JOURNAL OFINTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE/ September I986 Z :-t an identity. Althoughthis kind of crimehas existedthroughout history Lunde, neverbeen 6 1977!, thenumber ofsuch murdershas as high Ressleret al.,I985!. -=-'=: eg According tothe 1984 FBI UniformCrime Report, 22.1% ofmurders com- = .r mitted inthe reporting yearhad anunknown motiveas analyzedby law enforcement. Thisfigure takeson addedmeaning when it is comparedto =2: ii; earlier reportingfigures. In1976, murderswith anunknown motiverepre- . E2» sented 8.5% ofall murders, l7.8% in 198], and 22.1%in I984 or an increase of ¬ E? 160%in an 8-year period. Such seeminglymotiveless murderswere firstcovered extensivelyby the Z3 news mediawhen NewYork City's Son of Sam" killer David Berkowitz stalked victims,apparently chosenat random, and killed them with a .44 caliber pistol.Since thenthere hasbeen considerableattention to these types of murders.People fear becoming the nextrandom victimof theseviolent, often grisly crimes. %?>% Sexual homicide results from one person killing another in the context of 1%: power, control,sexuality, andaggressive brutality.The psychiatricdiagnosis of sexualsadism, sometimesapplied tothe victimizer, statesthat the essential g?» featureof this deviant behavior i.e.,paraphilia! is the in iction of physical % :: or psychological suffering on another personin order to achieve sexual excitement. It hasbeen difficultto gather dependable statisticson thenumber ofsexual 2: homicide victimsfor severalreasons: the ! victim is officially reportedas a homicide statisticand notas a rape assault Brownmiller,1975; MacDonald, §< 1971!, ! thereis a failure to recognizeany underlyingsexual dynamicsin a seemingly "ordinary" murder Cormier 8: Simons,I969; Revitch, 1965!, E; ! those agenciesthat investigate, apprehend, andassess the murderer often fail to share theirfindings, curtailingthe collectivepool ofknowledge on the subject Ressler,Douglas, Groth,8: Burgess,I980!, and ! conventional evidence of the crime s sexual nature may be absent. , When law enforcement officials cannot readily determine a motive for murder, theyexamine itsbehavioral aspects.In developing techniques for profiling murderers,FBI agentshave foundthat theyneed tounderstand the thought patterns ofmurderers in orderto make sense crimeof sceneevidence and victim information. Characteristics of evidence and victims can reveal much about the murderer's intensityof planning, preparation, and follow- through. Fromthese observations,the agents begin touncover themurderer s motivation, recognizinghow dependentmotivation is to thekiller's domi- nant thinking pattems. Inmany instances,a hidden, sexual motiveemerges, a motive that has its origins infantasy. The roleof fantasyin the motive andbehavior ofsuspects is an important factor inviolent crimes,especially sexualmurders Ressleret al., in press!.In the last20 years,the roleof sadistic fantasyhas been explored inseveral studies Brittain,I970; Reinhardt,1957; Revitch,1965, 1980;West, Roy,8c
4O
rs. nnwmmwrnunzeraxM-s<...,ss.a,at<..~...... _W_.m...»~ ...- s.-W ' ?cl:'2i?Zi I I52%: Nicholas, withl978!, MacCulloch and colleagues I983! suggestingthat sadisticand acts fantasy are linked andthat fantasy drives sadistic the be- havior. Currentrealization cognitive of structures,which helpmaintain 45 behavior patterns Beck, 1976!,combine investigation with sadistic of fan- §; tasies Brittain,l970; MacCulloch, Snowden, 8: Wood, Mills,1983; Ressler aé et al.,l985!, criminalreasoning Yochelson8: Saminow,1977; Saminow, 1984!,Uiminal and fantasy Schlesinger Kutash, 8: andl98l!, serve as pri- mary foundationsfor ourconceptualization a motivational ofmodel of I3 sexual murder. 4. ?;'.' THE STUDY z Many peoplehave speculated on variousaspectsof murder:epidemiolog- ical Constantino, studiesreport on demographicPerper, Kuller,Cypress,data concerning 8: 1977! andvictims patterns perpetrators andhomicide of Rushforth,Hirsch, Ford, Rushforth,8: Adelson,l977; Wolfgang,1958!; murderersbeen have categorized in termsof motive Revitch, intent1965!, Kahn,!, 1971 numberof victims Frazier, and l974! oftype victim Oormier 8: Simons, Our1969!.study of S6 sexualkillers notwas designed toexamine motivation,our yet research yielded descriptive rich about what data moved theseThe men to basiskill.for thePatterns Homicide of SceneCrime Project,from which this articleis derived, has beenreported elsewherein thisjoumal Ressler, Burgess, Douglas,Hartman,D'Agostino, 8: issue!.project The this be can tracedthe to early1970s, agentswhenthe of FBI s Behavioral UnitScience BSU! began, onaninformal to basis, deducecertain offendercharacteristics by examiningcrime information.scene a result, a Aspreliminary framework for crimescene analysisand criminal profiling formulated.was Concurrent with developmentthe the criminal ofprofiling project,a studywas proposed to analyzecrime scene patterns. case Using recordreview, observation,direct and first-handinvestigative interviews,thestudy would examine convicted, incarceratedThis lawenforcement offenders. focused studyanalyzing on scenecrime evidencein orderidentify to murderer. the collection, Data tookwhich placein various U.S. prisonsbetween and 1979 1983,was performed by specialagents the of FBI. Thedata forset each murderer consistedof thebest available data from two typesof sources: official recordsI psychiatric and criminal records, pre- trial records,court transcripts, and/ prisonor records!and interviews with the offenders.majority The offenders of providedwritten consent to beinter- viewed. Interviewswere conductedall prisons in thewith cooperation of officials theat variouscorrectional institutions. 41 ]OURNAL OFINTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986 II #1 Standarddata collection forms wereused. Theforms notonly provided guidelinesinterviewing for subjectsbut alsoestablished system of a recording 5%, and codingrelevant datato permit computer analysisand retrieval. Informa- ii; tion wasrequested aboutthe offender and hisbackground, aboutthe offense, about thevictim, andabout thecrime scene.Subjects wereasked questions about childhood,adolescent, adultand behaviorsor experiences that might be relatedto violence. In thisarticle, wepresent a motivational model of sexual homicidebased on I! quantitativeanalysis backgroundof data, and ! qualitativeanalysis interviewof datafrom murderers. This wasan exploratorydescriptive studyof asmalLa_vailab_le sample of36 . sexual murderers.Because ofthe limitations theof studydesign, wepresent critical variablesnot forgeneralizationpurposes, butas hypothesesfor exam- ;2. ination insubsequent researchof sexual and motiveless murders. Wehave 2". no dataon acomparable controlgroup; thusthese findingsshould notbe Lt: interpretedshowing as predictive a rolefor certainchildhood adolescentor 31 experiences. Instead,we usethe datain developing a motivational matrix for . sexual murder. 3;. §¢ FINDINGS $5 5 The Murderers The 36men inthe studybegan theirlives withcertain advantages.Most of them grewup inthe 1940sand 1950s,a period when attitudesin the United States favoredoldest, whitemale children;all subjectswere male,the major- ity 3! were white,and manywere eldestsons were onlychildren, and4 were adopted!.They were of good intelligence,with 29%classified thein average range,36% inthe brightnormal andsuperior range,and 15%in the very superiorrange. Theseattributes fosteredin the offenders certain a sense of privilegeand entitlement. Initially, themajority ofthe menbegan lifein two-parenthomes. Halfof the motherswere homemakers;three-quarters ofthe fathersearned stable salaries. Over80% ofthe offendersdescribed theirfamily socioeconomiclevels as average self-sufficient! better. or Thusmothers werein the home raising the children;fathers wereearning stableincomes; povertywas not afactor in the financial status of families. Although thefamilies initiallyappeared tobe functional withboth par- ents present,problems werenoted withinthe parents backgrounds. Families had criminal 0.0%!, psychiatric 3.3%!, alcoholabuse 9.0%!,drug abuse 3.3%!, orsexual 6.2%!problems intheir histories.It appears that parents of thesemen wereoften absorbedin their own problems.Thus, while being offeredlittle guidancebecause their of parents preoccupation with 2 42 Burgesset al. /SEXUALHOMICIDE their troubles,the murderersas youngboys witness werethese to deviant role patternsof criminalbehavior, abuse, substancepoor and interpersonal it . relationships.ln 47%of cases,the fatherthe left homebefore subject thel2; 43% wasin of the casesat leastone parentwas absent atsome time toprior thesubject's Ia reachingl8. Thisagelossof the father requiredmanythe of offenders to '2 adjusta newtomale caretakerduring childhoodand adolescentyears. Z? Instabilitythe familyinresidence also wasinnoted manycases In 8%!. addition,Locationsof fosterthe subjects40% included state outsidehomes, lived detentionfamilyhomes, the before homeand centers,l8. mental age hospitals.histories Thefrequent of reduced movingboys the opportunities to developpositive relationships outsidemight compensated thathave for "2 family instability. < Examinationperformance of of subjectsthe behaviors that revealed despite theiremployment, intelligenceandmilitary potential andoftenin wasmany areas, Onlypoor. one-third performancedidin academics, averageor bettermajorityschool,not in didfinishhigh68% with school.Thus,receiving a fairto pooralthoughtheseacademic were menThe intellec- rating. tuallyThere bright,confirmingthey was notdid performof totheir evidenceabuseabilities.in thechildhood of histories the 36 murderers.Physical 3/31!, abuse psychological abuse and 3/51!, sex- ualsome abuse ofl2/ typechildhood were28!abuse. This noted. isnoteworthy revealsItthat that ofmanyof 25 themen36the had men experienced some typepsychiatric of or assessment confinementas achild or adolescent. Behavioral Indicators ioralOur experiencesanalysisexamined seel!. Tableresults Thischecklist a thechecklist of derivedof symptomswas astandardand fromlist behav- of self-reportindicators,in research usedona wide variety psychosocial of studies,also and includedindicators thinking of daydreams!patterns and behaviorsHowever,fromshould readersderivedFBI thein keepprofilers'mind thatunderstanding manyof thesecriminalbehavioral of behavior. symp- tomsno have consistentdefinitions ways measurement. or of example, For there isnomethod of measuring a patternof lying or masturbation. Childhood.analysis 24An checklist ofitems indicatesthat 50%overthe of murderersmasturbationtheisolation reported following 82%!,presentchronic l%!,childhood: in 1%!, lying enuresis 8%!,daydreaming82%!, rebelliousnessnightmares 7%!,destruction 7%!,property offire- 8%!, settingcruelty 6%!,children to and 4%!, bodypoor image 2%!. Adolescence.analysis24 An checklist of items indicates that 50%over of murderersthe reported followingbehaviors: to assaultiveadults 84%!, rebel- 43 ' QM 11155333 ? IOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE / September 1986 .§ liousness 84%!,masturbation 82%!,stealing 81%!,daydreaming 81%!,iso- lation 7%!,chronic lying 5%!, nightmares 8%!, poorbody image 3%!, cruelty tochildren 4%!,destroying ofproperty 2%!,enuresis 0%!,and firesetting 2%!. 2%X14 1?: Adulthood. An analysis of24 checklist items indicatesthat over50% of murderers reportedthat during adulthood, the following behaviors were present: assaultiveto adults 86%!, daydreaming 81%!, masturbation 81%!, isolation 3%!, rebelliousness 2%!,chronic lying 8%!, poor body image 2%!, stealing 6%!, and nightmares 2%!. For descriptivepurposes, weuse theterms internal behaviors andexternal behaviors. Internalbehaviors includethinking pattems and experiences within or unique tothe individual;external behaviorsare those overt actions that can be observedby others.The internal behaviors mostconsistently reported overthe three developmental periods aredaydreaming, compulsive masturbation, and isolation. The external behaviors most consistently reported includechronic lying,rebelliousness, stealing,cruelty tochildren, and assault on adults. 5 ROLE OF FANTASY 2 The central role of daydreaming and fantasy in the lives of the 36 mur- derers is critical to what motivated them to kill. Daydreaming has been defined asany cognitiveactivity representinga shift of attentionaway froma task Singer,I966!. Afantasy, aswe defineit, is an elaborate thought with great preoccupation,anchored withemotion and having origins in day- dreams. Afantasy isgenerally experiencedas thoughts,although the indi- vidual maybe awareof images, feelings,and internaldialogue. Somepeople may beconscious onlyof thoughts, whereas othersare consciousonly of feelings. Fantasyis a normal way foradults aswell aschildren toobtain and maintain control of an imagined situation. However, the level of fantasy developmentmay differ among people and is generally basedon the individual's abilityto identify certain thoughtsas daydreams, toarticulate theircontent, andretrospectively torecall thiscon- tent. Singer l966! observedthat 96%of adults report that they daydream several times aday, and Beres 961! noted that fantasymay eithersubstitute or preparefor action.For variousgroups ofpeople, fantasiesmay besadistic MacCulloch etal., 1983!.It isnot known how many peopleactivate their sadistic fantasies and in what context this may occur, but Schlesinger 8: Revitch 980! caution that once the fantasy builds to a point where inner stress isunbearable, the way for action is prepared. Whereas psychologicalmotives forviolent behaviorare usuallyconcep- tualized in the literature as having roots beginning with trauma, insult, 44 Burgessal. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE TABLE 1 :;;':'-/.-2322112:- . FrequencyReported of BehaviorIndicators in Childhood, Adolescence,and Adulthood for Sexual Murders I Frequency Behavior Childhood n '76! Adolescencen 96! Adulthoodn %! Daydreaming 28 82 27 81 27 81 Compulsive masturbation28 82 28 82 27 81 Isolation 28 71 26 77 26 73 Chronic lying 28 71 28 75 28 68 Enuresis 22 68 2060 2015 Rebellious 27 57 25 84 25 72 24 67 22 68 21 52 NightmaresDestroying property26 58 26 52 23 35 StealingFire setting 27 25 55 5627 25 52 81 25 25 2855 Cnleltyto children 28 54 28 64 27 44 TemperPoor imagebody tantrums 27 27 48 5226 27 6350 25.26 62 44 Sleep problems 23 48 22 50 22 50 Assaultiveadults to 25 38 25 84- 28 86 Phobias 24 88 23 4-3 24 50 Running away 28 36 26 46 26 ll Crueltyanirnals to 28 36 26 4-6 25 36 Accident prone 24 29 22 32 2227 Headaches 21 29 21 33 22 45 Destroyingpossessions 25 28 23 35 28 35 Eating problems26 27 25 36 26 35 Convulsions 26 19 24 21 23 13 Self-mutilation 26 19 24 21 25 32 NOTE:n = number ofsubjects withdata. and/or overstimulation in earlychildhood, thesis ourdifferent. is hypoth- We esizethese that aremen motivated to murderby their way thinking. of Over time, theirthinking patternsemerged or from werein uenced early by life experiences.example,a child Forabused an adultbycaretaker to beginsthink about beinghit everytime adult an comesnear him,dwelling the on hitting. He mayimagine fantasize!about someonecoming help to byhim beating up the adult.This thinkingpattern bringmay relief,because someonehas protectedin his fantasy.him addition, In being while abusedthe childmay psychologicallyhimself removethe from pain.He maypride himselfon his controlpain overthe in faceof abuse; for example, while beingbeaten does he not inchor blink. This thinkingpattern thegives childa sense of control and, a result,as tension relieved. is child The increasecan decrease or terror 45 JOURNALINTERPERSONAL OF VIOLENCE /September1986 with differentlevels arousal of throughfantasy. Developmentof thistype of thinking patterndoes notnecessarily a child meanwill growup tobe an abuser; exampleour illustratesthe roleof fantasy and itsdevelopment. In analyzingthedata we obtained throughinterviews the with murderers, we attemptedto linkour quantifiablefindings indicationswith the from murderers themselvesof long-standing, aggressive thoughtsand fantasies directed towardsexualized death.The findings suggest thesethat thought patternsestablished were and early existedina context of social isolation. Murderers consciouslywere of awarethe central roleof fantasy in their lives andof their preferencefantasy over for reality. Eventhose men unaware of thisreported their that thoughtsbecame retaliatoryor vengefulwhen they perceived themselvesas beingslighted, rejected,frustrated,betrayed. or Such thinking becomesan important component the inmaintenance of sexually aggressiveThe central violentrolebehavior. that fantasy playsin thethinking patternsofthese men is notedone in theof subject sstatements: my "All lifeI knew I was going end to up killing."It alsowas observedin thestatement a parent ofwho, afterher son wasconvicted of fetish robberies, fearedthe outcome of herson s moodi- ness andisolation wouldbe something really terribleand tragic." Early FantasyDevelopment It isimportant to keep in mindthat notall childrenrespond to their environmentviolent with fantasiesand not all childrenwho fantasizevio- lence actout thesefantasies. Nevertheless,from our interviews withthe murderersour in study,thehigh degree of egocentricityin themurderer s negative, aggressive,sexualized fantasyand playis revealed. As children,the murderersoften thoughtof other children andfamily membersextensions as of their inner worlds.The revealedintermittent awarenessof the impactof their early childhoodbehavior others. on They were notinfluenced the by response of others to theirbehavior. continued It and repeateditself. Theyrecounted tying up a smallerchild andscaring him ordestroyinganother child'stoy. A man whoeventually beheadedhis victims did notassociate action that withhis earlychildhood activitiesthat involved the systematicdecapitation of his sister'sHe saw dolls.his actions as a responsehis toannoyance with hissister, to not hisdesire dominate, to bully, and hurt.Ritualistic playof tying up and scaringa younger child was not associatedone to murderer sabuse as a child.His playwas a reenactment. Murderers recountingviolent andsadistic behavioras adolescents were more aware ofthe intentionalityof their acts. The interviewswith theoffenders remarkableare the in absenceof any accountspositive of childhoodfantasies. However,itis unclearwhether such fantasies wereactually nonexistentor whether early positivefantasies were 46 -nun ..-.-....._.,.»,.,,-..- WAMWW "~692-nan- Burgessal. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE lost laterin negativeperspectives behaviors. andfollowing The example illustratespervasive the of nature thechild's daydreaming: negative l feltguilty having for thoughts those family] [towardsubmerged and and them builtlots up hostility of then andgot it intooff fantasy.. . Theyshould have noticedat school,it so excessive wasdaydreaming my it wasalways that my in report .cards. . wasI dreamingabout wipingout wholethe school. Early Sexualizationof Fantasy The childhoodonsetsexual of interestsfetish noted wasin the subjects. z Several describedsubjectsinterest strongattraction and at approximately the a e offive highto heeledshoes, femaleunderwear, rope. and Themen were awareg the of carryover of sexualized fantasies these about intoitems adoles- cence and adulthood.the When subjectsbegan murder, to items these ontook at. importanceritualized in aspectsof theirmurders. 31. Evi 'dence childhoodof sexualizedplay thein lives of the murderers was alsoaboutrevealed preschoolby sexual parentsand fantasies.caretakers. In oneSomecase,a mother parents providedrecalled information heifinding 3- ear-oldson. .with one ofenda string tied . . his to penis . and otherthe d f oen theY stringshut! in a bureau drawer,leaning backwardto exerta pulling tion hison penisThe boy'sbehavior suggested he hadengaged such in gt. sensaactivity. earlier.It ismost likelythat behaviorthis introduced was by initially an olderperson; evidencesuggestsboy's the was babysitter responsible. ¢ ¢ Aggressive Componentsof EarlyFantasy 4» Whn murderers were askedto describe their earlyfavorite activities, play somee revealeda repetitiveacting ofouta core aggressive These fantasy. childhood fantasiesweredominant so they that became persistent inthemes lay withother childrenor alone.In some cases, original an violationor P assaultwas expressed.For example,one subjectat agel5 took youngerboys into thebathroom his of residential facility forcedand andoral analsex on them, reenactinghis ownvictimization agebut atl0 reversinghis rolefrom ictimvictimizer to However,he didnot consciously connectbehavior this Vwith . hisown earlierassaults. assaultive The ritualswere hisattempts at mastery andcontrol overpeople andsituations. Another offenderas anadolescent masturbatedopenly his home,in espe- ciallyin front of hissisters, their using underwear in hismasturbation rituals. He appearedoblivious the to inappropriate naturehis of acts, and was offendedhis byfamily's response,that feeling familymembers rejecting, were intolerant,unfair. andis speculated It that hisbehavior representeda hyper- arousalAggressive derivedstate in content a fromtherepressedform death memoryof themeswas childhood.from also noted those for murderersdescribed who early their fantasies. Deathan is example of 1 u.ti- 4'7 JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE / September I986 x El mate control. When directed toward oneself in childhood, it can be a counter- :§ reaction to overwhelming fear, and its dominance in thought and play reveals 55% the child'stroubled state of mind. In one case, the12-year-old subjectrepeatedly played"gas chamber" with his sister. This game required his sister to tie him up in a chair, throw an ii? imaginary switch, and when "gas" was introduced, the subject would grasp at his throat, drop to the floor, writhe convulsively, and "die." This game combined a sexual theme compression of the carotid arteries for a sexual sensation! and death theme fantasy. 31>? Early Expressions of Sexual and Aggressive Fantasy ;= Early fantasies often give rise to behavior tryouts that are precursors to 2%; criminal behavior MacCulloch, 1983!. These precursor behaviors have the capacity to move the child into pain-inflicting acts and to break through in subtle, as well as overt, ways. They may emerge as play-engagement be- % haviors with others i.e., bullying younger children or putting pins in the rug z for a sister to walk on! or actions involving only themselves i.e., tying ropes Ex. around their necks or cutting parts of their bodies!. Such behavior was noted in the reported cruelty to other children by the offenders as youthsas well as gs» in the offender's earliestencounters with law enforcement. Although such E encounters areoften dismissed as adolescentadjustment problems, they may be evidenceof an escalation in aggressive acts toward others. Especially illustrative of such escalation of fantasy expressionis the pre- viously cited example of the S-year-old boy who was observed byhis mother is with his penis tied to abureau drawer. Asa young adolescent,he was found by his parents in the bathtub practicing autoerotic asphyxia with his penis and §§/ 4 neck tied to the cross-bar of the faucets. At age 14 his parents took him to a ?; psychiatrist after noticing rope burns on his neck. At age l7 this samesubject abducted a girl at knife-point, took her to a deserted area wherehe kepther all night, and released herin the morning. The adolescent wasapprehended and 4 then released; the charge on his record was "girl trouble." Of importance is e the offender'sshift in the object of aggression from himself to a woman. Not X until late adolescence, whenthe offender began following women, confront- ing them with a knife, binding them, and fondling them was theoffender sent : to prison.After releasefrom prison,his crimesescalated tothe murderof three young women by asphyxia. The early expressions ofaggressive fantasieswere often painful memories for the offenders to reveal and the ones, for various reasons, that were never discussed. They may have realized that they could have controlled their actions and that they were aware that they had crossed the line between fantasy and reality. In cases wherethe men were not apprehended for their 2 early crimes, they learned they werenot controlled by authority and that they 2 48 A $5 Burgess al.et / SEXUAL HOMICIDE a J could actviolently andkill with impunity. theOf 36,10 murdered as juve- niles, thusrealizing that they had thepower over life. 1 am, MOTIVATIONALMODEL OF SEXUAL HOMICIDE §~ :~», Krvl To illustrateour hypothesisofthe various factors thatin uenced 36 the v sexual murderers tokill, we present amotivational model understanding for §, >1 , sexually orientedmurder and sadistic violence.In addition to the datawe collected, interviewsthe withthe murderersserve as abasis'f h'or t is model. The murderers early developmentof anactive, aggressive fantasylife day- dreams! combinedwith latersexual reinforcement compulsive masturba- tion! andincreasing detachmentfrom socialrules conduct of isolation! social providea framework that reinforceshis subsequent violent behavior. The modelhas fiveinteracting componentsemphasizing interreanon- h' nl! themurderer's social ineffective environment, ! childand adolescent sips amo g formativeevents,patterned ! responsesto theseevents, resul- ! tant actionstoward others,and !the killer'sreactions, a mental via feed- back filter,"to hismurderous acts see Figurel!. l! IneffectiveSocial Environment It isoften suggested by childand familytheorists the that structure and f f il and socialinteraction, especiallyin theway thechild qualityperceives o am ymembers family their and interaction with himand witheach th re im rtantfactors achild sin development. children For growing oup,er, a pothequality of their attachments parents toto and othermembers the of familymost is importantin howthese childrenlateradults as relateto and value othermembers society. of Essentially,these earlylife attachments sometimes"bond.ing"! called translateinto ablueprint of how th e h'ldc iwi 'll ' ituationsoutside the of family.Thus oneof the primary functions perceiveof family s life tois develop achild who has apositive bonding _ his with social environment.In ourpopulation murderers, of social this bondingfails or becomes narrow andselective. Caretakerseither ignore,rationalize, norma or 1. ize various behaviors inthe developing or, boy through their ownproblems e.g.,. .criminal behavior . . substance or supportabuse!,child the,s eved I .oping di ti ns androjections was "I framed"!.People significantto theboy do notstor provideo nurturep protection;and rather,they impose adult expectations on theboy Boysshould be strong and takecare themselves"!. of are Adults nonprotectiverioninten/ening and behalf onthe of boy.The boymay be punisheda forspecific antisocial but act thesocial restrictiondoes regis-not ter inan experientialand cognitive way; thatis, the boy is reprimanded or brought courtto buthe normalizes the behavioras,"All oys b get into 49 _| !URNAL OFINTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE/ September I986 ' atlllEFFEETlllE SUCK EIVIRUIIEIIE l'PATTERIED RESPONSES 1 CRITIEAL PERSONALTRAITS Ion-lntervenlnqlqnore Behavior ' %- SupportDistortions §0 ll| isolation hon rotectivr Prelerenoe loriUt0erOt|i attrvrtles Fetishes __-_ l#_ . Rebellious 1 P£!!l9!!£!!!1-!!!l!!! Negative sacralattachlent itzeetuis Diminished emotional response lgtgrgersonal failure Daydreans ? y inconsistentcare andcontact Qg Deviant garentallodels Fantasies 7 as Thoughtswith strong visual 2 conoonent @>1?:5 FEEDBACK FILTER lrqhtlares lustllres acts %T Sorts outerrors lQ!!!!!l.!t!l9l!! Discovers increased Q arousal states Strong,lrertrnq presuppositions Discovers rncreesedareas re: cause.ellect. probability Deals lhahsolutes ol oonrnancerpower, control Generalizations Knows honto continue ants withoutdetection Iheess or punishlent Dominance Poverlcontrol Revenge Death Violence lortore Rape/nolestation lutilation lnlllctinq painon others/sell § ¥ *1 . 5Q2 Qbilineel liueethetLs-ereusel_1e:e1§ Crueltyto l lllli Cruelty tochildren Prruarrlyaroused hiqh levels byol aggressive experience J0yle55| hostile,aggressive, 2.ao repetitive playpatterns Disreqaro lorothers Firesettinq Stealing Destroying prooerty 5 l equireshigh levels of stimulation hCil0lS TOIARDSUTHERS/SELF tdelesseossltdult Assaultivebehaviors lurqllry Arson Abduction Rape Hurder lnon-seruall Se:-oriented ourder rape torture/lutllatron |_ necrophilia Figure 1: Sexual Homicide: Motivational Model Burgessa1. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE trouble."ineffective The environment social from expands caretakersto individualsin a community work whose bringsthem contact into the with young person e.g.,teachers, counselors, ministers, police!. ! Formative Events ofThere are ourmodel. threefirst Theof factorsthatthese is contribute trauma, to thetheformative informof physical component eventsor sexual abuse.developing The encounters childa variety of life events,some norma- tive e.g.,illness, anddeath! othersnonnormative. nonnormative Those Max:211: eventsthe in murderer sample direct include trauma physical or sexualand/ 5 abuse!indirect and witnessedtrauma violence!. familythe Within contextof the child'sineffectiveenvironment, social child's thecaused thedistress by trauma is neglected.child Theneither is protectednor assistedin recovery fromabusive the overwhelming and the events;externalenvironment does not addressthe negative consequences of the events. F? One assumptionregarding traumatic early is events thatthe child's memoriesof frightening and upsettinglife experiences shapechild's the developng thought patterns. type of Thethinking that emergesdevelops structured,.-erned p behaviorsthatturn in helpgenerate anddaydreams 3 /-11"" fantasies.literature Theon children traumatized sexual byphysical and is abuseby and witnessing violence the reports occurrenceof dreams,night- wen mares,disturbing and of memoriesthetrauma 8cBurgess Holmstrom,1974, .. .1; 1979; 1984;Conte, 8:Pynoos Eth,1985!. studies Otherdocumented have these children engagingin painful,repetitive acting-outof thetraumas Axline, 1?. 1969; Gardner,1971;1979, Terr, 1981a,1981b,Play 1983!.emotionally of disturbedtroubled and childrenoften contains conflictedand. obsessive themes, contrastingwith creativethe flexible and notedthemesnondis- in turbed children.We believethe traumatized child'sremains playon fixed thoughts associatedwith traumaticthe and eventheld is separateor encap- é sulated Hartman8c Burgess,in press! rather integrated than play inactivities orpress!. inart expression Successfulresolutionthroughof traumatic drawings eventsWood, in Burgess, Scresults thechild McCormack, ablebeing in toresolution talkabout theevent the traumaofunderscoresthe in past tense victim's with and the equanimity. often Unsuccessfulwith helplessness the a emergenceaggressive of aimed fantasiesachieving at dominance the and ¢ control fromabsent reality Burgess, McCausland, Hartman,8: Powers, 1984; MacCu1lochA secondassumptiona1., et 1983; Pynoos Eth,early 8cregarding 1985!. traumaticevents that is manifesta- z tionsthe of impactof distressing events,as suchdirectsexual physical and abuse,influential arethe child'sin$042131 BUTQCSSdevelopment 31., 1984; Ct Come,Pynoos 1984;Eth, Sc 1985!.Concurrent the withabusiveevent, the childWhen sustainedexperiencemay this asustainedlevel interacts arousalemotional/physiological with repetitive thoughts level.the about arousal 52.» .2. 51 _lOURNAL OFINTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE/ September I986 trauma, thechild's perceptionsand patternsof interpersonal relationships may bealtered. example,For child the mayshow hyperaggressivebehavior by striking outat parentsor repeatedlyassaulting afavorite pet. The secondfactor contributingto the formative eventscomponent ofour model developmentalis failure.For some reason thechild doesnot readily attachhis to adultcaretaker. is This thechild whodoes notlisten respondor to anylimit settingand whooften describedis aloof, as cold,and uncaring.As - 1%, a result of thisnegative socialattachment bonding!,the taretalter has no influence initiallyover thechild andlater overthe adolescent.In cases where the childhas beenpsychologically deprivedor neglected, he mayfeel a diminished emotionalresponse. Interpersonal failure,the third factor in this model component,is the failure theof caretakingadult toserve a as role model forthe developing We"as child. Thereare various reasons this for failure including caretaker the being -, § absentserving or an as inadequate rolemodel e. g.,a parent with problemsof ..,.If ., substance abuse oran abusive parent!.The childmay experiencea violent Z92»t§'2 E93 home environmentwhere seeshe aggression drunken fights!associated with e. :~ sexual behavior of adults. st: ! Pattemed Responses The patternedresponses component ofthe motivational modelincludes two subcategories: I! criticalpersonal traits,and !cognitive mappingand is .. processing. Thesesubcategories interactwith each other togenerate fantasies. 5'i g; Critical Personal Traits §.§§ 37 In thenormal growthand developmentofa child, positive personality uaits ofwarmth, trust, and security establishhelp child's the relationships with others.These criticaltraits, incombination withan effective social environment, allowthe child to develop competenceand autonomy. In themurderer group,there wasa propensity for the36 men to develop negative ratherthan positive personal traits.These negativepersonal traits 3 interfere thewith formation of social relationships the and development of an emotional capacitywithin thecontext ofhuman encounters. Increasedsocial Win isolation encouragesa reliance on fantasyas a substitutefor humanen- counter.turn, In individualpersonality developmentbecomes dependenton the fantasylife andits dominantthemes, ratherthan onsocial interaction. Withouthuman encounters and negotiations,therefailure is develop to the correspondingvalues, social suchas respect for others lives andproperty. The personaltraits criticalto the development the of murderers in our study includea sense ofsocial isolation, preferencesfor autoerotic activities and fetishes,rebelliousness, aggression,chronic lying, and sensea entitle- of ment.The offenders chronic lyingunderscores lack their oftrust and com- mitmenta worldto of rulesand negotiation.Rather, distrustanda sense of 4.. ac /v 3. é. 36. 52 5:. z Burgess al.et / SEXUAL HOMICIDE E4; Pf; entitlement towhatever theycan getdominate theirperceptions. Theirsocial I /i isolation andaggression interact,restricting sexualdevelopment basedon .;. caring, pleasure,and companionship.Because theyare soisolated, themen 2 .. have littleopportunity interpersonalfor experiencesthat might modify their misconceptions aboutthemselves others.and Theirpersonal affectivelives become dependenton fantasy for development.ln tum, fantasy becomesthe primary sourceof emotional arousal andthat emotionis a confused mixture M of sex and aggression. is/ £5». Cognitive Mappingand Processing Cognitive mappingrefers tothe structureand developmentof thinking $2: patterns thatgive bothcontrol anddevelopment one's to life intemal e.g., one'sof sense selfand beliefsabout theworld! andlink the individual to the aw social environment e.g., one'sinterpretation others!.of Theprocess of 5Z~:-»1. cognitive mappinggenerates meaningthe eventsof foran individualand mediates sensoryarousal pattems.Additionally, isit afiltering system that >1 allovs for interpretationnew of information e.g., l'malways beingsingled Z out", It " -nylife andl can live itmy ownway !. Cognitivemapping and 23 processinglmed are self-preservationat equilibrium and throughthe reduc- Q : tion ofthe negativeaffects helplessness,of terror,and pervasive anxiety. 3: In themurderers, themapping isrepetitive andlacking sociallyenhancing $ cognitions, movingthe individual toan antisocial position andview ofthe world. Whatemerges a is primary sense entitlementof expressto oneself v s . regardlessits of impact on others.The thoughtand actionare justified Q7. through thecognitive mappingof the murderer. Theindividual doesnot % 2:. experience apositive impact withthe socialenvironment. Thisoccurs 3' because hisfantasies andthinking patternsare a substitutefor socialrelation- 1; ships. Theyare designedto stimulate and reducetension. A senseof self is / developed bolsteredand the by fantasies.The self-imageis terrifying to ii 7 imagined othersand contributes tofurther social isolation.The process continues andbecomes primary the sourceof energy for thepsychological life of theindividual. Imaginedoutcomes controlof anddominance overothers 2 becomesubstitute a fora sense of masteryof internaland externalexperience. 4 Parallel withthe repetitionof ideationof cognitivemapping is the neuro- / hormonal influenceon sensory arousal levels.The neurohorrnonalbasis of ,1 v the pleasureassociated aggressive with fantasyactivity unknown. is Thereis, however, substantialevidence thatstressors elicita central nervous system CNS! opiodresponses both in animals stress-induced analgesia!and human ,< beings vander Kolk,Greenberg, Boyd,8c Krystal, 1984!. Elevatedplasma ? levels ofendogenous opiateshave beendocumented marathon in runners Colt, Wardlaw,8: Frantz, 1981!, individualswho haveundergone surgery J Cohen, l982!,and patientswho engagein self-mutilation Coid, l983!.This suggests thethat sourceof the stressormay beexternal internal. or also It has 1 a 53 a 2 _ = ;:z:;:5z=:5-5:5;5;= JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE / September I986 been reported that removal of the stressor may be associated with opiate withdrawal-like symptoms: anxiety and irritability Backland, 1970; vander Kolk etal., I984!. In arecent analysis of the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress PTS!, van der Kolk et al. 1984! have suggestedthat the stress-approach behavior consistently displayed by individuals who suffer from PTS disorders may involve aconditioned CNS opiod response followed by withdrawal hyperreactivity. By analogy, compulsive aggressive fantasyactivity may also involve such apsychobiological mechanism. In this case individuals re- =:=:, E :2? expose themselves to traumatic situations through fantasy activity. The internally induced stressor elicits the opiod response, which brings relief and/or pleasure as well as avoidance of the noxious symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Structures of cognitive mapping and processing include daydreams, nightmares, fantasies, and thoughts with strong visual components. There is 1 internal dialogue of limiting beliefs regarding cause, effect,and probability. s The subjects deal in absolutes and generalizations. The themes of their Q fantasies include dominance, revenge, violence, rape, molestation, power, control, torture, mutilation, inflicting pain on self/others, and death. High ,~ W 3.,Wzsxxr sensory arousallevels becomethe preferredstate. The preoccupation with the iii*1 :3: :2: aggressive themes,the detailed cognitive activity, and elevated kinesthetic arousal state eventually move the person into actions. >= ta4 ! Actions Toward Others lg..w<.~ 1*?9% '1'i Childhood actions are basedon the child's regardand caring for others as . well as on self-respect and flexibility. In other words, behavior patterns reflect :1: the private, internal world of the child. Interviews with the murderers in our study revealed that their internal world is often preoccupied with troublesome, joyless thoughts of dominance over others. These thoughts are expressedthrough a wide range of actions toward others. In childhood, these include cruelty toward animals, abuse of other children, negative play patterns, disregard for others, firesetting, steal- ing, and destroying property. In adolescence and adulthood, the murderer's 9 actions become more violent: assaultive behaviors, burglary, arson, abduc- .1 tion, rape, nonsexual murder, and finally sexual murder involving rape, Z torture, mutilation, and necrophilia. 2 The early expression of cruelty toward both animals and humans when not intervened and stopped, we believe, sets thestage for the future abusing '3 behavior in two ways. First, the early violent acts are reinforced, as the 4 murderers eitherare ableto expressrage withoutexperiencing negativecon~ 2 sequences orare impassiveto any prohibitions against these actions.Second, s impulsive and erratic behavior discourages friendships. The failure to make / friends leadsto isolationand interfereswith theability to resolve conflicts,to ex. 2:: mi. 4», Q. ;. 54 ea $2. 3% £2, £2 :21: Burgessal /SEXUALet HOMICIDE developchallengetheirempathy, positive thatbeliefsto to were theycontrol andimpulses entitledto actthe theyFurthermore,waythere Theno do is etheras children or adolescents feel estrangedfrom peopleAlth houg menthat i notdoes meanthat superficially they cannotrelate people, to does it indicateTheyloners, inare termsthatof are sociallythey self-preoccupiedeffective Either they learning,daydreaming bymayor have fan- deficits or tasies,become they absorbedin theirown thoughts. h?? .¬>¢*.r=¬t>:.:: ~: .¢ <,.,, ! FeedbackGivendetailedFilter therepetitive and patterns thinkingthese of murderers, itis :=:i7§i5:. not surprisingto learnthatmurderer the to and evaluatesreacts actions his rd othersand towardhimself. reactions Theseevaluations and influence 1,.. towa I 11; ? ~:Z hisfuture Weactions. thisterm reacting the feedbackfilter, becauseit both ,r:?%§::: 43%... feedsinto backkiller's the responses patternedfiltershis earlier and actions ,. <<,. into a continuedway ofthinking. '~¢, §4:..:~z,.,; Throughfeedback thethe filter,murderer searlier are actions justified, We/ Z.: ::+»g»:;:: errorssorted re and out, corrections are madeto preserve and protectthe gétaisx , ln ' tCl na A fai. yworld to and avoidrestrictions the extemalfromenviron- ment. tionsThethe muion violent actions. experiences.-rer of Feelings dominance,arousal increasedpower,via statescontrol fantasy varia-and are ll !' cI eased . The murdererdevelops knowledge increasedhowavoid to of Punishment and detection.this Allfeedsback the into patterned responses andenhances detailsthe the offantasy life. example, For oi murderersthe one reportedwomendismemberinghe andin sathow prison ruminating bodies. As timehis theirwent fantasies regardingonhe became on, much killing morelaw enforcement byexcitedagents. thoughtshis this disposing Inpeculiar evolution of the victims events, ofbodies nowoftricking heand experi- enced himselfas moreinvolved the in social world. Model Summary Wh d lescentadult and criminalsare stud' iein ' d termsof the contri- butionen a past0 of eventsto theircriminality, previously emphasisbeen has on the eventitself thanratheron the sub3ect's and reaction tothe responseevent. In part,psychological models of motivation. . sexual forhave murder focused on modelsof displacement ofrage and frustration primary from incaretakers thea more directlivesof sexualmurderers. understanding. of thepotentialthese .Althoughviolence. symbolicartifacts forcriminal . operate,. b and may e- haviorin resides thefantasy and life cognitivebasic ofoperations murderers. Amurderers contextof justifying violent sociallyaggressive, fantasies.This abhorrentacts structure, limitedprovidessupport its to sensorythe for arousalcapacities,and maintainsperpetuatesthe destructive ac ts. 5 5 JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE /September I986 Our motivationalmodel suggeststhat traumaticand earlydamaging experiences tothe murderersas childrenset into motion pattemsof cogni- tion. Although there maybe initial attempts towork through the trouble- some effectsof the experience, attemptsto do so becomepattems forlimiting choices suchas aggression being theonly methodfor dealingwith con ict. In addition, a structure of thinking that motivates and sustainsdeviant behavior through developmentaland interpersonalfailure andthrough thealliance of distorted perceptionsand affect begins to emerge.Of particularimportance is the activation ofaggression and itslink withsexual expression.The laclt of attachment to others gives arandomness to the sexual crimes;however, scrutiny of the thinking patterns of the offenders indicates that thereis planning ofthe crimeswhether they relyon chanceencounters withany victim or whether they are planned to snarevictims. IMPLICATIONS There are clinical implications from this study. Understandingthe rein- forcing quality of actions,be theyin fantasy,play, or acting outbehaviors, may leadto different notions regarding notonly motivationbut alsobehavior change. Exploratory efforts by clinicians are needed formethods to alter the structure of these fantasies. For example, the offender might be forced to relate tothe victimposition in the fantasyas a way tostimulate compassion for rather than violence to the victim. This study raisesconcern about how to deal therapeuticallywith the notion of fantasy in the criminal population. We notethat some levels of dwelling on fantasies has the capacity to escalate rather than diminish the power ofthe fantasy.Unless onealters thestructure ofthe fantasythat moves toward the aggressive acts,the power can be increased. This exploratory study suggests avenues for further research. Basic re- search inbiological and psychosocialfactors is necessary toexplore the biochemical hormonal sensory levels associated with deviant fantasies of both youth and adults.We knowthat pessimisticcognitions areassociated with lowered epinephrine levelsin endogenousdepression; whatmight research suggestregarding violent sexualized fantasies? Basic researchon thesensory arousallevels ofpeople duringfantasy might s answer the question: Isthere abasis ofhormonal release addictingthe person 1 to violent fantasy andviolent acts?And doesthe structureof fantasydiffer between various groups of deviant offenders? Research on a longitudinal basis ofchildren's response andto recovery from sexual and physical/psychological abuse and research onthe social context inwhich thechild survivesand recoversfrom abuseare importantto any understandingof motivational factors. Inthis context,a control group 56 Burgessal. et /SEXUAL HOMICIDE of abusedmales do who commitnot actscriminalessential is toidentify the factorsthat help the victimrecover survive andabuse. the typologyOur murderersworkandresearch ofthe essential of othersto investigate isPrentky for et aal.,variety 1985! ofreasons. that First,suggesta anyat persuading understandingcertainof typologytheto offenders turnenhancethemselves may inenforcementandat law morenarrowly both efforts focusingsionals to curtailworking investigativeefforts.violent a Second, classification abehaviorfocus for system intervention give will profes- efforts thatcharacteristics. addressthe toneed monitor,of evaluate, these characteristicsMeasurementschange methodsandpersonalityof evalu- salient and atingviolent positivechange repeatingcriminalsessentialcrimes. areto preventThird, their a theclassification tragicreality system ofreleased would facilitateand wouldencouragebetween dialogue intovarious research theprofiling of suspects disciplinesworking from crime sceneoffenders with evidence, atechniquecurrently progress inthe National atCenter the for Analysisesearchof Violentby Crime effortsenforcementlaw in Douglas,preparation!.are importantagenciesFurther,to theirdevelop- behavioral mentscene "additional Understandingeviuence.skillreading in motivationalseemingly the behavioralthecharacteristics inert andcrime ofthe matrix of offenderlaw increases enforcement sutilization the connectionof between patternsthinking of behavior.and REFERENCES Axline,Baekeland,M. 970!.V. 969!. 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