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Guaraníes Y Jesuitas En La Provincia Paraquaria

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Guaraníes Y Jesuitas En La Provincia Paraquaria GUARANIES Y JESUITAS EN LA PROVINCIA PARAQUARIA SEGUN LAS CRONICAS DE MONTOYA, CARDEEL Y PERAMAS (SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII) By FRANCISCO BUSTAMANTE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2001 Copyright 2001 by Francisco Bustamante ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed to this work. The members of my committee were always available for dialogue and guidance. Professor Felix Bolanos, my chair made many fine and acute observations which were invaluable for the development of this work. He has also served as a role model; I will aspire to imitate him in my academic life. Professor Diane Marring stimulated my interest in research and gave me all the support I needed to accomplish my work. Professor Mark Thurner motivated me even further and always gave me very good advice. I give special thanks to Professor Charles Perrone for his critical observations that enriched my work and helped me see other possibilities for future research. Last but not least, I give very special thanks to Mr. Justino Llanque-Chana from the Latin American Collection, this work could not been completed without his permanent help. in TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii ABSTRACT vii 1 INTRODUCCION: LOS TEXTOS Y SU CONTEXTO 1 Objetivo y corpus 2 Bases hermeneuticas 5 Bases metodologicas 17 Textos de las misiones del Paraguay 23 Caracterizacion y justification de los cuatro textos 28 Ruiz de Montoya y su Conquista espiritual 28 Cardiel y sus Declaration de verdady Compendio de Historia del Paraguay . 35 Peramas y su La Republica de Platon y los indios guaranies 40 Ponderacion global de los cuatro textos 45 El contexto: las reformas religiosas de la Modernidad 49 Auge y crisis de la Compania de Jesus 51 Politica indigenista espanola 57 Indigenas y europeos en el Paraguay 59 Las misiones jesuiticas en el Paraguay 77 Consideraciones finales 67 2 EL DISCURSO DE LA CONVERSION 88 La lucha por el control espiritual 89 Dos voces de un debate: Las Casas y Acosta 89 Avatares de una aculturacion religiosa 92 Las creencias de los tupi-guaranies 95 “Pueblos sin fe, sin rey, sin ley” 95 Los mitos fundacionales. La busqueda de la Tierra sin mal 100 Rebeliones mesianicas y la Tierra sin mal 102 El falso monoteismo guarani 105 IV La implantation del cristianismo 108 La predicacion 108 La cristinanizacion de la cosmogonia guarani Ill Criticas a la cristianizacion superficial e incompleta 115 Critica a una evangelization aliada a la explotacion del indigena 118 La cruzada contra el demonio 123 Una extirpation de idolatrias paraguaya 130 El discurso de la resistencia chamanica 135 La ridiculizacion de los chamanaes y sus ritos 138 La antropofagia 139 Los "triunfos" de la fe 145 La devocion de los guaranies en la epoca de los milagros 147 La devocion de los guaranies en la Edad de la Razon 151 Consideraciones finales 155 3 REPRESENTACIONES DEL GUARANI REDUCIDO 162 La aculturacion forzada de los guaranies 163 Procesos de alteridad e identidad en situation colonial 163 Los usos del pasado: el "antes" de los jesuitas 166 Justificacion de la fundacion de misiones 168 La reduction y domestication de los guaranies 171 El mito de la "revolution del hierro" 173 La reduction como zona de contacto 176 Resistencias a la sedentarizacion 178 El choque de dos morales sexuales 179 Penurias, virtudes y habilidades de los misioneros 185 La lengua guarani, instrumento basico de sociabilidad en la mision ... 189 "Si lo temporal esta bueno, lo espiritual va muy adelante 194 Opiniones sobre las relaciones entre lo material y lo espiritual 194 Lapropiedad 198 La igualdad social 200 Hacer trabajar al guarani 201 El trabajo de la milicia 208 El gobiemo de la mision 211 El entramado urbano como forma de control social 217 El indigena como nino 222 Las misiones como justificacion del colonialismo 224 Consideraciones finales 226 v 4 REPRESENTACIONES DE LOS ENEMIGOS DE LAS MISIONES 230 El Otro cambia de cara 231 Montoya y su alegato contra las bandeiras 232 La expansion lusitana desde Sao Paulo 232 Las fronteras territoriales 235 Los bandeirantes como los peores enemigos de Espana 238 Los bandeirantes como falsos cristianos 239 Los bandeirantes como infieles 241 Los bandeirantes como herejes 243 La guerra santa de las Misiones 244 Cardiel contra la diplomacia de los imperios 247 La expansion brasilena en el siglo XVIII 247 Razones "para que los indios odien mucho a los blancos" 248 La lucha por la riqueza pecuaria 249 Peramas y su apostrofe a los filosofos liberales 252 Una reaction contra el Terror frances 252 La Ilustracion y las misiones paraguayas 253 La imposible igualdad 255 Apologia de la aristocracia 258 La caridad como respuesta a la desigualdad 260 El regreso del buen salvaje 262 Un convencido reaccionario 263 La lealtad al Antiguo Regimen 266 Consideraciones finales 267 5 CONSIDERACIONES FINALES 273 REFERENCES 284 BIOGRAF1CAL SKETCH 297 vi Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy GUARANIES Y JESUITAS EN LA PROVINCIA PARAQUARIA SEGUN LAS CRONICAS DE MONTOYA, CARDIEL Y PERAMAS (SIGLOS XVII Y XVIII) By Francisco Bustamante August 2001 Chairperson: Alvaro Felix Bolanos Major Department: Romance Languages and Literatures My doctoral dissertation concerns changes in the life of the Guarani Indians of Paraguay during the period spanning the 17th and 18th centuries. I explore how the design and establishment of the mission towns system is depicted by three Jesuit missionaries in the following texts: Antonio Ruiz de Montoya’s Conquista Espiritual ( 1 639), Jose Cardiel’s Declaration de verdad ( 1 754) and Compendio de la Historia del Paraguay ( 1 780), and Jose Peramas’ La Repub/ica de Platon y los indios guaranies (1793). Before to colonization by Spain, the Guarani lived a nomadic life, cultivating forest lands cleared by slashing and burning. The Spanish encomienda system threatened the Guarani with enslavement or genocide. The Jesuits' reductions system emerged as a way to protect the Indians from the encomienda and to guarantee a basic standard of living that would allow them to receive the Gospel. The Jesuits promoted a radical transformation in the Indians' material life. Their forced settlement as shepherds and farmers created cultural trauma. A cultural conflict was originated from the encounter of two very different conceptions of life. The final victory of the missionaries, though saving the Indians from genocide, was an alternative method of reducing the resistance of native peoples. Within this context, I examine the literary forms used by the Jesuits to characterize the Indians. The dissertation is structured in five chapters. Chapter 1 has two parts. In the first, I present the theoretical frame of my research (poststructuralism, postcolonialism, anthropological, and historical approach), the reasons for selection of the texts, and the method I use to analyze them. I also provide a sketch of some biographical data of the three chosen missionaries. In the second part of Chapter 2 a historical background is given, three series of historical processes from 1500 to 1800 are displayed to examine the parallels between them: the evolution of the Catholic Church and the Society of Jesus, the Spanish Indian policy, and the colonization of the Paraguay and the La Plata region. Chapter 2 deals with conversion of the Indians to Christianity, the “spiritual conquest” as an alternative to armed conquest. It also studies the Indian resistance to the new faith and the particular feature of the Indians’ Christian beliefs and devotion. Chapter 3 examines the deep changes introduced by the missionaries into the Indian culture. The conceptions of time, wealth, and idleness between the two cultures are the major themes of this chapter. Specifically, the cultural problems arose from a new conception of work, living, and lodging. The meaning of polygamy in Guarani culture and the ways the priests Vlll counteracted these practices are also examined in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 revolves around the concept of the mission as a frontier institution. I study the constant harassments the mission towns suffered from external enemies (mainly the Portuguese bcindeirantes) and how the Indians resisted their attacks. This chapter also includes the reaction of father Jose Luis Peramas against the ideological attacks of the French philosophers and how he managed to deny the possibility of an egalitarian society in Europe based on the model of the Guarani missions. Chapter 5 sets out the conclusions of the dissertation. IX CAPITULO 1 INTRODUCCION: LOS TEXTOS Y SU CONTEXTO Entre 1610 y 1767, en territories que en la actualidad forman parte de Paraguay, Argentina, Brasil y Uruguay, la Compania de Jesus implemento un sistema de misiones destinado a trasmitir el cristianismo y la cultura europea a los indigenas de la region. Los pueblos nativos afectados a ese sistema colonial, a diferencia de aquellos sometidos al regimen de la encomienda, pudieron librarse del exterminio y formas extremas de explotacion de su trabajo. Sin embargo, se vieron igualmente expuestos a un arrasamiento de su cultura original por haber sido obligados a concentrarse en pueblos, abandonando su forma de vida seminomade de cultivadores tropicales para transformarse en agricultores sedentarios. Asi mismo, sus creencias religiosas, sus practicas sociales como la poligamia y en general, todas sus costumbres ancestrales fueron celosamente combatidas por los misioneros. Los treinta pueblos de misiones se constituyeron en lo que sus detractores llamaron la "republica jesuitica del Paraguay", ya que aunque supervisados por las autoridades espanoles, el poder efectivo residia en los misioneros. Esto provoco enormes resistencias de parte de los encomenderos de la region que se sentian desposeidos de la mano de obra indigena.
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