DOCSLIB.ORG

Demographic Patterns in the Missions of Central Baja California

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Demographic Patterns in the Missions of Central Baja California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol 6, No. 1, pp. 91-112 (1984). Demographic Patterns in the Missions of Central Baja California ROBERT H. JACKSON HE missions of Baja Cahfornia provide individual missions or mission groupings are Tan ideal opportunity to examine and both suitable units of analysis. Further, meth­ analyze the causes of the consequences of the ods apphed to the historical demography of "Colombian Exchange," the exchange of Europe can be used with success in studies of plants, animals, microbes, and cultural ele­ the missions. Family reconstitution as devel­ ments, the most important of which was the oped in Europe proves useful in documenting introduction into the New World of a number the manifestations of Indian population de­ of new diseases. Following the arrival of cline, and the development of European cities Europeans, the populations of the New World and rural villages provide useful analogies for underwent drastic reductions in number as patterns observed in the missions (Flinn 1981; epidemics spread along established trade Wrigley and Schofield 1981). routes throughout most of North and South Baja California developed in relative isola­ America. tion from the problems created by non-Indian Scholars have used different methodolo­ settlement and inter-tribal warfare that char­ gies to study the consequences of the "Col­ acterized the other northern frontier regions ombian Exchange" with varying results. Sher­ of Mexico. As such, the peninsular missions burne Cook and Woodrow Borah, and Noble serve as an ideal case study of the impact of David Cook, for example, employed tribute disease on an Indian population, and the Usts to estimate the populations of central factors that contributed to the actual process Mexico and Peru at contact (ca. 1520; in the of depopulation. Earlier articles have docu­ case of Peru before the first major pandemic mented the chronology and high mortality of of 1520-1524), and the degree of depopula­ epidemics in Baja California, and the pattern tion over the next century or so (S. Cook and of gentile baptisms as related to the inabihty Borah 1971-1979; N.Cook 1981). Others of Indian populations to reproduce in the face have relied heavily on censuses, but few of high mortality (Jackson 1981, 1983). The scholars have systematically used sacramental missions located in central Baja California, registers of baptisms, burials, and marriages to however, present special problems of analysis, document demographic patterns or patterns and demonstrate different patterns. The older of epidemics. Jesuit missions operated for a longer period of The missions of northern Mexico lend time, and clearly show rapid depopulation themselves to studies that employ both cen­ from the time of initial establishment to the suses and sacramental registers, because many end of the 18th century, when the process of both types of records have survived; and had really only begun in the northern mis­ sions. Therefore, a study of central Baja Robert H. Jackson, 1114 Ninth Street, #43, Albany, CA 94710. California can focus on the actual causes of [9i: 92 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY decline. Registers do not exist for all of the Table 1 central Baja California missions, but enough BAPTISMS RECORDED AT are available to not only document aggregate NUESTRA SENORA DE LORETO MISSION, patterns, but also to apply family reconstitu­ 1702-1717 tion. The following discussion of demographic Year Adults Children Total 1702 5 20 25 patterns in the missions of central Baja 1703-1704* 89 18 107 California, then, will provide a more detailed 1705 1 49 50 understanding of the causes of depopulation, 1706 3 15 18 1707 32 22 54 and depends on more conventional method­ 1708 7 20 27 ologies of historical demographers, namely 1709** 23 9 32 the use of family reconstitution in one case. 1710 14 13 27 1711 16 8 24 NUESTRA SENORA DE LORETO 1712 4 9 13 1713 6 17 23 (ESTABLISHED 1697) 1714 5 9 14 Loreto was the first successful peninsula 1715 1 8 9 1716 8 14 22 mission and served as the headquarters of a 1717 1 6 7 small mihtary garrison. As such it not only Total 215 237 452 operated as an Indian mission, but was also one of the centers of non-Indian settlement in •The break between 1703 and 1704i s not clear in the register. Baja Cahfornia. The location of the mission ••Epidemic year. and presidio so close together probably facili­ tated the process of miscegenation on a same document records the total number of limited scale, although records do not exist to baptisms from the foundation of the mission. test such an hypothesis. What does survive, The population totaled 150, and the number however, is a fragment of the baptismal of baptisms 1,199 (Jackson 1981: 399, 1982: register for the years 1702-1717, the oldest 66). Assuming that baptisms between 1697 such record for the peninsula missions. An and 1701 totaled some 100, and 452 from analysis of the baptismal register sheds light 1702 to 1717, then the rough outline of a on the process of conversion in the first years pattern of decreasing baptisms at the mission of operation. begins to emerge. Mean annual baptisms reach In sixteen years, Jesuit missionary Juan 30 between 1702 and 1717, but only 24 from Maria de Salvatierra baptized 452 Indians— 1718 to 1744. A 1795 report records the 215 adults, and 237 children under age 10 total number of baptisms to date as 2,022, (Table 1). Although incomplete, the record and 823 in the fifty years from 1745 to 1795, seems to indicate that by 1702 the instruction when the mean number of baptisms per year of adults had reached the point that many of had dropped to 16 (Misiones Tomo 2: 1795 them could be baptized. In 1717, after and 1796 Individual Annual Reports). twenty years of operation, the process of Declining numbers of baptisms would conversion was for all intents and purposes seem to indicate a declining population. An complete. Baptisms after 1715 appear to be examination of census figures confirms this of children born at the mission, and not although some fluctuations did occur. As converts (Nuestra Senora de Loreto Baptismal previously noted, there were 150 Indians at Register). Loreto in 1744, 91 in 1755, 109 in 1762, and The first extant census comes from a set 99 when the Franciscans replaced the Jesuits of reports prepared in the year 1744, and the in 1768 (Jackson 1981: 339). In 1768 DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN MISSIONS OF CENTRAL BAJA 93 visitor-general Jose de Galvez ordered popula­ In 1768, however, the mission lost popu­ tion redistributions among missions, and Lor­ lation to Loreto and San Jose del Cabo eto received surplus population from San missions, and epidemics further reduced the Francisco Xavier Mission raising the popula­ numbers. In 1768, after the redistribution, tion at the former mission to an estimated there remained some 346 Indians at San 191 (Jackson 1981: 324). Once again, how­ Francisco Xavier. The population had fallen ever, slow dechne set in with some fluctua­ to 212 in 1771, indicating a short-term tions in total population. The Indian popula­ decline of 49% (Jackson 1981: 324). After tion stood at 162 in 1774, 70 in 1782 1771, however, the population again grew for following a major smallpox epidemic, 49 in a number of years. There were 279 Indians in 1795, and a mere 14 in 1806 (Jackson 1981: 1773, and 264 in 1774 (Jackson 1981: 339). 339-340). While the Indian population de­ As late as 1774, the population continued to clined that of non-Indians increased. The live at the cabecera and three visitas. The population of the presidio was 274 in 1762, 1762 report and 1773 and 1774 censuses and stood at 456 in 1802 (Jackson 1982: report the populations of the four villages, 145). showing the degree of change after 1762. Decline occurred in each village, and in 1773 SAN FRANCISCO XAVIER or 1774 San Xavier Antiguo was supressed (ESTABLISHED 1699) with the population being redistributed to the Whereas the case of Loreto Mission ex­ cabecera and Dolores visita. It would seem amined above shows fluctuations in the Indi­ that the redistribution in 1773/1774 followed an population but slow decline, San Francisco the logic of maximizing the benefits of an Xavier Mission was unique in that the Indian agricultural labor force declining in numbers population showed recovery and growth in by placing them in the villages with agricul­ the last twenty to thirty years of the Jesuit tural potential. Table 2 shows short-term period after which it dechned. Writing in shifts in population at the mission, and 1744, missionary Miguel del Bardo, S. J., documents a specific example of a long-term reported a population of 352, and a total of trend in the missions, the contraction of the 1,726 baptisms from 1699 to 1744. The population into a smaller number of settle­ Indian population lived at the cabecera (head ments as the process of depopulation village) and four visitas (subsidiary villages) progressed. (Del Barco 1973: 'M^AIS). The next census in 1755 reported a population of 380, and in Table 2 a 1762 report Del Barco confirmed the POPULATION CHANGE IN THE VILLAGES pattern of a slowly growing population (Jack­ OF SAN FRANCISCO XAVIER MISSION son 1981: 339). Baptisms between 1745 and Village 1762 1768 1773 1774 1762 totaled 448 as against 357 burials, and Cabecera 170 96 111 Santa Rosalia 108 61 58 an excess of 91 baptisms. In 1762 the Dolores 101 69 106 population stood at 448. The report further San Xavier stated that the population of the mission had Antiguo 69 52 increased by 150 since 1738, indicating a Total 448 482 279 275 population of 298 in that year (Del Barco 1973: 429).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guaraníes Y Jesuitas En La Provincia Paraquaria
    GUARANIES Y JESUITAS EN LA PROVINCIA PARAQUARIA SEGUN LAS CRONICAS DE MONTOYA, CARDEEL Y PERAMAS (SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII) By FRANCISCO BUSTAMANTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2001 Copyright 2001 by Francisco Bustamante ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to this work. The members of my committee were always available for dialogue and guidance. Professor Felix Bolanos, my chair made many fine and acute observations which were invaluable for the development of this work. He has also served as a role model; I will aspire to imitate him in my academic life. Professor Diane Marring stimulated my interest in research and gave me all the support I needed to accomplish my work. Professor Mark Thurner motivated me even further and always gave me very good advice. I give special thanks to Professor Charles Perrone for his critical observations that enriched my work and helped me see other possibilities for future research. Last but not least, I give very special thanks to Mr. Justino Llanque-Chana from the Latin American Collection, this work could not been completed without his permanent help. in TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT vii 1 INTRODUCCION: LOS TEXTOS Y SU CONTEXTO 1 Objetivo y corpus 2 Bases hermeneuticas 5 Bases metodologicas 17 Textos de las misiones del Paraguay 23 Caracterizacion y justification de los cuatro textos 28 Ruiz de Montoya y su Conquista espiritual 28 Cardiel y sus Declaration de verdady Compendio de Historia del Paraguay .
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of the European Colonization of North America From
    Timeline of the European colonization of North America From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Chronology of the colonization of North America) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve th is article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be ch allenged and removed. (December 2009) This is a chronology of the colonization of North America, with founding dates o f European settlements. See also European colonization of the Americas. Contents [hide] 1 Before Columbus 2 14921600 3 Seventeenth Century 4 Eighteenth Century 5 See also 6 References Before Columbus[edit] 986: Norse reach Greenland and Bjarni Herjólfsson sights coast of North America, b ut doesn't land. circa 1000: Vikings, including Leif Ericson, his brother, and also Thorfinn Karl sefni at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland. 1450-1480?: last Norsemen in Greenland 14921600[edit] 1492: Columbus reaches the Bahamas. 1493: Start of permanent settlement (La Isabela on northern Hispaniola) 1497: John Cabot may have reached Newfoundland. 1502: Columbus sails along the mainland coast south of Yucatán 1511: Conquest of Cuba begins 1513: Ponce de Leon in Florida 1521: Hernán Cortés completes the conquest of Mexico. 1521: Juan Ponce de León tries and fails to settle in Florida 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sails along most of the east coast 1525 Estêvão Gomes enters Upper New York Bay[1][2] 1526: Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón tries to settle in South Carolina 1527: Fishermen are using the harbor at St. John's, Newfoundland and other place s on the coast 1535: Jacques Cartier reaches Quebec 1536: Cabeza de Vaca reaches Mexico City after wandering the North American Sout hwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Villages-Reductions and Cvangelisation. Roman Catholic
    Bulletin of Ecumenical Theology Vol. /9 (2007),90-102 REVIEW ARTICLE The Illusion of Theocratic Christian villages-Reductions and Slavery-Concerning The Evangelization of Slaves and Catholic Origins in Eastern Africa by Paul V. Kollman,' Patrick Roe2 Milltown Institute, Dublin. 'Through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Christian missions in Africa and elsewhere struggled with models for effective cvangelisation. Roman Catholic missions, consistent with their theological emphasis on the community of the Church, tended to search for communal models, both before and after personal conversion. What were the Reductions? The model of "Reduction" (Spanish Reducci6n) as a method of mission had its origins in the thinking of Bartolome de Las Casas in the sixteenth century in Central America.3 He saw the only way of protecting indigenous peoples from the depredations of unscrupulous colonists was to isolate these peoples in communities under missionary leadership and under the direct protection of the Spanish Crown. The Crown was willing to delegate the exercise of secular power to the religious leaders of the Reductions, thus leading to some impressions of theocracy. The term "Reduction" I Kollman, Paul V., The Evangelization of Slaves and Catholic Origins ill Eastern Africa New York: Orbis Books, 2005. List Price $25; £13.57. 356pp. ISBN 1--57075-626-0. The American Society of Missiology Series, no. 38. 1 Patrick Roe lectures in the Department of Mission Theology and Cultures, Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy, Dublin. :1 Gustavo Gutierrez. Las Casas ill Search of the Poor ofJesus Christ (New York : Orbis, 1993), pp. 421'1'. As the present article will be principally about the models of mission used in Africa in the 19th century, it is only proper to note that Las Casas, while trying to protect indigenous peoples of the Americas from colonial cruelty and exploitation, went through a period when he was blind to the application of his principles to slaves being brought from Africa to replace indigenous American labour.
    [Show full text]
  • A Percent-Of-Flow Approach for Managing Reductions of Freshwater Inflows from Impounded Rivers to Southwest Florida Estuaries
    M.S. Flannery et al. Management approach for unimpounded rivers A PERCENT-OF-FLOW APPROACH FOR MANAGING REDUCTIONS OF FRESHWATER INFLOWS FROM UNIMPOUNDED RIVERS TO SOUTHWEST FLORIDA ESTUARIES Michael S. Flannery1 Southwest Florida Water Management District 2379 Broad St. Brooksville, Florida 34604 Tel: 352-796-7211 Fax: 352-797-5806 email:[email protected] Ernst B. Peebles, Ph.D. University of South Florida, College of Marine Science 140 Seventh Ave. S. St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 Tel: 727-553-3983 Fax: 727-553-1189 email: [email protected] Ralph T. Montgomery, Ph.D. PBS&J, Inc. 5300 West Cypress St., Suite 300 Tampa, Florida 33606 Tel: 813-282- 7275 Fax: 813-287-1745 email: [email protected] 1 Corresponding author Flannery, Peebles, and Montgomery; Page 1 ABSTRACT: Based on a series of studies of the freshwater inflow relationships of estuaries in the region, the Southwest Florida Water Management District has implemented a management approach for unimpounded rivers that limits withdrawals to a percentage of streamflow at the time of withdrawal. The natural flow regime of the contributing river is considered to be the baseline for assessing the effects of withdrawals. Development of the percent-of-flow approach has emphasized the interaction of freshwater inflow with the overlap of stationary and dynamic habitat components in tidal river zones of larger estuarine systems. Since the responses of key estuarine characteristics (e.g., isohaline locations, residence times) to freshwater inflow are frequently nonlinear, the approach is designed to prevent impacts to estuarine resources during sensitive low-inflow periods and to allow water supplies to become gradually more available as inflows increase.
    [Show full text]
  • Evangelización En Las Misiones Jesuitas Neogranadinas: Los Casos De Los Llanos Orientales Y La Orinoquía, Siglos Xvii Y Xviii1
    Yuyarccuni Año III N° 3 Ismael Jiménez EVANGELIZACIÓN EN LAS MISIONES JESUITAS NEOGRANADINAS: LOS CASOS DE LOS LLANOS ORIENTALES Y LA ORINOQUÍA, SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII1 Ismael Jiménez Gómez2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Resumen El presente artículo tiene la intención de analizar las estrategias y medidas que los jesuitas llevaron a cabo en las misiones de los Llanos Orientales y la Orinoquía, para poder lograr la estabilidad misional, lo cual se resume en la duración de las reducciones, la cantidad de indígenas evangelizados que habitaban en ellas y la producción económica con la que se lograba la autosuficiencia. Para realizar un análisis más complejo, dividimos el texto en tres apartados principales: el concepto de misión y los antecedentes centrados en el establecimiento de la Compañía de Jesús en el Nuevo Reino de Granada y las principales regiones en las que estable- cieron misiones, las incursiones jesuitas y fundaciones en la región llanera orino- quense donde se destaca la labor del jesuita Joseph Gumilla, misionero insigne del Orinoco, y finalmente los métodos de persuasión utilizados por los padres de la Compañía para lograr la estabilidad de sus misiones. Palabras clave: Misiones, reducciones, Compañía de Jesús, Llanos Orientales, Orinoquía. Abstract This article intends to analyze the strategies and measures that the Jesuits carried out in the missions on the Eastern Plains and the Orinoquía, in order to achieve missionary stability, which is summarized in the duration of the Reductions, the amount of evangelized indigenous
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization Ann Louise Cole University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ScholarWorks@UARK University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2015 Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization Ann Louise Cole University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Catholic Studies Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, History of Religion Commons, and the Missions and World Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Cole, Ann Louise, "Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 1159. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/1159 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization Becoming All Things to All Men: The Role of Jesuit Missions in Early Modern Globalization A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies by Ann Louise Cole Oklahoma Baptist University Bachelor of Arts in Spanish, 2003 University of Arkansas Masters of Arts in Comparative Literature and Cultural Studies, 2006 Middlebury College Masters of Arts in Spanish, 2010 May 2015 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Luis Restrepo Dissertation Director ____________________________________ ___________________________________ Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • La Región Misionera Entre Los Siglos Xvii Y Xviii Como Sistema De Organización Espacial
    LA REGIÓN MISIONERA ENTRE LOS SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII COMO SISTEMA DE ORGANIZACIÓN ESPACIAL THE MISSION REGION BETWEEN XVII-XVIII CENTURIES AS SPATIAL ORGANIZATION SYSTEM Sergio Luís Alberto Páez1 RESUMEN: El conjunto de pueblos de las regiones del Paraná y del Uruguay formaron parte de un territorio denominado Región Misionera, donde la acción cultural evangelizadora, llena una de las más interesantes páginas de la historia de la Compañía de Jesús y de la Historia Universal. Cada área de implantación de las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes tuvo un río como columna vertebral. En este sentido los ríos Paraná y Uruguay, no fueron entendidos como una fisura o un límite a ser franqueado, sino como una parte fundamental del territorio donde serian fundadas ciudades-pueblos, integrantes de un sistema de organización espacial, con objetivos estratégicos. Palabras clave: Región Misionera, organización espacial, territorio. ABSTRACT: All the peoples of the regions of the Paraná and Uruguay were part of a territory called the Mission Region, where cultural evangelizing action, filled one of the most interesting pages in the history of the Society of Jesus and the Universal History. Each area of implementation of the Jesuit-Guarani reductions had a river as the backbone. In this sense the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, were not understood as a crack or a limit to be crossed, but as a fundamental part of the territory where they would be city-based people as part of a system of spatial organization, with strategic goals. Key words: Region Mission, spatial organization, territory. Introducción Para el filósofo griego, Aristóteles la ciudad es una cosa natural puesto que el hombre es un animal cívico.
    [Show full text]
  • Signature Paraguay: the Missions and the Chaco
    12 days 10:15 22-07-2021 We are the UK’s No.1 specialist in travel to Latin As our name suggests, we are single-minded America and have been creating award-winning about Latin America. This is what sets us apart holidays to every corner of the region for over four from other travel companies – and what allows us decades; we pride ourselves on being the most to offer you not just a holiday but the opportunity to knowledgeable people there are when it comes to experience something extraordinary on inspiring travel to Central and South America and journeys throughout Mexico, Central and South passionate about it too. America. A passion for the region runs Fully bonded and licensed Our insider knowledge helps through all we do you go beyond the guidebooks ATOL-protected All our Consultants have lived or We hand-pick hotels with travelled extensively in Latin On your side when it matters character and the most America rewarding excursions Book with confidence, knowing Up-to-the-minute knowledge every penny is secure Let us show you the Latin underpinned by 40 years' America we know and love experience 10:15 22-07-2021 10:15 22-07-2021 Ask most people where Paraguay is, and not that many will be able to point to this shyly land-locked country on a map. And most of them won’t know anyone who has been there. But that isn’t a reason not to go: what was in living memory merely a despotically-run, underdeveloped republic is now an optimistic place with a creative, youthful population and a commitment to restoring the attractions of the Spanish colonial era in its quirky riverside capital, Asuncion.
    [Show full text]
  • Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) MRBI
    NRCS Agricultural Outlook Forum February 22-23, 2018 Arlington, VA Dee Carlson, MRBI Coordinator Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative (MRBI) MRBI Improve the health of small watersheds by connecting locally to agricultural producers and land . Priorities . Reduce off-site movement of sediment and nutrients . Restore and enhance wildlife habitat and wetlands . Maintain agricultural productivity . Use a Systems Approach . Conservation practices are used in combination for greater effectiveness . Right practices in the right location for maximum benefit MRBI 1.3 million acres treated across the Mississippi River Basin since 2010 • Currently 60 active projects in 12 states • $100 million dedicated in Environmental Quality Incentives Program from 2015– 2018 • Additional funding opportunities through Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), Agricultural Conservation Easements Program (ACEP), Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) Hypoxia Task Force • A partnership of 12 states, federal agencies and tribes that works collaboratively to reduce nutrient pollution in the Mississippi/ Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) and the extent of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico • State nutrient reduction strategies serve as the cornerstone for implementing nutrient reductions in each state Alignment with State Nutrient Reduction Strategies • NRCS and the state agencies confer on watershed priorities and geographies • Leveraging of state and federal funds • Many of the agriculture-related actions recommended in the strategies fit
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Areas of Misiones As Heritages: Critical Reflections for a Communal Archaeology Proposal
    Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences Opinion Open Access Historical areas of misiones as heritages: critical reflections for a communal archaeology proposal Keywords: heritages of humanity, iguazú falls, argentina, cultu- Volume 3 Issue 1 - 2018 ral organization, archeology Amanda Eva Ocampo Introduction Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Argentina The Province of Misiones, located in the northeastern part of Correspondence: Amanda Eva Ocampo, Universidad Nacional Argentina, is an area that represents diverse and socially known de Misiones, Argentina, Tel 543816248710, attractions or elements. Among them are the sites or areas denominated Email [email protected] “Heritage of Humanity”, seal given by UNESCO (the United Nations Received: February 01, 2018 | Published: February 16, 2018 Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), come across. These heritages are: the Iguazù falls; a natural area formed by multiples cascades, situated in the humid subtropical rainforest and which has an important flora and fauna diversity. Beside this, the Guaranì Jesuit missions, ancient colonial sites or actual “ruins”, where the urban settlements of the Jesuit missions (also called reductions) used to work. Although in the triple frontier region formed by the towns of Misiones, it is essential to mention that the archeological territories of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, thirty Jesuit reductions materiality present on the everyday nature of communities expresses are identified, in the UNESCO list, particularly in the Argentinean a historical continuity between the indigenous people from the past territory are only the ancient reductions of Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora and the ones at the present. From the archeological sites, spatial reuse de Loreto, Santa María la Mayor and San Ignacio Miní.
    [Show full text]
  • Overlooked Benefits of Nutrient Reductions in the Mississippi River
    Overlooked Benefits of Nutrient Reductions in the Mississippi River Basin Bryan Parthum∗ Amy W. Andoy Abstract Improvements in local surface water quality in the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) can contribute to the regional environmental goals of reducing hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. To inform estimates of the benefits of water quality policy, we use a choice experiment survey in a typical sub-watershed of the MRB to estimate willingness to pay for local environmental improvements and helping to reduce hypoxia far downstream. We find that residents place large values on reduced local algal blooms, improved local fish populations and diversity, and meeting local commitments to help with the regional environmental problem. Keywords: Surface Water Quality, Nutrient Management, Nonmarket Valuation, Hypoxia, Algal Blooms, Fish JEL Classification: Q25, Q51, Q52, Q57, P25 Land Economics, November 2020, doi: 10.3368/wple.96.4.589 ∗Corresponding author: [email protected]; U.S. EPA, Office of Policy, National Center for Environmental Economics. Work completed while at University of Illinois. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. yProfessor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics We would like to thank Maria Chu, Jason Knouft, and Alejandra Botero-Acosta for their work modeling the biophysical characteristics of the watershed, Ketong Xie for valuable research assistance, participants from the W4133 working group (2018) and the Program in Environmental and Resource Economics (pERE) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Ben Gramig, Richard Ready, Klaus Moeltner, Robert Johnston, participants of the Social Cost of Water Pollution Working Group at Cornell University, and an anonymous reviewer for valuable feedback and suggestions made during the design, analysis, and submission stages of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • American Globalization, 1492–1850 Trans-Cultural Consumption in Spanish Latin America
    American Globalization, 1492–1850 Trans-Cultural Consumption in Spanish Latin America Edited by Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla, Ilaria Berti, and Omar Svriz-Wucherer First published 2022 ISBN: 978-0-367-76676-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-02443-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-16805-8 (ebk) Chapter 11 “That in the Reducciones Had Been Noise of Weapons . .”: The Introduction of Firearms in the Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Missions of Paraguay (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) DOI: 10.4324/9781003168058-12 11 “That in the Reducciones Had Been Noise of Weapons . .” The Introduction of Firearms in the Seventeenth-Century Jesuit Missions of Paraguay1 Omar Svriz-Wucherer Introduction The phrase “That in the reducciones had been noise of weapons . .” is the order given by the Provincial Superior, Father Nicolás Durán, that appears in the Annual Letters of 1628. In it Father Durán authorized the use of arms in the towns the Jesuits set up for indigenous peoples in Paraguay known as reducciones (reductions) or misiones (missions). The wording “noise of weapons” prompts us to agree with Jaime Cortesão in considering this to be an early reference to the detonation of firearms among these Guaraní peoples, although other authors have expressed their doubts about this interpretation.2 Leaving aside the question of the precise date of the first use of firearms in the Paraguay missions, two arguments substantiate the belief that the Jesuits armed the Guaraní to protect their villages: first, the constant attacks by the Portuguese from Brazil (called bandeirantes) on the area of the Jesuit reductions in the first decades of the seventeenth century and, second, the lack of material and/or human assistance from the authorities and inhabitants of nearby cities (Asunción, Villa Rica and Corrientes) to protect the missions from bandeira raids.
    [Show full text]