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The Jesuits in Colonial America: 1565-1767

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The Jesuits in Colonial America: 1565-1767 THE JESUITS IN COLONIAL AMERICA: 1565-1767 *** NICHOLAS P. CUSHNER ALSO BY NICHOLAS P. CUSHNER, Landed Estates in the Colonial Philippines Lords of the Land. Sugar, Wine, and Jesuit Estates of Coastal Peru, 1699-1767 Farm and Factory. The Jesuits and the Development of Agrarian Capitalism in Colonial Quito, 1600-1767 Jesuit Ranches and the Agrarian Development of Colonial Argentina, 1650-1767 “…[the white man] does not understand our customs, just as we do not understand his. We say he is foolish because he does not know our ways, and perhaps he says we are foolish because we do not know his. Let him go away.” Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe ÍNDICE PREFACE .............................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................3 COERCION...........................................................................................................................................7 THE DEVIL ..........................................................................................................................................9 AGRICULTURALIST VS. HUNTER.......................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 1 TWO WORLDS MEET .....................................................................................................................12 NATIVE AMERICA .............................................................................................................................12 THE JESUIT WORLD ..........................................................................................................................14 WHY THEY WENT..............................................................................................................................20 CHURCH AND STATE ........................................................................................................................25 CHAPTER 2 LA FLORIDA .....................................................................................................................................28 WAVES OF CONQUERORS ..................................................................................................................28 JESUITS IN LA FLORIDA ....................................................................................................................30 MESSAGE AND RESPONSE .................................................................................................................34 EUROPEANS AND INDIANS ................................................................................................................42 MODES OF INTERPRETATION .............................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 3 THE FOUR RIVERS OF SINALOA................................................................................................49 COLLEGES AND MISSIONS .................................................................................................................49 SINALOA AND SONORA .....................................................................................................................53 THE MISSION: ORGANIZATION AND METHODS ...................................................................................55 “CONQUEST, PACIFICATION, AND CONVERSION”...............................................................................58 “THE UPROOTING OF IDOLATRY” ......................................................................................................60 BAPTISM AND EPIDEMICS..................................................................................................................62 FAIR WITH OCCASIONAL SHOWERS ...................................................................................................65 Missions in Sinaloa, 1662 ...........................................................................................................66 National Origin of Sinaloa-Sonora Missionaries........................................................................67 ATTITUDES: INDIAN AND JESUIT.......................................................................................................68 NEW FORMS OF OLD RITUALS............................................................................................................71 CHAPTER 4 JULÍ: UTOPIA OR THEOCRACY..................................................................................................74 XULI OF THE ANDES .........................................................................................................................74 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS STRUCTURES ........................................................................................................77 DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA ....................................................................................................................81 “THE DEVIL HAS PERSUADED THEM . .” ...........................................................................................86 ISOLATION AND INDOCTRINATION ....................................................................................................90 CHAPTER 5 THE JESUIT COLLEGE: “ELOQUENCIA LATINA” ................................................................92 MODELS............................................................................................................................................92 THE URBAN COLLEGE........................................................................................................................93 FINANCIAL FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................................96 JESUIT THEATRE..............................................................................................................................100 MEASURING THE EFFECT.................................................................................................................106 Jesuit Colleges in Latin America in 1767..................................................................................107 CHAPTER 6 ART AND ARCHITECTURE.........................................................................................................110 HOUSES OF GOD ..............................................................................................................................110 THE GREAT ESTATES .......................................................................................................................116 “PALACES IN THE DESERT” .............................................................................................................118 CHAPTER 7 THE BEAVER AND THE FLEUR DE LIS...................................................................................120 THE LAND BETWEEN THE LAKES .....................................................................................................120 THE BEAVER, THE CROSS, AND THE FLEUR DE LIS...........................................................123 MESSAGE AND RESPONSE ...............................................................................................................125 LEGACIES........................................................................................................................................133 CHAPTER 8 MARYLAND: “A FINE POOR MAN'S COUNTRY”..................................................................135 ST.MARY'S CITY, 1634...................................................................................................................135 JESUITS AND INDIANS.....................................................................................................................138 POLITICS AND RELIGION..................................................................................................................141 FARMS AND MANORS .....................................................................................................................147 Jesuit Farms in 1765.................................................................................................................147 LABOR: SLAVE AND SALARIED........................................................................................................152 Hired Labor on Bohemia Manor...............................................................................................156 “PEOPLE OF THE ROMISH FAITH”.....................................................................................................156 CHAPTER 9 1767: RETROSPECTIVE................................................................................................................158 BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................166 ARCHIVES .......................................................................................................................................166 PRINTED SOURCES ..........................................................................................................................166 PREFACE The outpouring of studies occasioned by the Columbus quincentenary has added immeasurably to our understanding of factors conditioning the sixteenth- century European initiative in the New World and the response of indigenous America. Ethnographic studies have played a major role in re-situating the native American
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