Cuba is a well-known district of . Baku villages: no women in sight. Men of vari­ did live here before. Also, who It has magnificent nature: forests, springs, wa­ ous ages with Jewish hats on their heads greeted escaped attacks and persecution found refuge terfalls, fertile soil, apple orchards and more. It us respectfully and moved on. The houses built in the custody of Huseynali Khan from Cuba. is easy to praise Cuba both historically and to­ along the edges of neat, asphalt roads are not The Cuba Khanate that developed during the day. As in the past, guests visiting Azerbaijan alike. They are not remainders of Soviet archi­ years of power of Huseynali Khan (1722-1758) travel to Cuba first because it is close to Baku. tecture, but individual projects. Their common and his son Fatali Khan (1758-1789) covered Our republic's colorful ethnographic map is di­ indicator is the "Davudun mohum" (Davud's northeastern Azerbaijan and southern Dagest­ rectly related to the population of this district. stamp). This "stamp" is the main decoration on an, the territories from Derbent to Lankaran. The Lezgis, Tats, Khinalig people, Budugs, and all buildings, from the most luxurious palaces The resulting establishment of the multina­ tional Jewish village near Cuba during that Griz have lived in friendship and peace with the to the poorest-looking houses. Over centuries, time was of no coincidence. Azerbaijani Turks. One very important feature peaceful, clever, and hardworking people lived Let's consider this historical occurrence here with strict but fair Jewish rules. These rules that makes Cuba famous is Girmizi Gesebe (Red comprehensively. The steps taken by Husey­ have been passed from fathers to their sons, Village), where Mountain Jews are settled, and nali Khan were received in different ways. from generation to generation. Respect for learn­ lies in the territory of the region. The village was There's no doubt that various problems were ing, scientists, parents and teachers, strict family the only administrative unit in the former Soviet created in terms of national, religious discrimi­ territory where Jews lived very close together. discipline, mutual respect, goodwill, and con­ nation. However, this was a stage of the fight nection to those who passed away, to their roots, for Azerbaijan. Huseynali Khan's policy to and loyalty to religion have all played an impor­ join bigger territories - all khanates - under an tant role in the education of each Jewish family. Azerbaijani government was launched inter­ nally, with national minorities. The relocation According to the majority of scientists. Moun­ of Jews near Guba city, the capital of the khan­ tain Jews are the successors of Jews deported from ate, was one of the first steps of this policy. Israel to Iran. They acquired the local language, In 1722 a territory was allocated for Moim­ but were then forced to move to the . tain Jews on the left, western bank of Guby- They faced persecution by fire worshippers, and alchay. That year, they began to settle there. centuries later by . Some researchers Guba city was situated on the other, taller, east­ different places conditioned the village's indus­ think that Moimtain Jews are in fact Tats of Ira­ ern bank of the river. Despite different socio­ try. For example, Jews who migrated from the nian origin, and adopted Judaism in the 8-lOth political changes. Mountain Jews still live in the mountainous regions were engaged in various century during the Caspian Khaganate. Moun­ territory "identified" by Huseynali Khan, and agricultural fields; those who moved from Iran tain Jews relate their connection to the Caucasus try not to add disorder to history. Mass settle­ were engaged in trade. Interestingly, despite the 2,500 years before. In the beginning, Jews were ment in the Jewish village began in 1731. Af­ fact that they tied relations across the differing settled in the mountains. Historians explain this ter the death of Huseynali Khan in 1758, Guba population of these neighborhoods, even with settlement in relation to their need to always khanate was managed by his son, Fatali Khan. other nations, it is still clear who is from which defend themselves for various reasons. Jewish He continued the political line of his father, paid part. Everyone is well aware of the reason for people once lived several kilometers away from attention to the development of the Jewish vil­ moving here and the legend of their neighbor­ Girmizi Gesebe, in a territory called Kulgat on lage and the lives of its population, and helped hood. The registration history of Mountain Jews Girmizi Gesebe is a real phenomenon in the eth­ the left bank of the Gudyalchay river. Kulgat and supported them. The Khan highly valued in the Caucasus in the 19"’ century covers the no-political landscape of the modem world. was ruined during the attacks of Nadir Shah, but the loyalty, wisdom and hard work of Jews, and late 19"’ century. Thus, in 1881,21,138 Jews of the created conditions for them to engage in agricul­ The Jewish people are a nation whose name the presence of grave stones indicates that Jews Caucasus are registered in 34 settlements. ture, gardening, trade, and craftsmanship. The is often mentioned alongside the socio-polit­ However, Muslims and Jews living along the favorable living conditions created in Guba re­ ical, scientific, cultural, and economic devel­ banks of Gudyalchay lived somewhat in isola­ sulted in an influx of Jews from nearby Gusar, opment of the world. They endured bloody tion. The first wooden bridge connecting the two Chipkend, Karchakh, Suduh and Griz villages, shores was built in 1851, and the stone bridge wars, genocides and exiles, and amazed the and even from Baku, Iran, Turkey, and other was built in 1910. This was not by chance. Dur­ world with their progression. They are proud places. Even this flow was not able to disturb in­ ing the feudal fragmentation of national and of their scientists, writers, artists, painters, ternal divisions of the village. Village residents religious discrimination, Husseynali Khan con­ architects, musicians, and inventions that never forget "who is who" here. changed the course of history. sidered the problems and decided to place the The Jews who have moved in from various Jews in an isolated area. The Muslim population, ...The village received the representatives places lived in nine quarters of the village. As it then, had enough time to observe the displaced of the "Azerbaijani Carpets" magazine on was noted, those who came from Kulgat village persons, their lifestyles, perspectives and religion, one of the hottest days of summer. Its name were the earliest settlers. Following them, Gusar from the outside - from the other bank of Gudy­ "Girmizi Gesebe" (Red Village) written in Jews turned to Guba. The migration from Gilan alchay - and to be able to differentiate friend from big red letters was noticeable from far away. to the village occurred in the 1780s. The Gileki foe when necessary. The biggest test was time, but Red roofed houses, red flowers, red flags... quarter where they settled is located right in the the people on both banks managed to emerge clean Not surprisingly, the color red is one of the center of Girmizi Gesebe (Red Village). Those and dignified. specific characteristics of the village. There's who settled from Baku and Guba live in the Miz­ In recent centuries, along with the Mountain some similarity between this village and rahi ("eastern") quarter. Their relocation from Jews, other ethno linguistic groups - Ashkena-

58 59 zi, Knmcagklar, Kurdish Our conversation with Boris Jews, and Georgian Jews Yusifovich Simanduyev, presi­ - have lived in Azerbai­ dent of the religious community jan. However, as of the of the village, and Yavushva Do- 19th century. Mountain novich Simanduyev who is the Jews composed the vast principal of the Mountain Jew's majority of the Jewish School No. 1 that was named af­ population. Historical ter Isaac Khanukov, took place in sources give information this temple. The elderly religious on the Mountain Jews' figure greeted us kindly. He invi­ settlements at the end ted us in saying, "Welcome to the of the 19th century in house of God!" The various reli­ Vartashenda (now Oguz) gious writings, prayers written in and Muji. For example, the Hebrew and Latin alphabets, it is noted that the ma­ and pictures reflecting the history jority of the population of the synagogue during different in Vartashen in 1864 was periods that hung on the corridor Jewish, and three houses wall were captivating. of worship were in opera­ Yavushva Simanduyev: "The tion. The flow of Jewish first place the guests of this village go necessary to write it down, but those of the younger Ashkenazis into Azerbai­ to is the synagogue, and the first person is Boris Yu­ generation always stop in front of this prayer when jani territory began in the sifovich. He is a living encyclopedia. He loves his pe­ they enter the synagogue. It's of great importance for It wasn't difficult to find somebody here to early 19* century, following the invasion of the ople and his nation. He majored in engineering. It’s us that they start worshiping with this prayer. When have an interesting conversation with. Heeding Russian Empire. At the time, the dynamic de­ the third time that our people have considered him the time comes, they will teach their children this pra­ velopment of the oil industry in Baku began to the locals' advice - "Ask the Simanduyevs abo­ worthy of this prestigious duty. Be it the history of yer, too. It's our wish for us, our family, children, and attract many nations from around the world, ut Qirmizi Gesebe!" - we turned to the Altigun- the Mountain Jews that settled in Azerbaijan, or the future generations to address beautiful prayers to our including Jewish people. Jews who migrated to bezli synagogue on the bank of the Gudyalchay religion, moral perspectives and traditions of the lo­ country. Girmizi Gesebe is known as the "Jerusalem Baku are mostly engineers, teachers, doctors and River. We approached the synagogue under the cal people, he is always a source of interesting infor­ of the Caucasus" to many. It is a small Jewish place lawyers. The number of Jews living in Azerbai­ sound of the Azan coming from the mosque lo­ mation. He is our idol of humanity, perfection and on Azerbaijani land; a live museum. Synagogues are jan tripled during the Soviet period. cated across the river. As claimed by witnesses, wisdom; he is our pride. Being chosen as the presi­ the companions of Jewish history, morals, customs Azerbaijani Jews did not suffer from anti- it's the same in Jerusalem. On one side there is dent o f this religious community since 1994, Boris and traditions. The synagogues are the same age as Semitism as much as others did in the USSR. The a Muslim mosque, on the other a Jewish syna­ Yusifovich won the "Glory" award in 2012 upon the the village itself. There used to be 13 synagogues here. Jewish community living in our country never gogue... According to the socio-political reality decision of Mr Ilham Aliyev. This caused the Moun­ Those who moved to this village from near and far encountered the elements of anti-Semitism. of the modern world, this is a paradox. But this tain Jews great happiness. This shows the value, love had their own neighborhoods, and according to the Many members of the community actively par­ paradoxical notion cannot be applied to Azerba­ and attention given by the leader of the country to the population they would have one or two synagogues. ticipate in the political, economic and cultural ijan. Here, Jews don't run away from the sound entirety of Mountain Jews, in the name of the elderly At that time this area used to be covered in dense oak life of Azerbaijan. Even after the collapse of the of Azan, they don't hate it; it doesn't annoy or forests. The displaced people would build synagogues Soviet Union, despite major economical and so­ infuriate them. Rather, the Jews on this side feel of this land. Even at his mature age, he isn't left out of before their own houses. For them, God's house was cial changes, the flow of Jews out of Azerbaijan proud when they see their Muslim brothers on any events or ceremonies. Communication with Boris their first shelter wherever they settled. The first syna­ has been very slow compared with other former the other side using the same place as sanctuary makes worshiping at the synagogue more interesting gogues were built with wood. Later on in the histori­ Soviet republics. and for worship. We go upstairs. The coastline and beautiful. Regardless of their nationality and reli­ looks even more beautiful from the handrail. gion, everyone considers him their adviser (agsaggal). cal periods, synagogues were built from hay, bricks The pulpit (minbar) of the mosque seen through You know, people like him are rare. He dedicated his and stones. The construction of the first big and very the "Jewish stars" on the wrought iron handrail whole life to his nation and our village. The respect typical community synagogues in Eastern-style spe­ creates a different impression. and love he has earned are in exchange for this." cific to the Caucasus region that held up to 70-120 As Yavushva muellim (teacher) was spea­ people, coincides with the late 19th century. king, I was watching Boris as he showed the gu­ The synagogues o f the Mountain Jews consisted of ests the synagogue, slightly apart from us. He 12 windows and two doors, in accordance with tra­ was answering their questions patiently and gi­ dition. If you pay close attention, youll see the per­ ving information about the pictures. Our atten­ sistence of history and tradition in this synagogue as tion was drawn to a script that said "Prayers to well. The architect of"Gilaki" is Gilel ben Khaim. His the country of Azerbaijan." name is engraved on the brick fagade of the synagogue. Boris Simanduyev: "This is the eternal prayer of According to the writing on the foundation stone, the everyone who visits the synagogue. Every day we pray temple was built in 1896. But there is another board to the Almighty God that Azerbaijan stays strong and at the entrance door. On this board, a different date undefeatable, that our nation lives in peace and pros­ is written, "year 1857." It could be that this board perity, and for wars, massacres and hunger to be gone was brought and put on this door as a keepsake from from us all. This prayer is in all of our hearts. It's not a more historic temple of Jewish settlers from Gilan.

61 "Tövrat" scripts labeled Aran-Kaydesh are being pro­ small business. But he was a man of faith; he always but changed the look of other things. We finalized Yavushva Simanduyev: "We have carried out tected on the seven-meter-tall west wall of the synago­ helped out at the synagogue. That's why he was ar­ the restoration work in 2000. On 11 October 2000, our work with love. The synagogues, the beauty and gue, also known as the sanctuary. There is a hall and a rested alongside the rabbis. He passed away in 1951 we received many guests from the USA, Germany, development of our settlement lay before our eyes. We kitcheji in the basement of the synagogue to hold up to in far Siberia. Our people remember rabbis like Ben­ Israel, Russia and so on for the opening ceremony, have been happy and have witnessed the happiness of 60 people for religious ceremonies. In the past, people jamin Joseph, Ishag Benrabbi Gurshum, Shumgi Ben Representatives o f different communities also visi- people living around us and the Azerbaijani govern- would sit on the floor to worship. Since then carpets Shamail Baji, Nubah Avraam, Sayegil Ruvinov, and ted and shared our joy. Only several Girmizi Gesebe ment of our success. Tolerance is the major line of and mats have been laid on the floor of the synago­ Ifiyel Oshir with honor and respect for their contri­ synagogues are used for religious purposes. Some of the government's policy in Azerbaijan. We sense the gue. Valuable carpets have been given as gifts to the butions in teaching the Jewish religion and Hebrew these historical facilities are employed as pharmacies, support of the government in every area of our lives. synagogue and used for years. Though later, wooden language, not only in the settlement, but throughout hospitals or wedding centers. And this proves that the Regular meetings, conversations with Mr President seats were created, the tradition of covering the floor the Caucasus. Today, at the highest point of the settle­ synagogue is an inseparable and important part of Je­ Ilha7n Aliyev and his spouse Mehriban Aliyeva, the­ of synagogues hasn't changed. Every family had their ment, there is a pilgrimage to perpetuate the memory wish life. For example, turning the synagogue into a ir telegrams and letters addressed to us at sigttificant worshiping spot and that spot was handed down from of the rabbis. Generally speaking, for Jews, a rabbi hospital doesn't mean it is estranged from Cod and re­ moments, are unforgettable. Our countrymen who are generation to generation. Worshiping in the synago­ isn't just a religious servant; just like religion isn't a ligion; rather, it is getting closer to God and working originally from our settlemoit, but work in foreigtt gue takes place three times a day. Unlike the Azan principle of prohibitions and restrictions. for humanity. Every place where joy, happiness and countries in different fields, contribute to the conditi­ sounding from the mosques, there is no call here. It F Shapiro justly wrote, "I believe, it is very dif­ goodwill are shared is holy pilgrimage. Fet this place ons, development, education, health, and restoration is forbidden to make noise, tell jokes, take leisurely ficult to find a second nation whose life and house­ remain without death, hostility and bloodshed. Cur­ of synagogues by the Azerbaijatri government." walks, eat and drink, and wear dirty clothes here." hold is affected by religion as much as the Mountain rently, the restoration of a 100-year-old synagogue is Boris Simanduyev: Historically, Azerbaijattis Yavushva Simanduyev: "According to the statis­ Jews." For Jews religion is life, and the rabbi is a wise, near completion. This synagogue remained unused and Jewish people have lived in these territories m tics of 1935, there were 11 synagogues in this settle­ clever psychologist and adviser who teaches each Jew for a long time. We intend to turn it into the East-Je- such a warm and friendly atmosphere that it would ment. The repressions of 1937 had a huge negative about life. Through the 'Torah,' the rabbi teaches us wish Culture Museum. This museum will not belojig be incorrect to consider this a relationship between impact on the lives of the Mountain Jews, too. That the natural laws of life, the place of Jewish people in to just the Mountain Jews, but to all Jewish people nations. We regard ourselves as part of Azerbaijan year, synagogues were closed down and the buildings global civilization, and helps them realize their place living within the CIS. In additioji, exhibits reflecting and . It is no coincidence that in return were used as workshops, shops, and restaurants. For in the eyes of the Creator." the history of the Northern Caucasus, the Bukhara for the friendly relatmiship, the Mountain Jews have instance, the 150-year-old Altingunbazli synagogue Boris Simanduyev: "1 received a very responsib­ Jews, will also be presented. The settlement wants to contributed to the art, culture, health, and socio-po­ was used for several purposes including as a wareho­ le 'warning' from our intellects in 1944 when I was take on the responsibility for this historical mission. litical life of our republic. The Jewish people's home use for fruit and artillery. As said by the witnesses, elected chairman; if you don't repair the Altigunbezli In general, there are five synagogues operating in country's government of Israel is not concerned about it was a very miserable period. Until the synagogue synagogue, people won't forgive you. We have joined Azerbaijan: two o f them are in Baku, two in Girmizi the life of the settlement, the daily life of "Azerbaijain reopened in 1944, people would worship secretly in power since then. It was a completely dilapidated bu­ Gesebe, and one in Oguz. Two Jewish schools, a col­ Jews." We are within the borders of a republic where houses and basements. Several rabbis were arrested in ilding. We installed new doors, repaired the ceiling, lege, daycare centers and a religious school operate in strong statehood traditioits exist; we are mviolable. Girmizi Cesebe in one day. One of them was Boris's and restored Aron Kashdesh. However, we tried to the republic. In 1993, a Hebrew language faculty was Azerbaijan's president says repeatedly in his speeches, grandfather Binsion ben Zakhariyya Simanduyev. He protect its historical value. We didn't simply destroy opened at Baku State University. Newspapers and "I am the president of each Azerbaijani." His words was actually not a religious figure; he was engaged in the objects that "endured" the tests of the history. magazines are published in this language." apply to all citizens o f Azerbaijan, including us. Un- like some so-called nations, the Mountain Jews don't for­ days. The majority of Jewish holidays recognize the escape to now. We are alike - both inside and outside. So­ raved from the "Gospel." At the most important mo­ get salt and bread eaten together, and brotherhood. Over from persecution and enslavement, and avoiding God's metimes we even complete each other. Our traditions ment of their lives, the Mountain Jews swear to Serna centuries, Jews have been at the center in their role in the penalties. It is interesting that there are certain parallels and faiths are also similar. For example, the Moun­ (the sky). However, they turn to Serna again when lives of countries they live in, especially their roles in the between the holidays of the Mountain Jews and the holi­ tain Jews are afraid of the evil eye and believe in it. they curse their enemies. For us, the rain falling from economy. However, these successes have not always been days and ceremonies of other nations living in Azerbaijan. Therefore, they always carry evil eye catchers made the first spring lightning is sacred. It gives people a received as having a single meaning. Azerbaijan is always The Rosh-a-shana (New Year) holiday held in September- by rabbis and logmans. Up to now, barley and char­ special strength, purification and cures illnesses. Like proud of the successes that the Mountain Jews earn and October, Sukkot (harvest) in autumn, and Simkhat-Tora coal wrapped in old black fabric are attached to adults' Azerbaijanis, we also swear to the fire. It is sinful not feels like they are its own. We are all God's creatures. The­ (Torah) holidays are especially celebrated. Peysakh (Niso- clothes (hidden) and children's clothes (visible). The to believe the words of the Mountain Jew who says, 7 refore, it is not right to separate and discriminate people. nu) - the day the Jews gained freedom - coincides with Mountain Jews do not engage in disputes with the swear to this hearth.' Belief in different animals and Those who live with a love for life should be able to help March and April. The "Shavuot" (the Mountain Jews call elderly, beggars and homeless, because they are afraid birds is characteristic for Mountain Jews. For examp­ others live also. Prophet Moses said that those who don't this "Asalta") holiday held to celebrate the introduction of of their curse. They believe that these people are un­ le, they nurture the snake, called Fjdo-Mar, in the love their nations and people cannot be loved. To live pe­ the "Torah" to Prophet Moses is held in May-June. Du­ der the protection of God, and injustice done to these yard of the house or attic as the guardian of the family acefully, we have to have purity and kindness in our he­ ring Hanukkah - celebrated with colorful candles for eight people means going against God. The elderly prohi­ fireplace. In national folklore, Fjdo-Mar who is wise, arts. We were able to find this purity in ourselves. The days - pilafis made out of pumpkin and dried fruits. Tu bit residents to pour boiling water on the ground. We honest and doesn't like to lie will protect the family Jews who have experienced historical hardship understand bi-Shvat is celebrated 10-15 days before the Novruz holi­ don't keep guests at the threshold. According to our from bankruptcy, bring abundance to the household, the sorrow of Azerbaijanis very well and understand the day. It is a good deed to plant trees on that day. For Jews, beliefs, Satan lives at the doorstep and it is sinful to and radically change the family's destiny." tragedies befallen on them. The "Torah" recommends that Purim is the day of triumph of intellect and patience. Tis­ step over it. A wedding is the most convenient time Yavushva Simanduyev: "Tradition, belief, and we should find a reliable ally wherever we are, study and ha be-Av is a mourning month similar to Maharram of for ill forces to interfere with human life. Therefore, a perspective are all related to every nation's history. learn the arts, show accuracy in trade work, and be able Muslims. The ceremonies held regarding the genocide of female relative ties a knot as soon as the rabbi begins to Sharing historical challenges, joy and grief forms the to protect our own nations." Guided by these wise words, Jews continue for 40 days. Our countrymen come from read the nuptial prayer. The knots should be tied fast root of the link between the two nations. Fortunately, the Mountain Jews respond with loyalty, friendship and abroad to Girmizi Gesebefor several days to visit the gra­ and skillfully. This will better protect kindness to those who understand them, and share their ves of their loved ones. During those days, called Suruni, the newly married young people from grief Muslims and we are the children of a father and two nine ava ashkava and kadish are read at the graveyards. ill forces. In the past, families who mothers; we are the branches of one tree." The leadership of STMEGI Charity Foundation took the lost their young children or bore only Yavushva Simanduyev: "Some believed that the Mo­ responsibility of paying the travel expenses o f many Mo­ female children turned to rabbis also. untain Jews would be fewer when they began working in untain Jews who moved abroad during the '90s o f the last Rabbis would make rings out of silver foreign countries. But these prognoses did not prove cor­ century to Azerbaijan during Suruni days." collected from families with multiple rect. Our countrymen living abroad did not forget the sett­ Boris Simanduyev: "Do you see how many similari­ children, or from families where OJily lement they were born in; they travel from the farthest co­ ties Jews and Azerbaijanis have? They are children of the boys were born. The woman had to untries to visit and gather during holidays and mourning same climate. You may not have paid attention to this up always wear a ring with writing eng­ create a unified state of Azerbaijan, claim that "only weave car­ that neighbors major carpet weaving stations of never neglected minorities or ethnic pets" are wrong. Other minority nations and the district's villages including Khasi, Gonag- groups; as a vital force, he would as­ Mountain Jews have also woven carpets in our kend, Jimi, Afurja, Yerfi, Budug, Sohub, Griz, Jek, sign them to various administrative country. It doesn't mean this art is removed from Khan, and Salmasoyud. It should be noted that and civil works withm the khanate. its origins. Actually, it gives grounds to regard the settlement of Mountain Jews in the territory Fortunately, Heydar Aliyev was able Azerbaijan as a historical carpet weaving center of Cuba overlaps with the renaissance of carpet to implement this idea. In the face (even one of the schools) and to emphasize how weaving in Azerbaijan. Statistics show that in the o f huge challenges, he did not allow nations living here benefit from its traditions. early 18th and late 19th centuries carpet weaving the division o f Azerbaijan during the was in mass production and carpets were woven first years of our freedom." Our conversations with elderly residents be­ in all districts. The stabilization of old designs gan with carpet weaving and the carpet weav­ on Azerbaijani carpets, from a technological and Historically, living in the same ers who have become symbols of Girmizi Gesebe artistic-compositional point of view, occurred geographic, political, economic (Red Village). "Carpets are part of our past, child­ during this period. and cultural environment as hood, and youth. We saw looms in our houses as The position of the Mountain Jews in the other people, each Jewish com­ soon as we opened our eyes. Our mothers and development of Azerbaijani carpet weaving is munity adopted the cultural sisters have woven carpets. Women were not ac­ characterized by the successful continuation characteristics of the nation they tive in public work, even during the Soviet Un­ and synthesis of traditions. The work of Girmizi lived in, and presented them in ion. However, the beauty of the carpets woven Gesebe carpet weavers was not innovation, but a unique way. For example, in by them was admired by everyone. Spain, by "blending" the Spanish Years ago, carpet workshops and fac­ and Hebrew languages, a specific tories operated here. Before, women language called Ladino emerged. weaving carpets at home worked Also, European Jews speak "Yid­ there. The handiwork of village car­ dish", in which German, Polish, pet weavers was sent to exhibitions and Russian words are more fre­ and sold to foreign countries at high quently employed. The Jews liv­ prices." ing among the people of the Cau­ Another legendary story we casus are no exception. heard here is also something to re­ If we explore the history of this member: "One day, one of the com­ land, we observe the downturn of manders of Shah Ismayil Safavi the national art of carpet weaving comes to him and tells him that he during wars, robberies, foreign wants to get married, but the girl he invasions, and then how this art loves is Jewish. Without thinking, developed and began to flour­ the Shah says, 'It is the right choice! ish during stability and peace. Get married! You won't regret it! All nationalities living together There will become a time when you in Azerbaijan have gone through will be certain of it.' He praises the ^v'xA'ovtvVvm^wC'xv^'^ this history and endured hard­ commander. Years pass. During one ship together. Living in the same 10 of the hardest battles, the command­ community created conditions er gets injured and becomes captive. even after centuries, our unity hasn't collapsed. It has for the strengthening of cultural- Upon hearing this, the clever Jewish actually become stronger. Along with the Azerbai­ ethnic ties and for the exchange of creativity. woman weaves a carpet and, on it, janis, the Mountain jews were also subjected to ge­ When we familiarize ourselves with this creativ­ composes the path for her husband's nocides the committed in Cuba, Khudat, ity, especially in the applied arts, we discover escape from the camp, using signs Shamakhi and Baku. Today, the hearts of the residents rich achievements made from these mutual ex­ that only her husband can under­ of Girmizi Gesebe beat on the Azerbaijan-Armenian changes. In this way, carpet weaving is an in­ stand. The commander receives the border districts. We are proud that Albert Aragunov, dispensable cultural bridge. It is a holy art that carpet, follows the instructions and who was martyred in the fight over Karabakh and connects nations and cultures. People can find escapes. The Shah is delighted to see who gained the Azerbaijani National Hero title, is our a common language in carpets, and can gather him again and says, 'I warned you,' compatriot and a graduate of our school. ” around its mystery and light. People who live in reminding him their conversation the same areas benefit from the same air, water, Boris Simanduyev: "1 always feel proud when I years before." and plants of the district, and are engaged in the walk down Fatali Khan Street. It is the pride of all Carpet weaving developed as a same artistic work; although they have different Mountaht Jews. Its name and deeds are very dear to branch of the Cuba carpet group. religions and different languages, they all have us. Every member of the settlement is proud that the Carpets woven here reflect charac­ the same purpose. This demonstrates that Azer­ main street which used to be named after Lenin in the teristic features in terms of colors, baijan is one of few countries of the world where Soviet period is now named after Fatali Khan. Our patterns, and technical indicators. all nations and people live and work in stable wish is for a monument of this great statesman to be Traditional local designs were wo­ and peaceful conditions. Those who sometimes built in our settlement. Fatali Khan, who wanted to ven in Girmizi Gesebe (Red Village) 11 66 67 directly related to the Mountain Jews, both ethnographically and historically. The candlesticks rep­ $$ SO S$SM resented on the carpets symbol­ ize the candles burned by Jewish На даора стоил ко- о ветрача с Марголут селковой школа и с довала себя е хоро­ мац аиаара. Старым в Баку для подготовим 13 лот начала трудо­ шей стороны. Ее неж­ women on Saturdays (Shabat). знакомый ма посалка статьи в очарадном вую даятальмость а ные узоры, наноси­ Краемаа Слобооа Яша момара иадаммя. одном из мастных мые на иоары, отвеча­ This is both a national and reli­ А|*ирджаноа расска* ..Но аиааапиая иоороаых цвхоа. Отли­ ли вкусам многочис- зал мне, что чмтаталм смарть Марголут Еана- чавшаяся трудолюби­ лаимых потрабиталай. gious tradition. One of these can­ с имтарасом аоспрм- тамовны иэмаиил на­ ем и иаходчмвостью Творения и>ной ткачи­ dlesticks would be woven in the мяли матариалы о ма­ ши планы. На днях девушка, выгодно от­ хи «Шираан», «Пиря- стных коароткачихах, вновь встратмлея с личалась от своих бадил*, «Алчагюлю» center of the carpet, and the other малачатаиных в газате Яшай Амирджановым подруг и очень быст­ отличались высоким *'В{гШ(-Едиистао>*. По­ и попросил аго под­ ро стала одной из ве­ качеством. Марголут two on the left and right. This is том добавил: робно рассказать о дущих работниц цаха. Евматвновиа неодно­ - Моя старшая са- жизни и трудовой дая- Здесь ома проработа­ кратно поощрялась со an original composition and can­ стра Марголут тожа тальности састры. ла ровно десять лат, в стороны руководства not be woven accidentally, in any работала в ковровом Марголут Аммрджа- затем в 1948 году пе­ фабрики, профсоюз­ цаха я машам посалка. нова родилась в 1924 решла на работу в Гу- ного комитата, масте­ case." С юных лат она полю­ году в Красной Сло­ бинскую ковровую рица удостаивалась била ату профассию и бода. В 1931 году по­ фабрику. В те годы почетных грамот. со враманам стала сла окончания второ­ ковры этого предпри­ В 1952 году Марго­ одной из лучших тка­ го класса школы в по­ ятия завоевали славу лут Евнатановна вы­ Guba is one of the districts of чих. В настоящаа вре­ салка Сабунчм вмаста во асам мира. Продук­ шла замуж и парааха­ У знаменитой ткачихи сааглую память о сво­ мя састра проживаат с самьай малаиькая ция фабрики, а основ­ ла в Баку. Последую­ Azerbaijan where multi-facet­ было 8 детей. Сегодня ей ласковой и забот в Баку. Марголут параахала в ном, отправлялось на щую жизнь она посвя­ они живут в разных ливой мама. ed cultural values formed. Tats, Договорились е Губу. Здесь она про­ зкепорт. Марголут Ев- тила воспитанию и странах, но сохраняют Н.НАДЖАФОВ. Khinalig people, Budugs, , Яшай Амирджановым должила учабу а по­ Натановна зарекомен­ обучению саоих детей. Lezghis, and Mountain Jews were able to create shared material-cul­ in a very short space of time. After 10 years, she to increase my experience. Our handiwork was tural values. Guba carpet weav­ continued her work at the Guba carpet weaving distinguished by its high quality, but there was ing developed and there was an factory, in 1948. The fame of this factory's prod­ strict discipline there. People worked with en­ increase in color by mutual ex­ ucts spread beyond the boundaries of the USSR thusiasm. This improved our lives, too. I think, rather difference. Village residents say: "Our changes of creativity among these - products that were mostly for export. Margolut "Alchagulu," "Pirebedil," and "Shirvan" are grandmothers and grandfathers found the flow people. These nations wove carpets on the basis showed what an exemplary employee she was. the most beautiful designs of Azerbaijan. Back of life here very early on. Carpet weaving was of such designs, but represented their own crea­ Consumers were delighted by her delicate pat­ then, we mostly received orders from Baku. able to connect two nations. The women of the tive research, individual imagination, and way terns. The Shirvan designs, "Pirebedil" and "Al- Baku people highly valued our products. The village would add symbols and scripts to the of thinking, through different signs, scripts, and chagul" carpets, of the young weaver were distin­ USSR Ministry of Agriculture showcased our carpets relevant to Jewish life and perspective. symbols. However, this did not harm the origi­ guished by their high quality. Her dedicated and work at several international exhibitions. Mos­ Carpets demonstrated to which stratum the nal composition - it enriched it without remov­ creative work was recognized by the factory's cow administration was always satisfied with owner belonged. Naturally, the carpets of rich ing it from its roots. But it is wrong to discuss management and trade union many times, and the products of Guba weavers. Newspapers and families were more colorful and of higher qual­ an original carpet design belonging to any other she received many awards and honors. Margolut magazines wrote about us. The carpet weavers ity. Weaving carpets was complex work, even nation in the carpet history of Azerbaijan. Earlier small ones. In other national applied-arts field we mentioned the successful "additions" to dif­ married in 1952 and moved to Baku. She dedicat­ of Girmizi Gesebe were the center of attention. remember those days there is division of labor, but carpet weavers ferent carpet designs here. The Mountain Jews ed the rest of her life to the 1 do everything themselves, from washing wool included motifs related to their national sym­ upbringing and education happily. It is impossi­ to weaving itself. Spring and fall wool of sheep bols, religious views and perspective, like Da- of her children. She died in ble to forget the days was used for weaving. Weaving was an oppor­ vud's stamp, candle sticks, and Hebrew script, 2004." 1 spent in front of car­ tunity to detach from your concerns and relax. on different sized carpets that they wove on the From the memories of pet looms. Taisa, my Weavers would pray, sing songs, and talk about basis of Azerbaijani designs. Carpet weaving is a Sonya Khanukayevna, daughter and Gregory, relatives and goings on in front of the loom. Car­ choice made by Jewish women in the Caucasus; one of the well-known my son, are also able to pet masters would have helpers by their sides it is their expression of self, lifestyle, position in carpet weavers of Girmizi weave carpets. Now I who wove simple patters or plain fields. Masters society, attitudes towards that society, and their Gesebe: "My older sister, am teaching my grand­ would never trust anyone else with delicate and attitude towards others. Through this choice, Manya, worked at a carpet children to knit woolen complex designs. During the Soviet era, village they have been able to express and demonstrate workshop. 1 was five years socks and shirts. My women would work at the carpet workshop in their tastes, individuality, and skills. Today, younger than her. When husband, Shumtu three shifts, together with other women from village residents speak with pride and respect she started work there, I Ilizarov, has always different villages." about Shushan Yusufova, Istir Khudadatova, developed an interested been supportive. 1 Mountain Jews "claim" that they are the crea­ Sara Manashirova, Manya Avshalumova, Khay- in carpet weaving. But 1 have lived a meaning­ tors of the "Griz" design belonging to the Cuba at Mishiyeva, Khavas I^aim, Maya Khaimova, didn't have the opportu­ ful life with him. We carpet group. Teacher Yavushva says, regarding Mirvari Beynagu, Gizil Yagubovna, Dinar Rafail, nity to weave back then. 1 have grandchildren this, "The carpet weaving traditions of Mountain Tomati Rakhamimova, Shifro and other women, started my career at a local and great grandchil­ Jews in the village developed as part of Azerbai­ and share their memories. kolkhoz. After 1945, I col­ dren. This is our great­ jani carpet weaving. The Jewish women had not Margolut Yevnatovna was bom in 1924 in lected fruit and vegetables est joy. God gives eve­ created a new design in Azerbaijani carpet weav­ Girmizi Gesebe. She worked at one of carpet in kolkhoz fields. After rything to those who ing. They wove carpets on the basis of Cuba - workshops in Guba when she turned 13. Margo­ work, 1 wove carpets at love their homeland, Shirvan designs. However, comparisons show lut was very skillful and hardworking and, there­ home, and began work­ their nation, and their that the creation of the designs of Griz village is fore, she turned into one of the leading weavers ing at a carpet workshop families."

68 69 weaving in one of the workshops where The young weaver was one of the active forerun­ ДРЕВНЕЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВО about 60 carpet weavers worked. The ners of the Stakhanov movement. Sarah khanim years passed by very quickly, and Manya sent her three brothers, Binyamin, Yanagil and khanim became one of the most skillful Khaim, to the front during the 1941-1945 war. 1L t • m * л о щ ж т twcT» c no» роеала присущий ай вмг - carpet masters of the village. She mostly руго й X m t ПООМИПЙ Koapo- ■ нй профассиомапи^м C'v: She worked hard because the load of her family ткачаскую арталь. ча уча- кВ»алиеты аостоино wove "Heyrati," "Aggul," "Gimil," "Al- nacb Лрамуаростам Оуоунай сотка1Я1ыа ав *оерм -ь>ир was on her shoulders. Her brothers were killed профасоа» Та* случмпоса, а а н « , >Гу6а>. •Геллу чичи. л что с 1937 ПО 1961 ГОЙЫ В га а а т а х р а с л у б л и м . ма chagulu," and "Cuba" designs. Manya проработала на атом лра» ааербаАажамсжом in the war, but she did not lose her strength. праитии За ообаастный khanim shared her knowledge with the Труа а тылу а горы Валикой nocaaatBHHbu работа Тейло Life went on. After the war was over, the facto­ Отечественное войим бмле Деайроаой Еа таорапин до f уаостоана меграа. В аоан- монстрироаапио на аыс>а> students of school #1 in the village during иоа время аааувма иалмх ка достижении народного ries restarted. The working conditions for carpet коаийстаа а Москве и удо- именно Труа таяих ствнеелись початмых дипло­ the 1960s. Students of the Cuba vocational пязрей о6еспе'а1еел нашу л » мов. weavers got better. Distinguished workers were беду В то время ткачихи Ивееспжи1 во всем мира school also benefited from her experience. посылали на фронт теплые иароажМ художник Питиф respected and valued by the administration; Оама иа тех. «сто ум ела иоски. перчатки. После вой­ гимаить чобоаь иопорежи к ны Тейло Деенооаа была нал местаросую Тейло Раха- Even now, the majority of Cuba carpet награждена медалью «За мнмомж< Он с волна»мем they received monetary awards and gifts. Sarah драапаму нароаиому таорча Победу-. Одна из перааоени стау • Тайно Рахамимоана елааип за работой ыестари- weavers remember Manya khanim as a стахановского даижания цы за ткаиким станком я khanim worked for 25 years at this factory. Дияиооаа Прианемиая мае- Тейло яенум стеле нэеастне всегда высоко оиа»и»аая тарииа Маня Тамуглаае пор- не только в своем родном npoHBaagaiBia искусства ту- "master." In 1961, when a carpet factory гоарркт ати слоев Она мо­ коплектнее. но и среди кое- Libo Rakhamimovna Zarbailova was bom жет Аопго говорить о таоре- роткачих Гусарского. Гоие- Таило Рахамимоана сяои- was opened in Cuba, she was invited to ниях Тайпо каиум, ornMnaKH гкандского. Дявячинского ч а п а сь а 2001 году Члены in 1928 in Girmizi Gesebe. She started working 1ВИХС* wawo«ai«fciM вкусом и районов Ткачиха периоди­ ее семьи до сих пор храпит мастарстаом. чески лосещеат фабрики по как басиа»«»ь» рапиканн ко­ work there. Considering her great experi­ Чтобы собрать полные лроиваодстау коароа. пара- вры. сотканные ае руками и in 1941 at a local carpet workshop as a master's ciapaiMB о Таило Ряхами дват сакрагы мастарстаа снимки а фотоальбома ence and skill in working collectively, they моане. решил встратигься с саоим коллагем Свата каиум локезапа нам assistant. Her love and interest in this art soon членами ее семьи Моими В 1961 году Тайно Дави- насколько фотоснимков и собесеанихами стали сын аоаа лараазжаат а Баку и ск азал а appointed her as chief master. As the years известной ковроткачихи начинает саою трудовую да- • Можете использовать allowed her to work side by side with profes­ ипья и навеспа C t i r n О ни ятальностъ в одном из са­ эти снимки ОЛЯ вашай газе­ went by, the carpet weaver became more •приятно уаиви ли сь. когпа уз ­ мых крупных мастерских по ты Но прошу вас. обматаль нали что материал о Тейло народному георчастау но варнита нам эти фотогра­ sional masters. The 1941-1945 war changed the хеиум бупет олубпихоеен е Эд1кь функиномнроаали иа- фии Они • самоа дорогое skilled in her field and a number of carpet нашей газете ха по художастаанной рос­ что осталось нжией семье life of Libo khanim, like many others. The car­ Тейло Давидова родилась писи. скульптура и коаротка- моей саакрови. weaving generations have developed un­ в 1924 гору в поселка Кра­ частеу. Опытная коаротка- чиха и мась лродамомстри- И. ИАДЖАФОв der her leadership. pet weaver who, at one time, wove legendary сная Слобода Е«а а 1Э-пет- Sarah Yakubova Ilyagueva was bom in designs like "Heytari," "Gollu-Chichi," "Guba," 1929 in Girmizi Gesebe. She began work­ and "Pirebedil," was now weaving warm clothes ing at the carpet weaving workshop when for soldiers fighting on the front. Libo Zarbail­ she was 10 and, along with her friends Sara ova earned the respect of her co-workers. After and Davro, she learned the secrets of car­ pet weaving from carpet masters. Within a short period, Sarah acquired this artistic skill and was able to weave carpets inde­ I Т в м я д ’Л 1966 г о д у ;' 2. Д и м « о {1 Губимофи юфа- pendently after a year. The master sat be­ J Сдну4|др Адм^еа и Тейпо Д аечаом год у;# : 9 ^ т « ^ йрчйд рфбспы ТумлФ '9ехддм*мо»нм е hind the loom with the carpet weavers. .i.-' The demand for her carpets, woven on the the war was over, life began to fall back 14 basis of "Chichi," "Pirebedil," "Garagash- li," and "Cuba" designs, rose day by day. into place. Libo khanim got married, but remained loyal to her much loved Teylo Rakhamimovna Davidova is one person who profession - carpet weaving. She con­ inspired the youths of Girmizi Gesebe to weave. Bom tinued to weave carpets that decorated in 1924 in the village, at the age of 13, along with her many apartments and museums. Certif­ friend, Hayat, Teylo started to learn the secrets of this icates, gratitude, monetary awards, and ancient art at a carpet workshop. She worked in this her picture decorating honor boards, all workshop from 1937 to 1961. Between 1941 and 1945 show the value of her great work. she received many awards for her hard work. During Shushan Khaimovna Ikhiilova was that time, women wove warm socks and gloves for bom in Girmizi Gesebe in 1914. She those on the front line. Teylo was awarded the "Vic­ worked at a carpet workshop since her tory" medal after the war. She was known as a skilled youth. After marrying her distant rela­ weaver in Gusar, Gonagkend, and Shabran. She tive, lawyer Boris Ikhiilov, she moved would visit carpet workshops frequently and share to Baku in 1938. Her happiness didn't her most useful experience with her colleagues. When last long. The repressions embracing she moved to Baku in 1961, Teylo started working in the USSR and Azerbaijan in the 1930s one of the largest folk art workshops. She demonstrat­ did not bypass her family. Boris Ikhi­ ed her high professionalism there, too. The "Heyrati," ilov was imprisoned in 1940. He was "Jimi," and "Aghgul-chichi" decorations she created "saved" from prison and prison camps are highly valued by specialists. Local newspapers by the war that started recently. Shush­ and the Azerbaijani television documented the work an khanim remembered the years she of Teylo Davidova. The carpet weaver passed away in worked at the carpet workshop and 2001. talked about the carpets, masters, and Manya Khanukayeva was bom in 1931 in Girmizi her friends until the end of her life. She Gesebe. In 1942, when she was 11, she started carpet passed away in 2014." 70 71 tied in neighboring towns and villages. For in­ trading centers of stance, there were dyeing centers in Gonagkend the Caucasus. We r n o n w i A i ^ ^ I :> v > v -/ rv ^ u and Gusar where Mountain Jews worked. Jew­ had an interesting Когоа в Красной Слобоов эахолкт ставниками. 22 июня 1941 года на­ лом. Из ее рук выходили нежные, тон­ речь о ковроткачихах. то непременно чалась самая кровопролитная война кой работы ковры, украшавшие дома, ish masters dyed the yarns for a carpet shop in conversation with робрые споеа раздаются в адрес и в истории человечества - без объя­ стенды на многих выставках Либо Ра- Либо Рахамимоаиы Зарбаиловой. вления войны фашистская Германия хамимоена не была обделена внима- Gonagkand. residents of the Это на случайно. Л.Зарбаилова напала на Советский Союз После нивМд, не счесть бпвгоддриостей, дене- родилась а Красной Слободе в 1928 этого дня поменялся весь уклад жиз­ жимг премий. вручен»жсх ковроткачи- The names of dyers like Binyaminov Sevi settlement about году, трудовую деятельность начала ни. Ковроделы теперь работали толь­ яа, иа лрогяжаиии долгих лат ве фо­ учениией в мастной ковроткаческой ко для фронта. Руки, ткавшие вол­ тография на сходила с Доски почета. Yunatayevich (1894-1970), Benyaminov Yu- the Mountain мастерской в 1941 году. Девочка за­ шебные «Хейраты». «Голлу Чичи-. Вот что говорит о своей подруге вороженно следила за руками опыт­ «Губа». «Пирабадиль». т е п е ^ аяаали одна из опытных коероткачих Красной nata Benyaminovich (1860-1940), Ikhiil Simon Jews' active con­ ных мастериц, которые с ювелирной перчатки и теплые носки для ора- Слободы Маня Ханукаааа: точностью наносили узор за узором жавшихся бойцов и командиров Кра­ * Мы работали с Либо плечом к Binyaminov (1949), Mikhaylov Yusub, Yefimov tribution in carpet на ковровые изделия. Юная Либо сной армии. плечу. Бмгодаря сметливости она Zarkhan, Yakubov Sion, Ifraimov Sadig Ifrai- trading: "Carpet вникала в советы опытных ковротка- В военное лихолетье Либо Зарба- очаиь скоро постигла всей тайны про- ла за ткацким станком на ковровой чих. быстро осваивала секреты про­ илова стала искусной мастерицей, на­ фаосин. Ковры, сотканные ею. без фабрике. movich (second half of the XIX century), his trading isn't an фессии. ей грезились волшебные кра­ пряженная работа принесла ей иаве- всякого сомнения, являлись чудесны­ Да. поныне хсивет в Красной Сло­ ски. наносимые на великолепные стмостъ. Война завершилась нашей по­ ми творениями. Честно скахсу, таких боде мастернсоероткачиха Либо ^ р - older son Ifraimov Ashir Sadigovich, Sadigov easy job. It is both ковры. бедой. Очень скоро жизнь вошла в мастериц было очень немного. баилова. Она одна из тех. кто I Старания Либо увенчались успе- привычное русло. Вновь в городах и Мать швстерых детей Либо Зарба- г^жносмла эстетическое удовольствие Ifiil Ashirovich (1913), Sadigov Borukh Ashi- trade and propa­ I хом. Спустя короткое время она селах стала раздаваться музыка, ве­ илоаа работал потом в различных ор- людям, ткала прекрасные ковры, при- л могла уже самостоятельно работать. селый смех, песни. Либо ханым вы­ гамиавциях Но и сегодня, вспоминая иосшио в 40-50^ годы прошлого века rovich (1925), Ifraimov Sevi Sadigovich, Ifrai­ ganda. Weaving но девочка тушевалась, боялась уда- шла замуж. Это обстоятельство не по­ годы своей моподости, она признает­ известность ее родине • Г у ^ . : рить лицом в грязь пвред своими на­ мешало ей заниматься любимым де­ ся. что самые прекрасные дни прове­ Р. БАБАЕВ. mov Mardakhay Sadigovich (1899), Ifraimov a carpet doesn't Yarukhom Mardakhayevich (1925), Salamon mean giving it im­ (1960) and Ilyavu (1962) Ifraimovs, Gavrilov mortality, yet the alizarin. Russian industrialists quickly realized Iftakh Mikhailovich (1889), his son Mikhailov Mountain Jews' Professional sculptors, stonemasons, cob­ that the dye of Caucasian alizarin was much bet­ Yusif Iftakhovich (1926), grandson Mikhailov service in expos­ blers, tailors, leather craftsmen, carpenters, and ter in quality than the dye imported from Hol­ Shumtu Yu->sifovich (1952), grandson Mikhailov ing the carpets to the world market is undeni­ hairdressers lived in Red Village. Their work land. For this reason, in conducting a successful Zarboil Yusifovich (1956), Mikhailov Ishmail able. Jews who have both small and large carpet was widely used not only in the village, but also economic policy, funds were allocated to help Nisanovich Gurush, Mikhailov Yakhku Ni- shops in the Caucasus and also in Iran, Turkey, in other villages of Cuba, even in Baku and Shir- improve this field in the Caucasus. Upon receiv­ sanovich, Mikhailov Boris Yakubovich (1934), Russia and many European countries have al­ van district. Today, old buildings in the settle­ ing the money, Jews would buy or rent land to Ruvinov Sasun Khaimovich, Izyaguev Nisan ways shown great interest in Azerbaijani car­ ment, along with the interesting architecture of plant this natural dye herb. The "Marena revolu­ Izyaguevich, Niftaliyev Israil Shamayevich, pets. They have always been able to "feel" what the synagogues, attract attention. Locals remem­ tion" covered the period from 1840 to 1860 and Shamayev Talkhum Shamayevich, Shamayev manufacturers and consumers need. Neither the ber masons including Khaim, Gilil, Yevdo, and spread to all fields of industry - marena was the Khay Talkhumovich and (1941) have been fa­ buyer nor the seller would ever be dissatisfied Yangil as the masters who constructed the syna­ herbal cultivation of a dye based on manual la­ mous outside of the settlement. with them. Merchants were always able to pre­ gogue. bor. And this is exactly why it was more useful Located along the caravan roads and border­ dict the "fate" of any carpet. Carpet trading is a Nathan Amu and than grain plaints and tobacco. During this pe­ ing Russia, Cuba was one of the main carpet trend among Mountain Jews and is passed down his sons Asef, Joseph riod, the cultivated product increased five times (Iosif), Mardakhay, in volume, and its price doubled. The increase Danil Mardakhayevs, in production was advantageous for both villag­ Sion Sasunov and ers and merchants who were engaged in the sell­ his son Zarakh, Asef ing of its related products. The "Marena revolu­ Shaimiev, Azizi Israil, tion" ended with the creation of artificial dyes at and many others were the beginning of the 1870s. The price of marena great stonecutters and decreased. This affected Jewish landowners the blacksmiths. Tailors most. The "Marena crisis" paralyzed the econ­ like Sholum Khizgil omy of the Caucasus. Even the construction of Khaim Shemei, Yeshu- the alizarin plant in Derbent could not ease the vo Mukhoil Yakubov, tension that had already been created. One pood Хаят МИШИЕВА Хаяас ХАИМ Benyagu Nisim Nisi- Шушан ЮСУФОВА Истир ХУДАДАТОВА Сара МАНАШИРОВД Маня АВШАЛУМОВА (16.38 kg) of marena that used to be sold for 10-15 ^ ' На Кавказа ОДИН ИЗ Древнем ен­ С нвзагтмятнёЯ^врек1ен в Азер-л-риод'нйшейЩ^рии После 1920*^ - минувшего стопегий по 1961 год mov, Yadadiyo Noftoli дов 'народных^промыспов' - коврс^зр^ \джанв и Ш гесЫ м ," всегда отпн-де рг»7и1олЙ^8вгься коаротКрнескйё^ Лункииониоовепа'/ковЬомя }фабрн<а rubles cost only 30 gepik now. However, despite 'пив опир^тся'на глубокие традиции: 'Нрвши.ашихся миогр^1аииОр1лпьным В%1о6ёлкр Краснее Споекща К древнему иау^ауЩ Уку ^рес гиписн Iskoy Boji, Zakariyyo, Сегодня мы с восторгом смотрии^^а вом населения,’ со^^»вапись образцы'^ 1Нскосо,рМона в такмк'.'цехак ра-'^ десятки/наших /тйокерых теемпяков the recession. Mountain Jews were able to contin­ изящныё масуврок и поныне^ заставпяк 1иа дюбите пади^рй!^йенщин. Ковры^ оытлан-. Сотквнще^^ кобры принесли всемир­ ную спа^*не только мастерам но и Ovroom, Manashir, Ш И Х р у к г Ш иску^^стра, восторгаться/: умением ныс в украа/вки самые преет-' . . ue the art of dyeing for many years. древних мастеров'*’ Горскйе спреи жныё музеи нашей республики. Не­ родной губе.' Можно •сказать, что в Morik and Savi Ovrohom Mishievs who special­ рсАм [протяжении стоп^ Азербайдхсана и Оагеста»^ н $ и з м ^ малую государственной каз­ каждую работу трудолюбивые коаро- Red Village, as the locals call it, is the home­ гнй сохраняли и ;при}Л4ножали^ эгрт но с П!ОСОШр* Р^^К>РШ1ись к новрощ' не лриноати ковры, Р^Й/ШУК!§Ьиь»е вервдышали ^частичку своего ized in sewing men and women's clothes are re­ еда рунной р^бдты. Коренные нарсн ПИЮ, сове/^енствокали развитие ДаЛ I на BHb'aiH'iix рынках. '3apySef(^№jPo- Многих из знаменитых ковро- town of "pottery makers." Pottery making is кы Каёккдв '' азербайджанцы; гор­ ной о тр в о !^'‘ Нак1^рльи/в€ разаитм \1\кугтатвлёй 'привлекали нЯлЬвУориМые уже нет в живых,:но их груд membered today with great respect. ские > евреи. лвзгищ[^авары. кумыки. эго и<^<уссто .попмило в конце'' 5‘, иевтовыв оттенки и у:юр^(*губинеких не потерял своей значимости, прино- a family art, passed down from generation to нынче 'икуюгврялм имтв- начапё^ХК*кек<М] но наибопеШкШ:кОвров. . ■от эсгвтчесиое удовольствие совре-^ Marena, a herbal dye, was considered part р е а ^ етому нарю^юму 7в<]|рчестеу. содаг^ий. of traditional Jewish "culture" in the Caucasus. generation. There are many families in the set­ In Tarkov () and around Cuba, Moun­ tlement who have devoted their lives to this art. tain Jews would widely use the perennial plant, Kupchuler neighborhood existed in this settle­ which had a high percentage of alizarin in its ment. roots, to dye carpet strings. Until the 19th cen­ Dyers of the settlement dyed the yams of tury, Russia purchased its natural alizarin dye the carpets that were woven here and in other from Holland. However, since the 1820s, the carpet stations in Cuba. The demand was so eastern Caucasus started providing Russia with high that they changed their residence and set- Майя ХАИМОВА Мирвари БЕНЬЯГУ Гызыл ЯГУБОВНА Динар РАФАИЛ Томати РАХАМИМОВА 72 73 Later, the carpet trade in Red Village was carried on by Asef Agababa, Bebe Rafael, Rafael Gavril, Khanuko Pegila, Mukhail Rakhamim Nison, Sasun Azar- yayev, Sasun Rayonov, Mukhoil Biyami- nov, Elkhanan Biror, Nisim Rabilizirov, God Rafailov, Rambom, Avrum, Morik and Ashur Mishiyevlar, Khaim Sam- uilov, Rambom Shaulov and other pro­ fessionals.

The information we gathered about the work of village carpet weavers, dyers, and traders proves once again that car­ pet weaving formed here since the time from generation to generation. It doesn't require the population had settled here; it devel­ study at a school or university. It is a special tal­ oped in a specific artistic-stylistic synthesis, and ent. Jews are able to "feel" the carpet. turned into one of the main activities of the set­ Similar to dyeing, carpet trading is an art field tlement's population. where the Mountain Jews can prove themselves. ...Carpets are a material-cultural example In addition to trade and economic interests, that are flexible to adjusting to the fashion of all this is a field of promotion that requires great periods, and is able to please people's tastes re­ mastery and desire. The carpet traders from Red gardless their religion and nationality. What we Village may be rightfully proud of the successes saw and heard in Red Village confirmed these. It the material we turned to "Azerbaijan's Ethno- Philosophy Society. Rich with interesting infor­ they have earned in this field. Their work does is impossible to weave or promote carpets with­ Cultural Diversity" book (published in 2013 in mation about the historical past of Red Village, not only elevate Cuba carpets, but also the place out loving them. Love for Azerbaijani carpets is Moscow) by German Zakharyayev, who is from its population, work life, and modem landscape, of carpets woven in Shirvan, Ganja, Gazakh-Bor- sensed at every step in Red Village. Red Village originally and is Doctor of Philoso­ this valuable monograph became our guide in chali, Baki, Karabakh in the world market, their The topic of Mountain Jews has been thor­ phy, President of STMEGI Foundation, Scientific the preparation of the material. In this sense we value and decent customers. oughly studied in world history and ethno­ Counselor of the Center for Research of Jewish would like to express our greatest gratitude to The locals shared with us what they knew graphic sciences. In addition to several color­ Communities of the Caucasus and Middle Asia German Zakharyayev and all settlement resi­ and had heard about Shamuil Yunayev, a car­ ful and interesting resources, during preparing at Ariel University, and Member of the Russian dents on his behalf. pet merchant who lived here at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20* century. "Shamuil Yunayev was a wise and skilled carpet Photo captions: merchant. He had special carpet shops in Tur­ key, Iran and Azerbaijan. This merchant, known At a Jewish boys' school. 1920. 12. Professional pottery makers Benyaminov Yunata as "Dear Ofdum Ino", was bom in 1853. The two- At a wedding party. 1933. Benyaminovich (1860-1940) and Binyaminov Sevi storey building he built in the settlement is still Holiday night. 19* century. Yunatayevich (1894-1970). being protected as an architectural masterpiece. The Red Village synagogues are covered with 13. Manya and Sonya Khanukayevas. The building is located on Fatalikhan Street. Azerbaijani carpets. 14. "Griz" carpet woven in the settlement. Back then, string and dye were sold on the first 5. One of the streets of the Old Settlement. 15. Carpet weaver Manya Khanukayeva floor of the building. Along with trading. Dear 6. Historical building are the decoration of the village's 16. "Zeyva" carpet. Ofdum Ino was also engaged in charity work. He streets. 17. Carpet weaver Khaimova Khaya Shamoyevna 7. A view from modern Red Village. 18. Carpet weaver Davidova Khaya Ilizirovna had a 200sq. meter synagogue built in "Gilaki" 8-9. Historical and modern Altigunbezli Synagogue. 19-20. Dyer Yarukhom Mardakhayevich Ifraimov. neighborhood. Witnesses say that the merchant, 10-11. Handiwork of settlement carpet weavers: "Pirebe- 21. Dyer Ifraimov Mardakhay Sadigovich who suffered from a serious illness, would sit on dil" and "Gollu-chichi." 22. Dyer Ifraimov Sevi Sadigovich. the podium while the synagogue was being built, watch the workers and offer recommendations. The opening of the synagogue occurred in the last days of the merchant's life. After the revolution the synagogue became kolkhoz storage. A post office and the local attorney's office were located on the first floor of the merchant's home. His wife Zulpo Yunayeva is the only female Mountain Jew to be buried in Jemsalem. Dear Ofdum Ino died • Ч in 1904."

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