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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL BENCHMARK (IJEB), Benchmark Journals eISSN: 2489-0170 pISSN:2489-4162

The Establishment and Deregulation of University Education in : A Historical Overview

Ugochi Onya Department of Arts and Social Sciences Early Childhood Education Unit Federal College of Education, Akoka, Lagos [email protected] & Ikenna Ukpabi Unya (Ph.D) History Unit College of General and Communication Studies Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, , [email protected]

Abstract The role of the university education is to provide the much-needed manpower in accelerating the growth and development of the economy, and to acquire both physical and intellectual skills that will enable individuals to be self-reliant and useful members of the society. The demand for university education by Nigerians, which the government alone cannot provide led to the deregulation of the system to enable private sectors participate. The objective of this paper is to assess and evaluate the historical development of university education in Nigeria. The findings of this paper reveal that deregulation enhances diversity and accessibility to university education. The paper concludes by recommending that private and corporate bodies should increase their involvement, while the federal and state governments should adequately fund the public schools to increase the rate of intellectual collision in Nigerian universities.

Key words: Establishment, Deregulation, University, Education, and Overview Introduction

The role of university education as an instrument for promoting the socio-economic, political and cultural development of any nation cannot be over-emphasized. Higher education contributes to human resource development in many ways. For instance, Kinbrough (2013) observes that the university is a place where intellectual collisions can occur. A place where students learn and grow through intellectual collisions in and out of class, with professors, staff, and peers, and where the community comes for similar experiences. Kinbrough goes ahead to say that the university provides an intellectual foundation for a chosen profession, a great place to make lifelong friends, meet a spouse, develop professional networks and discover mentors.

University education according to Martin (2013) is a place for preparation for complexities of a world that needs rigorous analyses of its problems and synthetic approaches to

Vol. 7(1) 2017 www.benchmarkjournals.com Page 54 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL BENCHMARK (IJEB), Benchmark Journals eISSN: 2489-0170 pISSN:2489-4162 University of Uyo solving them. University education is for learning how to think clearly, write beautifully, and put quantitative skills to use in the work of discovery. Good universities according to Wise (2010) find a balance where students are free to form their long view of the world while at the same time acquiring the knowledge and skills to pursue a rewarding profession. A place for students to decide what and how they want to contribute to society, to the economy, to their communities, and to the well-being of their families.

The National Policy on Education (2004) highlighted the aim of university education thus:

1. To contribute to national development through high-level relevant manpower training; 2. To develop and inculcate proper values for the survival of the individual and the society; 3. To develop the intellectual capability of individuals to understand and appreciate their local and external environments; 4. To acquire both physical and intellectual skills which will enable individuals to be self- reliant and useful members of the society; 5. To promote and encourage scholarship and community services; 6. To forge and cement national unity; and 7. To promote national and international understanding and interaction.

The belief in the efficacy of education as a powerful instrument of development has led many nations to commit much of their wealth to the establishment of educational institutions at various levels. The funds allocated to higher education should not be considered a mere expense, but as a long-term investment of immense benefit to the society (Ajayi and Ekundaya, 2008). University education is expected to directly engage in the creation, transmission and evaluation of knowledge. Its purpose according to Opatola (2003) is to ensure the continued pursuit of academic scholarship and intellectual inquiry in all fields of human understanding through research and teaching.

The aim of this paper is to assess and evaluate the development in university education in Nigeria, especially in this era of deregulation of university education. To achieve this objective, the paper has been divided into sections. With this introductory overview, the paper will proceed to discussing the historical development of university education in Nigeria. The third section will conceptualize deregulation of education; the fourth section will discuss reasons for the deregulation and problems of deregulation of university education. The final section is the conclusion which briefly discussed the implications of deregulation and finally makes policy recommendations.

Historical Analysis of University Education in Nigeria.

The history of university education in Nigeria started with the Elliot Commission of 1943, which led to the establishment of University College, Ibadan (UCI) in 1948. UCI was an

Vol. 7(1) 2017 www.benchmarkjournals.com Page 55 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL BENCHMARK (IJEB), Benchmark Journals eISSN: 2489-0170 pISSN:2489-4162 University of Uyo affiliate of the University of London (Ike, 1976). In April 1959, the Federal Government commissioned an inquiry (the Ashby Commission) to advise it on the higher education needs of the country for its first two decades. Before the submission of the report, the Eastern region government established its own university at Nsukka (, Nsukka in 1960). The implementation of the Ashby Report led to the establishment of University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife) in 1962 by the Western region, , Zaria in 1962 by the Northern region and (1962) by the Federal Government.

Babalola et al (2007) posited according to Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008) that the University College, Ibadan became full-fledged university in 1962. This meant that UCI, Ibadan and University of Lagos became the first two federal universities in Nigeria – the other three remained regional until the federal government took them. In 1970, the Mid-Western region which was carved out of Western region established the Mid-West Institute of Technology (MIT). The Institute converted to a university status – the University of Benin. The six universities established during this period 1960 – 1970 are still referred to as first generation universities.

The Third National Development Plan (1975–1980) made provision for the establishment of seven more universities to be located in States where there were none at that time. This gave birth according to Ogunu (1990) to the ‘Seven Sisters’ or Second Generation Universities in 1975. The universities were established as follows:

1. The , which began as Calabar Campus of the University of Nigeria in 1973 2. The , founded as a Campus of in 1971. 3. The , 1975. 4. The University of Sokoto, 1975 5. The , which was former Campus of the University of Ibadan but became a full university in 1977 after becoming a University College in 1975. 6. University of which took off initially as a University College in 1975 and affiliated to the University of Lagos. It became a full-fledged university in 1977. 7. Bayero University, Kano, which started as Northern Government owned Abdullahi Bayero College in 1961, became Bayero University College of Ahmadu Bello University in 1962 and a full university in 1975.

The 1979 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria placed university education on the Concurrent Legislative list. That meant that, apart from the Federal Government, State Governments who wished could establish their own universities as was the practice before 1975 when university education was put on the Exclusive Legislative list by the then Military Government. Between 1979 and 1983, the following eight State universities were established:

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 Bendel State University, (now Ambrose Ali University, Ekpoma, 1980  Anambra State University of Science and Technology (now Enugu State University of Science and Technology 1980  (now , Uturu) 1981  University of Science and Technology 1981  Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti (now University of Ekiti) 1982  Ogun State University (now Olabisi Onobanjo University, Ago-Iwoye) 1982  University 1983 and  Cross River State University, Uyo, 1984. In 1988, the Federal Government announced the establishment of the . Other federal universities established since then are:

1. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 1988 2. Federal University of Technology, Owerri 1980 3. Federal University of Technology, Akure 1981 4. Federal University of Technology, Minna 1982 5. Federal University of Technology, Yola (now Modibbo Adama ) 1988 6. Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi 1988 7. Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 1988 8. Federal University of Agriculture, Umudike (Michael Okpara) 1992.

All the universities established between 1980s and early 1990s are collectively referred to as third generation universities. The fourth generation universities are those established between 1999 when civil rule returned in Nigeria till the present date. They include the recent Federal Universities; State Universities, Open University and Private Universities. Nigeria now has 46 federal, 40 state, and 61 private universities. Their full names and year of emergence will come shortly. Let us turn our attention now to conceptual consideration – deregulation of education.

Conceptual Clarifications

Deregulation

Deregulation according to Investopedia (2016) is the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry. This means that government rules and regulations governing the operations of the system are relaxed or held constant in order for the system to decide its own optimum level through the forces of supply and demand.

Deregulation is when the government reduces or eliminates industry restrictions to improve the ease of doing business. The government removes a regulation when businesses complain it interferes too much with their ability to compete, especially with foreign companies.

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However, consumer groups also prompt deregulation by pointing out how industry leaders are too cozy with their regulatory authorities.

Deregulation occurs according to Amadeo (2016) in one of three ways. First, Congress can vote to repeal a law. Second, an agency can remove the regulation, usually under an Executive Order. Third, the agency can simply stop enforcing the regulation.

Pros

 Allows more innovation from small, niche players.  Allows the free market to set prices. Often prices drop as a result.  Businesses in regulated industries controlled their agencies and created monopolies.

Cons

 Allows asset bubbles to build and burst, creating crises and recessions.  Prevents industries with huge initial infrastructure costs, like electricity and cable, to get started.

Deregulation did not start with education. Rather, it started with decreasing government of industries with a view to creating more competitive markets that provide services at lower costs to consumers.

Deregulation of Education in Nigeria

Deregulation of education means breaking the government’s monopoly of the provision and management of education by giving free hands to private participation in the provision and management of education in the country (Ajayi and Ekundayo 2008). Deregulation of education according to Olatunbosun (2005) is the sale of knowledge to the highest bidder, which has the effect of lowering standards for the attraction of customers. As a deregulated sector, education will become a private enterprise undertaken by private individuals or corporate bodies that hope to maximize profit from their investment in education.

Deregulation of university education in Nigeria is a recent past. Over the years, the struggle between proponents of regulation and proponents of no government intervention raged, until the emergence of Olusegun Obasanjo as President in 1999. The government issued licenses to private and corporate bodies to establish universities to complement governmental efforts at providing university education to the masses.

There were a lot of reasons and factors that made the federal government to deregulate the education sector. This study identified population explosion as a major factor. For instance,

Vol. 7(1) 2017 www.benchmarkjournals.com Page 58 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EDUCATIONAL BENCHMARK (IJEB), Benchmark Journals eISSN: 2489-0170 pISSN:2489-4162 University of Uyo in 1960, Nigeria had a population of 45.148.000 (approximately 45.2 million people) with only two universities (Ibadan and Nsukka) with a total of 1,399 students. In 1961, the number rose to 2406. In 1962/63 academic session, the total university enrolment stood at 3,646. This increased rapidly to 8,888 in 1966/67 section but suffered a reduction during the Nigerian civil war between 1967 and 1970. The set-back was temporary as enrolment doubled every four or five years during the period 1970 and 1985 (Ogunu, 1990). The population of Nigeria rose to 140 million in 2006 and was estimated to be 182.2 million in 2015. With this population explosion, the government alone would not have been able to provide the facilities that will provide university education to the masses. We now look at other reasons for the deregulation of university education in Nigeria.

Reasons for the Deregulation of University Education

Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008) gave the following as reasons for the deregulation of university education in Nigeria:

1. Increase access to university education: Following the perennially acute shortage of places in the public universities and the need to increase the number of enrolments, private hands are called upon to create opportunities for the teeming number of youth seeking tertiary education. According to Oyebade (2005), the license given to private investors in university education is meant to address the problem of excessive demand over supply. Although, access is in this case provided for those who can afford the high fees charged. 2. Address the problem of scarce educational resources: Akangbou (1992) asserts that national education systems have always seemed to be tied to a life of crisis. Most universities in the country have consistently inadequate resources, which invariably affects the quality of output they produce. Besides, as Utulu (2001) points out, another factor that accounts for the decline in the quality of university output in Nigeria is lack of physical facilities. The universities in Nigeria operate in adverse conditions; overcrowding and deteriorating physical facilities, lack of library books, educational materials and so on. Addressing this problem calls for the involvement of the private sector. 3. Raise alternative ways of funding the university: Apart from the poor quality of graduates, as a result of poor physical facilities, another reason for the involvement of private hands is in the provision and maintenance of university is the under-funding of the education sector. Over the years, this problem has been generating a lot of strife between ASUU and the government. However, the presence of private hands in university education is considered an alternative means of funding university education in the country.

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4. Improve the quality of university education: The government is of the view that the growth of private universities in the country will allow for competition between the public and the private universities, in terms of instructional delivery and other activities put in place to produce quality graduates for the economy. Competition brings improved quality of educational inputs and outputs (Ibadin, Shofoyeke and Ilusanya, 2005). 5. Enhances efficiency: Ibibia (2003, in Akinwumi, et al 2005) posits that pro-university deregulatory schools of thought opine that deregulating the system will enhance efficiency. According to the author, with more players in the university system, there would be more rational and efficient allocation of resources in the short term. The long- term effect is to stabilize the cost of operation, with an attendant increase in, and improved quality of production. 6. Align with practices in other parts of the world: It has been observed that in the more advanced countries of the world, both private and public sectors of the economy are involved in the provision and management of university education, and Nigeria cannot be an exemption – hence the need for private involvement in the provision and management of university education in Nigeria. 7. Irregular academic calendar: The varying crises in the university sector, which had been paralyzing the academic calendars over the years, constitute a source of worry to the stakeholders in the sector. However, there is need for the establishment of private universities, which are less prone to disruption in their academic calendars.

Problems of the Deregulation of University Education in Nigeria

Again, Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008) observed that despite the immense benefits of private involvement in university education, they are often criticized on various grounds, among which are:

1. Private universities are profit-making ventures: Private universities have been criticized on the basis that they are profit-making ventures. According to Etuk (2005), private universities charge high fees. However, not many Nigerians can afford to pay these fees. 2. It widens the social gap: It has often been said that the deregulation of the university system will bring about greater inequality and widen the existing gap between the ‘haves and the ‘have nots’. 3. Quality may be sacrificed for profit: The private universities have again been criticized because, potentially, they may not produce the expected quality of education, as the proprietors are business owners who want big returns on their investment. Hence, cost and returns-recovery may jeopardize quality.

Diversity and Quality Assurance in our Universities

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Diversity is a concept that can be viewed in different ways. According to Opara and Onoja (2012), diversity is looked at in terms of the commitment to recognize and appreciate the variety of features that make individuals unique in an atmosphere that promotes and celebrates individual and collective achievement. Access to higher education through private universities and public universities enable the student populations become increasingly diverse in terms of their academic pursuit, capacities, motivation and interest. Private universities complement or provide diversity, particularly in terms of competition they offer. Private universities, like all other universities in the country, provide diversity in terms of faculties, student population and recruitment.

Diversity is very critical to the sustenance of university education. This is because it brings a lot of interactions in and out of class, learning and living among students from various racial, ethnic, cultural, geographic, socioeconomic, linguistic, and religious backgrounds, with wide array of academic, extracurricular, and social interest. This has a multiplier effects because it does not only benefit the students but the university as a whole. Students’ exposure to diverse views and individuals provide them with greater personal development and challenges, broadening their perspectives and increasing their knowledge of the world (Opara and Onoja, 2012). Quality assurance on the hand is a method of ensuring quality in the provision of university education. Ebong and Efue (2005) posit that it is a holistic term that is directed towards education as an entity, while Enaohwo (2003) observes that the concept of quality assurance in education system can be looked at from two angles, viz: the internal perspective (within the system) and the external measures (checks and balances by the regulatory agencies). Private and public universities in Nigeria must be seen to vigorously pursue excellent academic credentials, provide safe, supportive environments, academic rigour and success, outstanding facilities and excellent learning resources in order to be able to compete favourably with other universities in the world. For quality assurance to be maintained, a lot of measures have to be put in place to ensure that the products of Nigerian universities especially the private universities conform to societal needs. The National Universities Commission (NUC) as a regulatory agency of the universities has vital role to play in ensuring that the standards laid down are strictly adhered to, since deregulation only confers ownership on the private education provider, the Federal Government is still in control of university system. For quality assurance to be maintained in our private universities, the following strategies must be in place according to Ajayi and Ekundayo (2008):

 Availability of adequate and modern facilities;  Adequate funding;  Appraisal of educational programmes;  Quality teaching personnel;  Prevention of the establishment of illegal campus; and

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 Proper monitoring.

Conclusion and Recommendations

In this paper, we have accessed and evaluated the development of university education in Nigeria since 1960 till this present era of deregulation, and its impact on academic and students’ diversity. Nigeria’s population is fastly increasing and university education is also in high demand now. Allowing private and corporate bodies to participate will increase the rate of intellectual collision and help stabilize the academic calendar that is usually disrupted by incessant ASUU strike in Nigeria.

To ensure that private universities contribute meaningfully to university education, the government must stick to the minimum standard set for the would-be proprietors. This will guide against the establishment of sub-standard universities. It is therefore, recommended that the Ministry of Education should strengthen existing public universities alongside the private ones through adequate funding, capacity building and provision of infrastructure to enable them cope with the current reality (Opara and Onoja, 2012). If the federal and state governments can invest heavily on university education in Nigeria, then, our universities can take advantage of the on- going academic globalization to improve to international standard.

List of Federal Universities in Nigeria that are Accredited and Year Founded

S/N Year Federal Universities Website Address Founded 1. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi http://www.atbu.edu..ng 1988 2 Adeyemi University of Education, Ondo 2015 3. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria http://www.abu.edu.ng 1962 4. Alvan Ikoku University of Education, Owerri 2015 5. Bayero University, Kano http://www.buk.edu.ng 1975 6. Federal University Gashua www.fugashua.edu.ng 2013 7. Federal University of Education, Kano www.fugashua.edu.ng 2013 8. Federal University of Education, Zaria 2015 9. Federal University of Health Sciences, Otukpo 2015 10. Federal University of Petroleum Resources, http://www.fupre.edu.ng 2007 Effurum 11. Federal University of Technology, Akure http://www.futa.edu.ng 1981 12. Federal University of Technology, Minna http://www.futminna.edu.ng 1982 13. Federal University of Technology, Owerri http://www.edu.ng 1980 14. Federal University of Dutse, Jigawa State http://eud.edu.ng/ 2011 15. Federal University, Dutsin-Ma, Kastina http://www.fudusinma.edu.ng 2011 16. Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State www.fulashere.edu.ng 2011 17. Federal University, Lafia, Nassarawa State http://www.fulafia.edu.ng 2011

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18. Federal University, Lokoja, Kogi State Http://www.fulokoja.edu.ng 2011 19. Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State http://www.funai.edu.ng 2011 20. Federal University Otuoke, Bayelsa http://www.fuoruoke.edu.ng 2011 21. Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State http://www.fuoye.edu.ng 2011 22. Federal University, Wukari, Taraba State http://www.fuwukari.edu.ng 23. Federal University, Birnin, Kebbi www.fubk.edu.ng 2013 24. Federal University, Guasau www.fugus.edu.ng 2013 25. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, http://www.moua.org 1992 Umudike 26 Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola http://www.futy.edu.ng 1988 27. National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos http://www.nou.edu.ng 2002 28. Nigeria Maritime University, Okerenkoko 2015 29. Nigerian Police Academy, Wudil www.npf.gov.ng 2012 30. Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna www.nda.edu.ng 1985 31. Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka http://www.unizik.edu.ng 1992 32 Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife http://www.oauife.edu.ng 1962 33. University Of Abuja, Gwagwalada http://www.uniabuja.edu.ng 1988 34. University of Agriculture, Abeokuta http://www.unaab.edu.ng 1988 35. University of Agriculture, Makurdi http://www.uam.edu.ng 1988 36 University of Benin http://www.uniben.edu.ng 1970 37. University of Calabar http://www/unical.edu.ng 1975 38. University of Ibadan http://www.ui.edu.ng 1948 39. University of Ilorin http://www.unilorin.edu.ng 1975 40. University of Jos http://www.unijos.edu.ng 1975 41. University of Lagos http://www.unilag.edu.ng 1962 42. University of Maiduguri http://unimad.edu.ng 1975 43. University of Nigeria, Nsukka http://www.unn.edu.ng 1960 44. University of Port-Harcourt http://wwwiuniport.edu.ng 1975 45. University of Uyo http://www.uniuyo.edu.ng 1991 46. Usumanu Danfodiyo University http://www.udusok.edu.ng 1975

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List of State Universities in Nigeria that are Accredited and Year Founded S/N Year State Universities Websites Address Founded 1 Abia State University, Uturu www.abiastateuniversity.edu.ng 1980 2 Mubi http://www.adsu.edu.ng 2002 3 Adekunle Ajasin University, Akunga http://www.adekunleajasinuniversit 1999 y.edu.ng 4 Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot http://www.aksu.edu.ng 2004 Akpadan, Uyo 5 , Ekpoma http://www.aauekpoma.edu.ng 1980 6 Anambra State University of Science http://www.ansu.edu.net 2000 and Technology, Uli 7 , Gadau www.basug.edu.ng 2011 8 , Makurdi www.bsum.edu.ng 1992 9 Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, http://www.baiu.edu.ng 2006 Damatru 10 Cross River State University of http://www.crutech.edu.ng Science and technology, Calabar 11 Delta state university abraka http://www.deltastate.edu.ng 1992 12 , Abakaliki http://www.ebsu-edu.net 2000 13 1988 14 Enugu State University of Science http://www.esut.edu.ng 1981 and Technology, Enugu 15 , Gombe http://www.gomsu.org 2004 16 Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida http://www.ibbuniversity.com 2005 University, Lapai 17 Ignatius Ajuru University of http://www.iaue.edu.ng Education, Rumuolumeni 18 Imo state University, Owerri http://www.imsu.edu.ng 1992 19 Jigawa State University www.jsu.edu.ng 2013 20 , Kaduna http://www.kasu.edu.ng 2005 21 Kano University of Science and http://www.kustportal.edu.ng 2000 Technology, Wudil 22 Kebbi State University, Kebbi http://www.ksusta.edu.ng 2006 23 Anyigba http://www.ksu.edu.ng 1999 24 , Ilorin http://www.kwasu.edu.ng 2009 25 Ladoke Akintola University of 1990 Technology, Ogbomoso 26 Ojo. Lagos http://www.lasunigeria.org 1983 27 Nasarawa State University, Keffi http://www.nsuk.edu.ng 2002 28 , Yenagoa http://www.ndu.edu.ng 2000 29 Northwest University, Kano 2012 30 Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago- http://www.oouagoiwoye.edu.ng 1982 Iwoye 31 Ondo State University of Science and http://www.osustech.edu.ng 2008

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Technology, Okitipupa 32 Ondo State University of Medical 2015 Sciences 33 , Oshogbo http://www.unionsun.edu.ng 2006 34 University, Bokkos http://www.plasu.edu.ng 2005 35 of Science http://www.ust.edu.ng 1979 and Technology 36 , Sokoto 2009 37 Tai Solarin University of Education, http://www.tasued.edu.ng 2005 Ijebu-Ode 38 , Jalingo 2008 39 Technical University, Ibadan 2012 40 Umaru Musa yar’Adua University, http://www.umyu.edu.ng 2006 Katsina

List of Private Universities in Nigeria that are Accredited and Year Founded S/N Private Universities Websites Address Year Founded 1 , Owo http://www.achievers.edu.ng 2007 2 Adeleke Unversity, Ede http://www.adelekeuniversity.edu.ng 2011 3 Afe Babalola Unviersity, Ado-Ekit- http://www.abuad.edu.ng 2009 Ekiti State 4 African University of Science and http://www.aust-abuja.org 2007 Technology, Abuja 5 Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan http://www.acu.edu.ng 2005 6 Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin http://www.alkikmah.edu.ng 2005 7 Al-Qalam University Katsina http://www.auk.edu.ng 2005 8 American University of Nigeria, Yola http://www.aun.edu.ng 2003 9 Augustine University 2015 10 , Ilishan-Remo http://www.babcock.edu.ng 1999 11 http://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng 2011 12 Bells University of Technology, Otta http://www.bellsuniversity.org 2005 13 Benson Idahosa University, Benin City http://www.idahosauniversity.com 2002 14 Bingham University, New Karu http://www.binghamuni.edu.ng 2005 15 , Iwo http://www.bowenuniversity-edu.org 2001 16 Lagos http://www.calebuniversity.ed.ng 2007 17 , Enugu http://www.caritasuni.edu.ng 2005 18 CETEP City University Lagos http://www.cetepuniversity.com 2005 19 Christland University 2015 20 2015 21 Convenant Unversity, Ota http://www.covenantuniversity.edu. 2002 ng 22 , Igbesa http://www.crawforduniversity.edu. 2005 ng 23 http://www.crescent- 2005

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university.edu.ng 24 Edwin Clark University Kaigbodo 2015 25 , Ilara-Mokin http://www.elizadeuniversity.edu.ng 2012 26 Evangel University, Akaeze 2012 27 , Oshogbo http://www.fountainuniversity.edu.n 2007 g 28 Godfrey Okoye University, Ugwuomu- 2009 Nike- Enugu State 29 Gregory University Uturu http://www.gregoryuniversity.com 2012 30 Hallmark University www.hallmark.edu.ng 2015 31 , Umudi 2015 32 Igbinedion University Okada http://www.iuokada.edu.ng 1999 33 Joseph Ayo Babalola Univerwsity http://www..jabu.edu.ng 2006 Ikeji-Arakeji 34 Kings University 2015 35 , Wukari http://www.wukarijubileeuniversity. 2005 org 36 , Omu-Aran. http://www.imu.edu.ng 2011 37 Lead City University, Ibadan http://www.icu.edu.ng 2005 38 Madonna University, Okija http://www.madonnauniversity.edu. 1999 ng 39 McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, www.mcu.edu.ng 2012 Ajebo 40 Micheal and Cicilia University 2015 41 2015 42 Nigerian-Turkish Nile Unversity, http://www.ntnu.edu.ng 2009 Abuja 43 , Ogume http://www.novenauniversity.edu.ng 2005 44 Obong University, Obong Ntak http://www.obonguniversity.net 2007 45 , Ipetumodu-Osun http://www.oduduwauniversity.edu. 2009 State ng 46 Pan-African University, Lagos http://www.pau.edu.ng 2002 47 , Awka-Anambra State http://www.pauluniversity.edu.ng 2009 48 Redeemer’s University, Mowe http://www.run.edu.ng 2005 49 , Enugu http://www.renaissanceuniversity.ng 2005 .com 50 , Obeama-Asa-Rivers 2009 State 51 2015 52 Salem university, Lokoja http://www.salemuniversity.org 2007 53 Samuel Adegoboyega University, 2011 Ogwa 54 Southwestern University, Oku Owa 2012 55 Summit University 2015 56 , Umunya http://www..tansian-edu.com 2007

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57 , Mkar http://www.unimakar.edu.ng 2005 58 Veritas University http://www.veritas.edu.ng 2007 59 , Evbuobanosa- http://www.wellspringuniversity.net 2009 Edo State 60 Wesley Univ. of Science and Tech., http://www.wusto.edu.ng 2007 Ondo 61 , Oghara http://www..wduniversity.net 2007 Source: Naija Quest, 2016.

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