 „Am scris o serie de particularităţi, despre vizitația episcopului de Sofia (Baksić). Aici la Iași se află în funcţie de fiecare caz Giovanni Andrea Scocardi, ca medic al Domnului. Prin mijlocirea în parte. De aceea, ne-am lui am obținut autorizația de vicar, cea de a acoperi biserica din propus în continuare să Bacău, de a face una în Vaslui” (Călători străini..., vol. VII, p. evocăm, pe baza dosarului 49). Vedem că, deși numărul catolicilor din Vaslui era foarte mic, de la Securitate, două Bassetti vrea să construiască aici o biserică, sperând probabil că cazuri reprezentative pentru va reuși să realizeze noi convertiri în viitor. Într-o nouă scrisoare, subiectul nostru – cel al având aceeași dată 6 martie, Bartolomeo Bassetti se adresează scriitoarei Herta Müller şi al cardinalilor de la Roma, relatându-le o întrevedere cu domnitorul istoricului Florin Constantiniu. Vasile Lupu, acesta manifestând o deplină bunăvoință față de el. -
Dniester Jews Between
PARALLEL RUPTURES: JEWS OF BESSARABIA AND TRANSNISTRIA BETWEEN ROMANIAN NATIONALISM AND SOVIET COMMUNISM, 1918-1940 BY DMITRY TARTAKOVSKY DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Mark D. Steinberg, Chair Professor Keith Hitchins Professor Diane P. Koenker Professor Harriet Murav Assistant Professor Eugene Avrutin Abstract ―Parallel Ruptures: Jews of Bessarabia and Transnistria between Romanian Nationalism and Soviet Communism, 1918-1940,‖ explores the political and social debates that took place in Jewish communities in Romanian-held Bessarabia and the Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic during the interwar era. Both had been part of the Russian Pale of Settlement until its dissolution in 1917; they were then divided by the Romanian Army‘s occupation of Bessarabia in 1918 with the establishment of a well-guarded border along the Dniester River between two newly-formed states, Greater Romania and the Soviet Union. At its core, the project focuses in comparative context on the traumatic and multi-faceted confrontation with these two modernizing states: exclusion, discrimination and growing violence in Bessarabia; destruction of religious tradition, agricultural resettlement, and socialist re-education and assimilation in Soviet Transnistria. It examines also the similarities in both states‘ striving to create model subjects usable by the homeland, as well as commonalities within Jewish responses on both sides of the border. Contacts between Jews on either side of the border remained significant after 1918 despite the efforts of both states to curb them, thereby necessitating a transnational view in order to examine Jewish political and social life in borderland regions. -
Monitorul Oficial Din a Treia Zi
Anul CX Nr. 128 15 LEI EkEMPLARUL Vineri 5 Iunie 1942. REGATUL ROM ANIEI MONITORULPARTEA Iswei OFICIAL 14E01, DECRETE JURNALE ALE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI, DECIZIUNI MINISTERIALE, COMUNICATE, ANUNTURI JUDICIARE (DE INTERES GENERAL). Partea 1-a sau a II-a Desbateros ARONAMENTE INLEI PUBLICATII Is LEI lampUSA 1 an I 6 Nall 3 inn!1 lanksesiune V. 0, JURNALELE CONSILIULUI DE MINISTRI: IN TARA: Pentru acordarea avantajelor legii pentru incurajarea 2 200 1.100 550 Z.00 +.200 Particulari industriei la industriali si fabricanti.. 3.600 Autorltiti de Stat, juddI comune ur- Idem, la ineserlasi simori tAritnesti ... ...... 800 bane. 1 800 900 450 1200 SchimbAri de :lime. incetateniri . .. 1.500 Autoritäti comunale ruralc.. 1.200 600 300 1200 CITATIILE 5.000 400 Curtllor de Casatle, de Conturi, de Apell Tribunalelor 400 IN STRAINATATE : Partea 1 sau Part.11 . Part. III 400 2.400 Judecitorillor .. 200 PUBLICATIILE PENTRU AMENAJAMENTE DE PADURI Un exemplar dln anal curent lei 15 part. I-aI 20 part. 1I-a 15 Mari ?titre 0 10 ha. 150 10,01 20 300 an il trecuti . 30 20,01 1000 400 209 1.500 Abonamentul la partea Ill-a (Desbaterlle .arlamentare) pentru sesiunile 200,01 5900 2.000 prelunglte sau extraordinare se socoteste lei lunar (minimum 1 lunA). 100.01-1000, 2.800 Abonamentelel publicatiiie pentru autoritati si particulari se plitesc peste 1005 4000 anticipat. Fie vor fl insotite de o adresa din partea autorititilor si de o cerere tintbratit din partea particularilor PUBLICATII DIVERSE Instilutia nu garanteazd transportul ziarului. Pentru brevete de inventiuni .......... 100 Pentru trimiterea chitantelor salt a ziarului si pentru cereri de litmuriri schlmbAri de nume 200 petitIonaril vor trimite in plus suma de 10 lei spese de birou gi porto simplu. -
Italian Historical Migration and Investments in Modern-Day Romania
CA' FOSCARI UNIVERSITY OF VENICE UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM Double Degree Laurea Magistrale in Economia e gestione delle aziende Master of Science in International Business and Economics Department of Management Associate Professor Dr. Giovanni Favero Master-Thesis Italian Historical Migration and Investments in Modern-day Romania Liviu Constantin Jakob 848196 / 425517 [email protected] [email protected] Venice, October 9th 2014 1 Executive Summary The present master thesis analyses the common historical and economic relationship between Italy and Romania, two countries of Latin origin that have been both founded by the middle of the 19th century, through the unification of different former states of same roots, language, culture and history. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter covers the middle ages and then the period from the 19th century until 1945, when Italian craftsmen, especially from the provinces of North-Eastern Italy, came to the newly established Romanian Kingdom, laying the foundation for the nowadays officially recognized Italian minority in Romania. The second chapter presents the economic and social relationships between Italy and Romania during the time of the communist regime, which was imposed to Romania by the Soviet Union after World War 2 and lasted until the end of 1989. Chapter three presents the status of the Italian minority after the revolution of 1989 and until today. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, the markets of the former communist states in Eastern Europe were opened to western products and investments. Also Romania opened its economy step by step during the transitional period from communism to capitalism and free market.