Social Media and Changing Communication Patterns Among Students: an Analysis of Twitter Use by University of Jos Students
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Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2014 SOCIAL MEDIA AND CHANGING COMMUNICATION PATTERNS AMONG STUDENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF TWITTER USE BY UNIVERSITY OF JOS STUDENTS Samuel OLANIRAN University of Jos, Nigeria Abstract: The developments in Internet technology have seen a rapid rise and change in information flow in contemporary society. One such significant development is the popularity of social network sites, an innovation that is redefining the process of sharing mediated messages. Twitter, an online social networking and micro blogging service that enables users to send and read "tweets", has over 500 million users who send over 400 million tweets daily, with nearly 60% of tweets sent from mobile devices. Regarded as ―the SMS of the Internet‖ and one of the ten most visited websites, its users tweet about any topic within the 140-character limit and follow others. The paper set out to study the topological characteristics of Twitter, its power as a new medium of information sharing and social convergence, and dimensions of usage by students of the University of Jos. Anchored on the Uses and Gratifications theory, data was collated from the field through questionnaire. Results show that the medium represents both a social forum and a news outlet to the students. Based on this, it was recommended that users should endeavour to verify messages or tweets and sources before sharing with others. Keywords: Twitter, Social Media, Social Networking Sites (SNSs), Tweet, Internet, Students INTRODUCTION socialization or information The invention of the internet seeking and has become something brought a new dimension to the much more. With this development, media landscape. It marked the users are driving content beginning of technological (Dominick, 2013) in ways never transformation and socialization seen before. This has led to the with a higher desire for information transformation in not just one about everything. This slowly medium; there is more to come as developed into social media, which new trends emerge continually. essentially is information about Shapiro, cited in Croteau and people. Hoynes (2003, p. 322) argues that The internet has taken the process the ―emergence of new, digital of information dissemination to a technologies signals a potentially higher platform thereby going radical shift of who is in control of beyond being a mere medium of information, experience and 40 Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2014 resources.‖ Crosbie (2002), in as media designed to be explaining new media, described disseminated through social three different kinds of interaction, created using highly communication media. He saw accessible and scalable publishing interpersonal media as ―one to techniques. It uses internet and one‖, mass media as ―one to many‖ web-based technologies to and new media as ―individuation transform broadcast media media‖ or ―many to many‖. New monologues (one to many) into media is a term meant to social media dialogues (many to encompass the emergence of many). digital, computerized or networked According to Adelabu (2011), three information and communication components typify social media: technologies in the later part of the th concept (art, information, or 20 century. Most technologies meme); media (physical, electronic, described as ―new media‖ often or verbal); and social interface have characteristics of being (intimate, direct, social viral, manipulated, networkable, dense, electronic broadcast or syndication compressible, interactive and or print). One of the things that impartial (Flew, 2008). Neuman, make social media unique is its cited in Croteau and Hoynes (2003) interactive capabilities. Like never adds that new media will alter the before, social media are meaning of geographic distance transforming the way in which thereby allowing for a huge people receive and share increase in the volume and speed of information. Ludtke, as cited in communication. It will also provide Adelabu (2011, p. 614) notes, ―One opportunities for interactive of the major attributes to social communication and allow forms of networking is its high level of communication, previously interactivity‖ which adds value separate, to overlap and through its ability to facilitate interconnect. meaningful conversation with, and Social media, an offspring of new between users. Picard also cited in media, typify these features as they Adelabu (2011, p. 614) asserts that have eliminated geographical social media and blogs provide an distance in global communication opportunity for users to express (Carley, cited in Flew, 2002). themselves and connect with like- Information sharing or interaction minded people: moves at the speed of light thereby These digital tools making it near impossible to provide an easy (little to quantify volume of communication no cost) way for that occurs at different locations members of the public to simultaneously. Kaplan and take part in discussion Haenlein (2010) sees social media with larger groups of 41 Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2014 people and draw and highlight the challenges related attention to issues and to accessing it. topics that traditional RESEARCH QUESTIONS news media might have This paper shall be guided by the overlooked.... following questions: The high rate of social networking 1. Why do students use Twitter? sites, and the impact they have on 2. How do students access young people‘s lives, offers Twitter? striking testimony to the global 3. What is the most engaging impact of today‘s Internet. Some activity of students on Twitter? treat this new medium as a danger, and others treat it as the road to LITERATURE REVIEW utopia. The truth is somewhere in Uses of Social Media: between. As a communication platform, In view of the seeming students‘ many people use the Internet with activeness on Facebook, its various applications such as Blackberry Messenger, WhatsApp social media like Facebook, etc, it became imperative to Twitter, YouTube, etc to mobilise understand what Twitter was used people to support a cause. for and the dynamics of such usage. According to Skoler, cited in In addition, the research was borne Adelabu (2011, p. 614): out of an observation from Today‘s new culture is audience participation in some about connection and programmes on the Campus FM relationship. Social (UNIJOS 96.1 ICE FM) that only a networks are humming fraction of the students use Twitter because they fit the spirit compared to responses generated of the time, not because from using other platforms. This they created the spirit of study will therefore engage sharing. They‘re not students of the University of Jos in about listening to others a focus group-like discussion and and responding. They‘re responses would contribute to about pursuing our framing the study. interests because we know they will converge This paper is therefore primed to with the interests of study the topographical others. The new culture characteristics of Twitter and its values sharing power as a new medium of information and being information. The study is also surprised by the expected to determine the experiences, knowledge, dimensions of Twitter usage by the and voices of others. students of the University of Jos 42 Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2014 The forces propelling this new be dragged off the internet today. trend are internet technology and They use the Internet regularly and youth who use social media to anywhere (Ibrahim, Odoemelam, force changes in all facets of and Elechi, 2011). Oyero adds that human interactions. Kaplan and the availability of mobile and Haenlein, cited in Adelabu (2011), portable devices that allows them describe social media as a group of to connect to the Internet anywhere, internet-based applications that as long as they are connected to build on the ideological and data services, has increased social technological foundations and media use. Live feeds and instant allow the creation and exchange of streaming, and an increasing user-generated content. It supports number of access through smart the democratisation of knowledge phones, modems, wireless, 3G and information, ―transforming networks, etc have equally pushed people from content consumers into up usage of social media by content producers‖ (Stassen, cited students. in Adelabu, 2011, p. 614). Millions of people go to websites to With the introduction of the watch television shows, read internet as a new media newspapers, download music, and environment and opportunity, the do so many things that Turow rate at which social ties that go (2010, p. 132) describes as having beyond geographical and cultural ―traditionally been associated with boundaries are created is quite separating non-computer media alarming. One of the current social forms‖. Social media have networks that connect people revolutionalized the nature of through the internet is Twitter - a communication and dismantled free-access website that allows its previously existing man made users to join networks, connect, and obstacles to information interact with other people. With the dissemination and sharing. It has growing popularity of social proved to be a tremendous platform networking sites (SNSs), one can to reach large number of people only begin to imagine the rapidly across different demographic and increasing population of the economic strata faster and cheaper internet as a way to communicate compared to the use of other media with others around the world of mass communication (Adelabu, (Turow, 2010; Udejinta, 2011). 2011; Oboh and Kasule, 2011). Oyero (2013) contends that A lot of information, including text, presently, a large majority of audio and video, is available university students, who a few twenty-four hours a day, seven years back were unlikely to have days a week, to connected users of heard of the internet, cannot easily the Internet. The latter is easier, 43 Covenant Journal of Communication (CJOC), Vol. 2, No. 1, June 2014 faster, and more convenient as a Stone in 2006, users access Twitter source of information. Dominick through the website interface, SMS, (2005, p.