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Evangelización En Las Misiones Jesuitas Neogranadinas: Los Casos De Los Llanos Orientales Y La Orinoquía, Siglos Xvii Y Xviii1

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Evangelización En Las Misiones Jesuitas Neogranadinas: Los Casos De Los Llanos Orientales Y La Orinoquía, Siglos Xvii Y Xviii1 Yuyarccuni Año III N° 3 Ismael Jiménez EVANGELIZACIÓN EN LAS MISIONES JESUITAS NEOGRANADINAS: LOS CASOS DE LOS LLANOS ORIENTALES Y LA ORINOQUÍA, SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII1 Ismael Jiménez Gómez2 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Resumen El presente artículo tiene la intención de analizar las estrategias y medidas que los jesuitas llevaron a cabo en las misiones de los Llanos Orientales y la Orinoquía, para poder lograr la estabilidad misional, lo cual se resume en la duración de las reducciones, la cantidad de indígenas evangelizados que habitaban en ellas y la producción económica con la que se lograba la autosuficiencia. Para realizar un análisis más complejo, dividimos el texto en tres apartados principales: el concepto de misión y los antecedentes centrados en el establecimiento de la Compañía de Jesús en el Nuevo Reino de Granada y las principales regiones en las que estable- cieron misiones, las incursiones jesuitas y fundaciones en la región llanera orino- quense donde se destaca la labor del jesuita Joseph Gumilla, misionero insigne del Orinoco, y finalmente los métodos de persuasión utilizados por los padres de la Compañía para lograr la estabilidad de sus misiones. Palabras clave: Misiones, reducciones, Compañía de Jesús, Llanos Orientales, Orinoquía. Abstract This article intends to analyze the strategies and measures that the Jesuits carried out in the missions on the Eastern Plains and the Orinoquía, in order to achieve missionary stability, which is summarized in the duration of the Reductions, the amount of evangelized indigenous people who lived in them and the economic production which was achieved for the self- sufficiency. To carry out a more complex analysis, we have divided the text into three main sections: the concept of mission and the antecedents centered on the establishment of the Company of Jesus in the New Kingdom of Granada and the main regions in which they established missions, the Jesuit incursions and foundations in the Orinoco region, where the 1 Una versión previa del presente trabajo se presentó en el IV Congreso Internacional de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, realizado en el Museo Tecnológico Mina “Las Dos Estrellas” del municipio de Tlalpujahua, Michoa- cán, México los días 29, 30 y 31 de mayo de 2019. Artículo recibido el 18 de junio de 2019 y aceptado el 1 de agosto de 2019. 2 Licenciado en Estudios Latinoamericanos por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Actual pa- sante de la maestría en Historia en la misma institución. Contacto: [email protected] 65 Yuyarccuni Año III N° 3 Ismael Jiménez work of the Jesuit Joseph Gumilla, distinguished missionary of the Orinoco, and finally the methods of persuasion, used by the parents of the Company of Jesus, to achieve the stability of their missions. Keywords: Missions, reductions, Company of Jesus, Orientales plains, Orinoquia. Introducción Una de las principales preocupaciones que tuvo la Corona Española, después del proceso de Descubrimiento y Conquista del “Nuevo Mundo”, fue la evangeliza- ción cristiana de los grupos indígenas encontrados en dichos territorios. Era ele- mental promover la difusión del mensaje de Cristo a los habitantes del nuevo con- tinente, puesto que sólo a través del aprendizaje y práctica de la doctrina cristiana podrían alcanzar la “salvación eterna” después de la muerte. La Compañía de Je- sús, fundada en 1540 por Ignacio de Loyola, tuvo como uno de sus fines principales continuar el proceso evangelizador que las órdenes mendicantes ya habían comen- zado en América. Por esta razón, durante los siglos XVII y XVIII, los jesuitas es- tablecieron misiones en diferentes partes del territorio americano, de las cuales so- bresalieron las establecidas entre la nación guaraní en los actuales territorios del Paraguay, Argentina y Brasil. Sin embargo, existieron también otros conjuntos mi- sionales que, si bien no alcanzaron la misma prosperidad, lograron alcanzar cierta autosuficiencia. Este es el caso, por ejemplo, de las misiones de Maynas, localiza- das en los actuales territorios de la Amazonía peruana y ecuatoriana, y el complejo misional de los Llanos Orientales de Colombia que incluían a las regiones en donde se ubican los ríos Casanare, Meta y Orinoco. Dicho complejo alcanzó también al- gunos espacios del occidente venezolano. Así pues, el presente artículo tiene la in- tención de analizar las estrategias y medidas que los jesuitas llevaron a cabo en las misiones de los Llanos Orientales y la Orinoquía, para poder lograr la estabilidad misional. El concepto de misión y la Compañía de Jesús en el Nuevo Reino de Granada Posterior a la llegada de los primeros europeos al territorio caribeño después del segundo viaje de Colón en 1493, el macizo continental del Nuevo Mundo se fue poblando de forma paulatina. Gracias a esto, arribaron al territorio las órdenes re- ligiosas y algunos curas del clero secular. Según González (2010), para el caso del actual territorio colombiano, la primera presencia religiosa que se estableció fue en la fundación española de Santa María la Antigua del Darién, en el año de 1510; en este lugar se construyó un convento franciscano. El primer obispo que llegó a esta zona fue Juan de Quevedo, quien tomó posesión en el año de 1514. Junto con la 66 Yuyarccuni Año III N° 3 Ismael Jiménez fundación de ciudades mayormente pobladas en el territorio neogranadino, tam- bién se establecieron diócesis o sedes episcopales más grandes y formalmente esta- blecidas: Santa Marta, fundada en 1534, Popayán en 1546 y Cartagena en 15343. Posteriormente, como es señalado por Egido (2004), en 1567 se conformaría la arquidiócesis de Santafé de Bogotá, la cual incluiría a todas las anteriores. Respecto a la Compañía de Jesús, los primeros jesuitas en establecerse en el Nuevo Reino arribaron al puerto de Cartagena de Indias en 1598, donde estable- cerían un colegio. Sin embargo, como plantea González (2010), su establecimiento formal se daría un año después, cuando entraron a Santa Fe de Bogotá bajo el patrocinio del arzobispo Lobo Guerrero. En 1605 se hicieron responsables del co- legio de San Bartolomé y se encargarían de algunas doctrinas de indios cercanas a la ciudad. Cabe mencionar también que, en el año de 1607, se fundó la provincia del Nuevo Reino y Quito de la Compañía, la cual abarcaba las casas jesuitas de Santafé, Cartagena, Panamá, Quito, el Noviciado de Tunja, la Universidad Jave- riana establecida en 1622 y el Seminario de San Francisco de Popayán. Para fines del siglo XVII, las provincias del Nuevo Reino se separaron de Quito, por lo que se mantuvieron las casas de Santafé, Tunja y Cartagena, además de otras nuevas como Pamplona, Mérida, Mompóx, Honda, Fontibón y la provincia que confor- maban las misiones de los Llanos Orientales. Antes de empezar a hablar propiamente sobre el desarrollo de las misiones de los Llanos, es pertinente dar cuenta del sentido político y espiritual que tenía una misión, para poder entender la dimensión teórica que compone el concepto y le da cierto sentido. Jorge Enrique Salcedo señala que la misión “fue la institución a la que recurrió la Corona Española para asegurar el dominio sobre vastos sectores en tierras americanas ocupadas por una población indígena no encomendada que vivía de manera dispersa y que era resistente al poblamiento hispánico” (González, 2015, p. 20). Esto quería decir que la misión, independientemente del sentido espiritual y evangelizador que la caracterizaba, tenía la intención de establecer pequeños cen- tros de dominio, en donde se podía mantener el control social y político sobre los grupos indígenas que se encontraban dispersos en la región de los Llanos. Así pues, cada misión también conformaba un centro económico en el que se desarrollaban actividades económicas primarias para la subsistencia de sus habitantes. Otra defi- nición más compleja es la que nos ofrece el historiador Bernabéu (2009), quien 3 González resalta las figuras de los obispos Tomás Moro y Tomás de Ortiz, para estas primigenias diócesis. El primero, quién residió en la ciudad de Cartagena, se quejaba del gran desorden moral que prevalecía en dicho lugar; acusaba las arbitrariedades que los españoles encomenderos, cometían en contra de los caci- ques indígenas locales. El segundo, por el contrario, consideraba muy importante el proceso evangelizador, pues mencionaba que los indígenas eran “bestias” que debían ser amaestradas y posteriormente, civiliza- das. 67 Yuyarccuni Año III N° 3 Ismael Jiménez divide el concepto de misión en tres preceptos: el primero, que es de tipo jurídico, señala la autorización papal para convertir infieles en un determinado espacio, el segundo que tiene un tinte más religioso y clásico es el de los conjuntos de trabajos de cristianización y occidentalización de los nativos, y el tercero se encuentra rela- cionado con lo administrativo, geográfico y urbano, ya que es el espacio en el que se encuentran los edificios civiles y eclesiásticos, los campos de cultivo, las vivien- das indígenas, entre otros elementos característicos de un pueblo de misión. Para establecer una división que nos permita regionalizar el trabajo de la Compañía de Jesús en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, retomaremos la propuesta de José del Rey Fajardo, quien se encargó de marcar algunas divisiones geográficas determinas por el establecimiento de misiones en este territorio. Dicho autor pro- pone dos divisiones: La primera es la Línea Urbana, que incluye la fundación del Colegio je- suita de Mérida en 1628 perteneciente a la provincia de Caracas, mientras que la segunda es la Línea Llanera o de los Llanos Orientales, la cual abarca la labor rea- lizada en los siglos XVII y XVIII, específicamente desde el año de 1661 hasta 1767 con tres etapas intermedias: en la región del Meta en 1723, en la Guayana entre 1646 y 1681, y finalmente el intento de algunos jesuitas franceses en 1651 quienes entraron a la región denominada del Guarapiche, y que se fusionarían con las mi- siones de Guayana.
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