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Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) of Western Montana

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Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) of Western Montana Great Basin Naturalist Volume 57 Number 2 Article 1 5-7-1997 Freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) of western Montana Susan H. Barton Carrol College, Helena, Montana John S. Addis Carrol College, Helena, Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Barton, Susan H. and Addis, John S. (1997) "Freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) of western Montana," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 57 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol57/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. The Great Basin Naturalist PuBUSHED AT PROVO, UTAH, BY BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY ISSN 0017-3614 VOLUME 57 30 APRIL 1997 NO.2 Greal Basin NaturaList 57(2), el997, pp. 93-103 FRESHWATER SPONGES (PORIFERA: SPONGILLIDAE) OF WESTERN MONT A Susan H. Barton l and John S. Addis l ,2 ABSTRACT.-Between May 199'2 and ApnLl996, freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) were collected at 24 sites, distributed among 6 sub-major drainage basins in western Montana, to determine the species present. Water samples also were analyzed from 16 of these sites and from 9 sites at which no sponges were detected to characterize sponge habitats chemically. Three species ofsponges were identified: Ephydatia muelleri (Em), Etltlapiusfragilis (Ef), and SpoMgilia lacus­ tris (51). A4th type of specimen was present at 2 sites but could not be identified because of the absence of gemmules and gemmoscleres. At 46% ofthe sites containing sponges, more than 1 specimen type was present. Sponges were most com­ monly found near outlets of lakes, attached to sides or undersides of submerged rocks and logs. They appeared as encrusting (Em, Ef, 81), lobate (Em), and fingerlike (81) growths, varying in color from light tan to green. Dimensions of the spicules varied greatly within each species and expanded previously recorded ranges. No factors limiting sponge djs~ lributioo were identified, but ranges ofconductivity (Em) and ofsilica (Em, SO, calcium (Em), and magnesium (Em) con­ centrations were expanded beyond those reported previously. Key words: freshwater sponges, Porifera, Spoogillidae, Ephydatia mueUeri, Eunapius fragilis, $pongiLIa lacustris, Montana. Although freshwater sponges form part of 1932, Jewell 1935, 1939, Poirrier 1969, Harrison the benthic community in many of the world's 1974). In addition, some attempts have been lentic and lotic habitats, they are among the made to identify factors that affect species dis­ least understood ofanimal groups. Basic ques­ hibulion (Old 1932, Jewell 1935, 1939, Poirrier tions about their biogeography and ecology 1969, Strekal and McDiffett 1974). Freshwater remain unanswered (Frost 1991). Their distri­ sponges of the West, in contrast, have received butions have not been completely determined, much less attention. This is unfortunate since and their habitat requirements have not been water quality is an important issue in the west­ fully defined. ern United States and since sponges are poten­ Freshwater sponges in the United States tially valuable bioindicators of water quality have been studied most extensively in the East (Harrison 1974, Francis and Harrison 1988, and Midwest. Species present in these regions Richelle-Maurer et al. 1994). have been described and their habitats charac­ In the Mountain West only freshwater terized in chemical and physical terms (Old sponges of Colorado have been studied in lDepartment of Bio!<lg)', Carroll CAlllege, Helena, MT 59625. 2Auth<lr to whom ooiiwpondence ~hould be addressed. 93 94 GREAT BASIN NATURALIST [Volume 57 detail (Williams 1977, 1980). Fresh""dter sponges taries, Upper Clark Fork, Lower Clark Fork, have been collected in Montana (sec, for ex­ Kootenai, and Flathead (Water Quality Bureau ample, Ynung 1935, Poirrier et al. 1987), but no 1991). Sites included lakes and ponds, man­ studies focusing on the fi'eshwater sponges of made as well as natural. and in some cases the this statc have heen published. In tllis paper first 50 m ofrivers or stremns draining lakes and we repOit results of a survey of fresl1water ponds. Most sites were within 2 km ofa road. sponges in western Montana. The survey was In most cascs we collected samples by wad­ conducted to identifY the species present and to ing near tbe shore and handpicking likely determine chemical anu physical ranges for substrata (submcrged rocks or logs). Most each species' habitat. The latter is a necessary samples were ohtained from substrata sub­ step in defining factors that influence sponge merged at depths of less tban 1 m. In 1 lake distribution. (Blanchard Lake), samples werc collected by diving. Substratum depth in this case was MATERIALS AND METHODS approximately 3 m. We attempted to collect gemmules (asexual propagules) with the sam­ Sampling plcs by scraping the substratum with a knife Between May 1992 and Ap"i! 1996, we ob­ or gathering a piece of the substratum itself. tained sponge samples from 24 sites in western For transport to the laboratory, samples were Montana (listed in Table 1). Thcsc sites were placed ill small containers \vith lake water. distributed among 6 sub·major dminage hasins: Between June and August 1994, surface­ Missouri-Sun-Smith, Upper Missouri Tribu- water grab samples were taken from 16 sites at TABLE 1. Surveyed hIkes in we~tern Montana containing fr~shwatcrsponges. Species Lake County Locality prcscnt:l MISSOUJU-SUN-SMITJJ BASIN I-loiter Lake Lewis and Clark 49°59'NlIl2°00'\V 1,.'3 Upper Holter Llke Ll~wis ilnd Clark 46°50'N/112°OCY\V 1 U PI'ER M ISSOUIU TllllllJ'TARIF:S BASIN Lower Miner Lake Beaverhead 45°20'N/113°34'W 1.3 Hock Island Lake Beaverhead 45°IS'N/113°41'\V 2,3 Upper Miner Lake Beaverhead 45°t6'N/113°41'W 2 Hehgcn Lake Madison 44°52'NIJ W20'W 1,3 JerOine Ilock Lake Madisol\ 45°23'1'/lll°2i(\V 2 Pond below Blue Panl.di.~ we Madison 44°57'. /IW26'W 2 Quake Lake Madison 44°50', /lW26'\V 2,3 Willow Creek Reservoir Madison 45°43'N/I1lD42'\V I UPPER CLARK FORK BASIN Blanchard Lake Missoula 47DOJ'N/I13°23'V{ 2,3,4 Salmon Lake Missoula 47"06'NIJ 13°~!4'W 1.2,3 Coopers Lake Powell 47"05'N/l 12°55W 3,4 Pond nellr West Fork of Hilterroot River Ravalli 46°06'N/IJ401 nv 1 loWEn CLAHK FOUK BASIN Diamond Lake Mineral 47°09'N/115°11'W 1.,3 ),\'Iooro L'lkc \1ineral 47° ll'N/115°15'W 3 KOOTENAI BASIN Kilbrennan Lake Lincoln 48 D35'N/115°53'W 1,3 Loon Lake Lincoln 48°OS'1'/1l5°tJ'W 2.:3 FLATJIEAIJ BASIN I)ond near Railey Lakt' Flathead 48°28'N/114°OB'W 1 Spoon Lake Flathead 48°29'N/114°09'W 2 Ce<L'lf Lake We 47°40'N/113°57'W 3 Pond below Cedar Lake:: Lake 47°40'Nn13°56'\V 3 Ducharme L.'lke Lake 47"37' /113°57'W 2 Lower Ducharme L~kc Luke 47°37' 1lI3°SnV 2 1997] FRESHWATER SPONGES OF WESTERN MONTANA 95 the same time sponge specimens were collected. pies were collected. Total hardness as CaC03 Samples were taken at locations sponges were was obtained by multiplying values obtained collected with the exception of Quake Lake, for calcium and magnesium by 2.50 and 4.12, where water and sponge samples were obtained respectively, and adding the products. Silicon at sites separated by approximately 0.5 km. was converted to SiOz by multiplying its val­ During this period water samples were also ues by 2.14. Conductivity, pH, and tempera­ obtained from 9 lakes that lacked sponges. In ture were recorded on site using a Horiha V-IO these cases samples were collected at conve­ Water Checker. nient sites close to shore. Water samples were collected in polyethylene hottles at a water RESULTS depth of approximately 0.2 m according to the Field Procedure Manual (Water Quality Bureau :From the specimens collected at sites dis­ 1991). Water to be analyzed lor total organic tributed among 6 sub-major drainage basins in western Montana, we identified 3 species of carbon (see below) was preserved with H2S04 at a final concentration of0.2% (v/v). freshwater sponges: Eunapius fragui>, Spongula lacU8tris, and Ephyd<J.tia. muelleri. Locations of Identification sites and types of sponges found at each are We identilled sponges on the basis of de­ indicated in Fignre 1 and Table 1. Morphologi­ scriptions provided by Penney and Racek (1968). cally distinctive specimens were also obtained Appearances and dimensions of spicules and at2 sites located in the Upper Clark Fork Basin, positions of gemmules within the sponge were but tI,ese could not be positively identiHed be­ the principal criteria on which identifications cause ofthe absence ofgemmules and gemmo­ were based, scleres (spicules associated with the gemmule). We isolated spicules from sponge tissue At 46% of the sites, 2 or more types of sponges according to methods described in Pennak were present. Sponge morphologies and habi­ (1978). Sponge samples were placed in test tats are described helow. tubes with nitric acid and boiled. They were allowed to stand for at least 24 h and then Eunapius fragilis (Leidy 1851) Collection Numbers: 1107,1114, were rinsed repeatedly with water and ethyl 1120-21, 1128, 1133-35, 1142, alcohol before drying and mounting on slides. 1147,1164,1169,1171 We did not boil gemmules but allowed them to (Figs. 2, 3) stand in nitric acid for 1-6 h before rinsing.
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