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Íránská Opozice Za Vlády Mahmúda Ahmadínežáda Případová Studie Národní Rady Íránského Odporu

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Íránská Opozice Za Vlády Mahmúda Ahmadínežáda Případová Studie Národní Rady Íránského Odporu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Íránská opozice za vlády Mahmúda Ahmadínežáda Případová studie Národní rady íránského odporu Bakalářská práce Karolína Pawlusová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Pavel Pšeja, Ph.D UČO: 416684 Obor: MV Imatrikulační ročník: 2012 Brno, 2016 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci Íránská opozice za Ahmadínežáda: Případová studie Národní rady íránského odporu vypracovala samostatně za použití uvedených zdrojů. V Brně, 18. 12. 2016 …………………………………. Karolína Pawlusová Poděkování Tímto bych chtěla poděkovat PhDr. Pavlu Pšejovi, Ph.D za odborné rady, trpělivost a vstřícný osobní přístup během konzultací. Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá íránskou opozicí, konkrétně Národní radou íránského odporu. Cílem práce je zjistit, jakým způsobem probíhala interakce mezi touto organizací a íránským režimem za Ahmadínežádova prezidentství. První část práce je věnována popisu íránského režimu a identifikování základních konfliktů zájmů a hodnot. Na základě Hlaváčkovy definice a typologie opozice v nedemokratických režimech je pak v druhé části Národní rada íránského odporu analyzována ze čtyř různých úhlů, a to v širším kontextu existující íránské opozice let 2005 – 2013. Klíčová slova Írán, NCRI, MKO, MEK, PMOI, Národní rada íránského odporu, Lidoví Mudžahedíni, Ahmadínežád, Rajavi, Nedemokratické režimy, Opozice. Abstract This Bachelor’s thesis handles the Iranian opposition, in more particular the National Council of Resistance of Iran. The goal of this Study is to ascertain in which way the interaction between this organization and the Iranian regime during Ahmadinejad’s Presidency takes place. The first part of the Study is dedicated to describing the Iranian regime and identifying the basic conflicts of values and interests. Based on the Hlavacek’s definition and typology of opposition in non-democratic regimes is the National Council of Resistance of Iran being analysed from four different perspectives in the second part of the Study, namely in the wider context of the existing Iranian opposition during 2005-2013. Key words Iran, NCRI, MKO, MEK, PMOI, National Council of Resistance of Iran, People's Mujahedin, Ahmadinejad, Rajavi, Nondemocratic Regimes, Opposition. OBSAH 1 ÚVOD ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 METODOLOGIE ............................................................................................................... 2 3 TEORETICKÁ ČÁST ........................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Teorie nedemokratických režimů ................................................................................ 4 3.2 Teorie opozice v nedemokratických režimech ............................................................ 7 3.2.1 Typologie opozice v nedemokratických režimech .............................................. 9 4 EMPIRICKÁ ČÁST ......................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Kontext interakce NCRI a režimu ............................................................................. 15 4.1.1 Historický kontext .............................................................................................. 15 4.1.2 Charakteristika režimu Íránské islámské republiky ........................................... 18 4.1.3 Konflikt zájmů a hodnot .................................................................................... 24 4.1.4 Opozice 2005-2013 ............................................................................................ 27 4.2 Analýza NCRI ........................................................................................................... 35 4.2.1 Uvnitř systému vs. Vně systému ........................................................................ 36 4.2.2 Prosystémová vs. Antisystémová....................................................................... 38 4.2.3 Politická vs. Nepolitická .................................................................................... 41 4.2.4 Systémová vs. Nesystémová .............................................................................. 42 5 ZÁVĚR ............................................................................................................................. 44 6 SEZNAM ZKRATEK ...................................................................................................... 46 7 ZAVEDENÁ ČESKÁ TRANSKRIPCE PERSKÝCH JMEN A VÝRAZŮ ................... 47 8 PŘÍLOHA Č. 1 ................................................................................................................. 48 9 ZDROJE ........................................................................................................................... 49 1 ÚVOD Islámská revoluce zakonzervovala v Íránu nejen kulturní tradice, ale také politický režim. Zároveň je ale v zemi povolen limitovaný pluralismus, který dovoluje určitému spektru společnosti tvarovat výklad islámu v kontextu státní politiky a mírně tak měnit tvář íránské teokracie. Ačkoli frakční systém navenek Chomejního doktrínu islámského státu nezpochybňuje, v kontextu posledních pár let můžeme vidět, že je režim pod čím dál větším tlakem společnosti souvisejícím mimo jiné s požadavkem politické transparentnosti a svobodných voleb. Přežití současného teokratického režimu ovšem stojí i na vyvažování exilové opozice. Některé skupiny fungují v zahraničí již několik desítek let, když byly nuceny omezit svoji aktivitu po vyhlášení vlády duchovních. Jednou z těchto skupin je Národní rada íránského odporu, která vznikla jako alternativní exilový parlament a která je jako téma v českém prostředí téměř nezpracovaná. Pokud už se čeští autoři NCRI ve svých publikacích věnují, tak zejména v kontextu jejího mezinárodního statusu. Ostatně, v českých vodách rozhodně nepanuje konsenzus, kam tuto organizaci zařadit. Zatímco politici jako Zahradil či Falbr považují NCRI za demokratickou alternativu současného íránského režimu, existuje druhý protipól, který NCRI považuje za militantní (potažmo teroristickou) organizaci – například Jiří Havel.1 Cílem této práce není tyto názorové proudy rozseknout, nýbrž přiblížit působení NCRI jako opozičního subjektu mezi lety 2005 – 2013. Takový přístup nám pomůže lépe porozumět, jakou roli tato organizace má, a to jak v kontextu exilové, tak vnitřní opozice. 1 Kořan, Česká Zahraniční Politika V Roce 2008: Analýza Úmv, str. 252-253 1 2 METODOLOGIE Povaha stanoveného cíle výzkumu napovídá, že se bude jednat o výzkum kvalitativní, přičemž jednopřípadová studie bude jeho užší metodologickou podstatou. Specifickým přístupem bude „interpretativní případová studie,“ tudíž na konkrétní případ budeme aplikovat již existující teoretický koncept s cílem zpracovat jeho odbornou charakteristiku. Tato metoda není určena pro ověřování teorie, ale pro vysvětlení vybraného jevu za pomocí teorie již ověřené.2 „Zásadní charakteristikou tohoto typu případových studií je tedy jejich úsilí o celostní a hluboké porozumění komplexním fenoménům bez ambice přispět k prohloubení poznání o fenoménech jiných“.3 Základním aspektem je tedy přesné, ale zároveň dostatečně komplexní vymezení problematiky, kterou budeme analyzovat za pomocí specifického teoretického rámce. Tato konceptualizace následuje v teoretické části práce. Empirická část bude rozdělena do dvou základních okruhů. V prvním okruhu vysvětlíme historický, sociální a politický kontext,4 abychom pak v části druhé rozuměli, v jakém prostředí se NCRI ve studovaném období nacházela. Historickým kontextem rozumíme vývoj íránského režimu. Sociální kontext bude představen jako souhrn konfliktů a hodnot, ve kterých se odráží specifika frustrace a nespokojenosti íránské společnosti. Analyzováním režimu a představením hlavních opozičních subjektů přiblížíme kontext politický. Druhým okruhem empirické části bude samotná analýza NCRI, která vyčerpává cíl této vnitřní případové studie.5 Časovým rámcem je pro tento případ rozmezí let 2005 – 2013, tedy Írán za Ahmadínežádova prezidenství. Tato časová osa byla vybrána proto, že se jedná o poslední ukončené prezidentské období, což nám umožňuje ucelenou a detailní analýzu. Zároveň se v tomto období dostala NCRI významným způsobem do pozornosti médií, zejména ohledně jejího mezinárodního statusu, což do této případové studie vnáší dynamický aspekt. Při výzkumu budeme vycházet z primárních i sekundárních zdrojů. Na základě tohoto designu je hlavním cílem předkládané práce zodpovědět následující výzkumnou otázku: 2 Kouba, in Novák, Úvod Do Studia Politiky, str. 416 3 Kořan, in Drulák, Jak Zkoumat Politiku: Kvalitativní Metodologie V Politologii A Mezinárodních Vztazích, str 34 4 Podle Druláka musí případová studie zohlednit celkový kontext: sociální, politický, historický. Viz Jak Zkoumat Politiku: Kvalitativní Metodologie V Politologii A Mezinárodních Vztazích, str 33 5 Podle Kořana můžou mít jednopřípadové studie cíle i vnější, a to pokud hodnotí stávající teorie a přispívají ke tvorbě teorií nových. In Drulák, Jak Zkoumat Politiku: Kvalitativní Metodologie V Politologii A Mezinárodních Vztazích, str 39 2 Jak lze interpretovat působení NCRI v kontextu íránské opozice za Ahmadínežáda? Podotázky, které nám tuto pomůžou zodpovědět hlavní výzkumnou otázku, zní: • Jaké jsou konflikty zájmů a hodnot v íránské společnosti? • Jak probíhala interakce íránského režimu a opozice v letech 2005-2013?
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