DOCSLIB.ORG

Isolating the Targets of Six Transcription Factor in Ephydatia Muelleri and Identifying the Role Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Isolating the Targets of Six Transcription Factor in Ephydatia Muelleri and Identifying the Role Of University of the Pacific Scholarly Commons University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2017 ISOLATING THE TARGETS OF SIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN EPHYDATIA MUELLERI AND IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 6 IN HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Gurbir Kaur Gudial University of the Pacific Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Gudial, Gurbir Kaur. (2017). ISOLATING THE TARGETS OF SIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN EPHYDATIA MUELLERI AND IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 6 IN HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS. University of the Pacific, Thesis. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2972 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 ISOLATING THE TARGETS OF SIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN EPHYDATIA MUELLERI AND IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 6 IN HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS by Gurbir K. Gudial A Thesis Submitted to the Office of Research and Graduate Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE College of the Pacific Department of Biological Sciences University of the Pacific Stockton, CA 2017 2 ISOLATING THE TARGETS OF SIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN EPHYDATIA MUELLERI AND IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 6 IN HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS by Gurbir K. Gudial APPROVED BY: Thesis Advisor: Lisa Wrischnik, Ph.D. Committee Member: Kirkwood Land, Ph.D. Committee Member: Ajna Rivera, Ph.D. Department Chair: Craig Vierra, Ph.D. Dean of Graduate School: Thomas Naehr, Ph.D. 3 ISOLATING THE TARGETS OF SIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR IN EPHYDATIA MUELLERI AND IDENTIFYING THE ROLE OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE 6 IN HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS Copyright 2017 by Gurbir K. Gudial 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My sincere gratidute goes to Dr. Lisa Wrischnik for her countless hours of dedication and mentoring. She not only has guided me to learn skills to be a better scientist but also encouraged me to think critically as an individual. Her door has always been open to my questions and conversations open to my opinions. She has taught me by being a good example and I could never give her enough credit for how much she has taught me. I would also like to thank Dr. Ajna Rivera and Dr. Kirkwood Land for providing me with the opportunity to initiate a collaboration project and for all of their guidance to make it a successful one. My sincere thanks to Dr. Marcos Gridi-Papp and Dr. Andreas Franz for supporting me throughout my studies and keeping me motivated to become a better me. I am also thankful to all of those that have helped me with these projects. Finally, I would like to thank my husband, Mangpreet, and my family, Tarvjit, Lakhwinder, Simran and Puneet, for their infinite support and love. 5 Identifying Targets Of Six Regulatory Transcription Factor In Ephydatia Muelleri: In Analysis Of Conserved Gene Regualtory Networks Abstract by Gurbir K. Gudial University of the Pacific 2017 Sponges are the descendants of the oldest members of the metazoan phylogenetic lineage and their genome contains animal specific genes but lack true tissues, organ systems, and neurons. Thus, the sponge model system can be used to elucidate origin of developmental processes. The PSED (RDGN) network (Pax/Six/Eya/Dac) is important in development of eyes, muscles, and other structures in Bilaterians. Similarly, sponges contain a precursor Pax-Six gene network. The Ephydatia muelleri (Em) PaxB protein binds to a Pax2/5/8 consensus sequence site and two cis-regulatory elements upstream and one intron sequence of EmSix1/2 (Rivera et al., 2013). Our project aimed to determine if transcription factor EmSix1/2 binds upstream of EmPaxB using gel shift mobility assays, identify other downstream targets of EmSix1/2 using DNA immunoprecipitation, and to identify the recognition sequence of Six in sponges through sequencing. In conclusion, purified EmSix binds to DNA specific fragments (1 and 3), 6 which may contain enhancer sequences located in the PaxB promoter region.Possible consensus recognition sequence of Six in sponges were also identified. The host immune response has various mechanisms to protect the organism from infections and invasions of microorganisms and cell damaging chemicals. One such mechanism is the elimination of reactive oxygen species aided by superoxide dismutase (SOD). A study showed that anti-neutrophil chemotactic factor antibodies recognize Tritrichomonas foetus SOD (Granger et al., 1997). During first casualties, SOD is released and triggers a host immune response. The parasites could use SOD to counter oxidative attacks by the leukocytes and damaged cells to protect surrounding parasites. We used the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis that causes trichomoniasis to determine if SOD acts a neutrophil (or other leukocyte) chemotactic factor in this parasite and characterize the expression and secretions of epithelial cells when treated with SOD6. HeLa cells treated with SOD6 showed an increase in the expression of IL-8 chemokine relative to TrxR treated cells. Scratch test assays showed that SOD may act as a macrophage chemoattractant as compared to TrxR but further tests are needed to confirm this. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13 Six Transcription Factor ............................................................................. 13 Superoxide Dismutase 6 ............................................................................. 35 2. Materials and Methods ....................................................................................... 52 Expression of Recombinant Six and SOD in Bacteria ............................... 52 Native purification of Six and SOD Proteins ............................................. 53 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of Pax Fragments ................... 55 Gel Shift Assay (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) ............................ 59 Immunopercipitation and Pull Down Assays ............................................. 60 Mammalian Cell Culture Treatment and Mass Spectrometry Assessment ................................................................................. 62 RNA Extraction and Real Time-PCR Reaction ......................................... 64 Scratch Test Assay ...................................................................................... 65 Vaginal Explant Treatment ......................................................................... 66 3. Results ................................................................................................................ 68 Six Transcription Factor ............................................................................. 68 8 Superoxide Dismutase 6 ............................................................................. 82 4. Discussion .......................................................................................................... 95 Six Transcription Factor ............................................................................. 95 Superoxide Dismutase 6 ............................................................................. 99 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 101 9 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Sturctural domains of each of the Pax gene from three different subfamilies…. 24 2. Primers used for amplifying the SOD 6 gene into pQE-80L expression vector……………………………………………………………………………49 3. Primer sequences of larger Pax gene fragments as potential targets of the Six protein …………………………………………………….…………………….53 4. Primers used for amplifying potential binding sites of Six on the Pax gene using smaller fragments...……………………………………………………………...55 5. Primers used for qPCR analysis………………………………………………....62 6. Real-time PCR amplification of various chemokines treated with TrxR or SOD6……………………………………………………………………………82 7. Scratch Test Assay width changes of cells treated with SOD6 and TrxR grown in DMEM…………………………………………………………………………..87 8. Scratch Test Assay width changes for SOD6 and TrxR treated cells grown in Advanced serum-free DMEM media……………………………………………90 9. Width changes of scratches from marcophages doubly treated with SOD or TrxR………………………………………………………………………...…91 10 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Phylogenetic relationships between metazoans and the chonoflagellates…….....13 2. Sponge filtering and canal system…………………………………………….....18 3. Expression patterns of Six1-6 in mouse embryo.……………………………......28 4. The PSED/RDGN Network in eye and muscle development…………………...30 5. Various internal and external structures of T. vaginalis…………………………35 6. Mucosal Immune System of the Vagina………………………………………...39 7. Mechanism of Oxidative Stress……………………………………………....…46
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) of Tennessee
    Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) of Tennessee Authors: John Copeland, Stan Kunigelis, Jesse Tussing, Tucker Jett, and Chase Rich Source: The American Midland Naturalist, 181(2) : 310-326 Published By: University of Notre Dame URL: https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-181.2.310 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/The-American-Midland-Naturalist on 18 Sep 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Fish & Wildlife Service National Conservation Training Center Am. Midl. Nat. (2019) 181:310–326 Notes and Discussion Piece Freshwater Sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) of Tennessee ABSTRACT.—Freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillida) are an understudied fauna. Many U.S. state and federal conservation agencies lack fundamental information such as species lists and distribution data. Such information is necessary for management of aquatic resources and maintaining biotic diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Sponge Hosts and Their Green Algae Symbionts
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae 2 symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular 3 symbiosis 4 5 Chelsea Hall2,3, Sara Camilli3,4, Henry Dwaah2, Benjamin Kornegay2, Christine A. Lacy2, 6 Malcolm S. Hill1,2§, April L. Hill1,2§ 7 8 1Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME, USA 9 2Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond VA, USA 10 3University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA 11 4Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA 12 13 §Present address: Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston ME USA 14 Corresponding author: 15 April L. Hill 16 44 Campus Ave, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA 17 Email address: [email protected] 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.12.247908; this version posted August 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 27 Abstract 28 In many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of 29 heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform 30 important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers 31 unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of 32 endosymbioses.
    [Show full text]
  • Climacia Californica Chandler, 1953 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) in Utah: Taxonomic Identity, Host Association and Seasonal Occurrence
    AQUATIC INSECTS 2019, VOL. 40, NO. 4, 317–327 https://doi.org/10.1080/01650424.2019.1652329 Climacia californica Chandler, 1953 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) in Utah: taxonomic identity, host association and seasonal occurrence Makani L. Fishera, Robert C. Mowerb and C. Riley Nelsona aDepartment of Biology and M. L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA; bUtah County Mosquito Abatement, Spanish Fork, UT, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY We provide a record of spongillaflies (Sisyridae) with an associated Received 30 December 2018 host sponge from a population found in Spring Creek, Utah. We Accepted 15 May 2019 monitored the population for the 2016 field season to identify the First published online insect and its associated host sponge and to establish the sea- 30 September 2019 ’ sonal period of the insect s presence in the adult stage. We also KEYWORDS evaluated the commonly used sampling techniques of sweeping Aquatic Neuroptera; and light trapping and made natural history observations. We Sisyridae; freshwater identified the spongillaflies as Climacia californica Chandler, 1953 sponge; Utah; and the sponge to be Ephydatia fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758). We col- Intermountain West lected 1726 adults, and light trapping proved to be the superior collecting method. The population was characterised by a two- week emergence peak occurring at the end of July to beginning of August followed by a steep decline. Other habitats within the state contained E. fluviatilis and should be sampled using light traps at times when peak abundances are predicted to further understand the distribution of C. californica across the state and the Intermountain West. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F795281F-0042-4F5F-B15B-F6C584FACF2B Introduction Sisyridae, or spongillaflies, and freshwater sponges (Porifera: Spongillidae) are linked together in a parasite–host association (Parfin and Gurney 1956; Steffan 1967; Resh 1976; Pupedis 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Spiculous Skeleton Formation in the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis Under Hypergravity Conditions
    Spiculous skeleton formation in the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis under hypergravity conditions Martijn C. Bart1, Sebastiaan J. de Vet2,3, Didier M. de Bakker4, Brittany E. Alexander1, Dick van Oevelen5, E. Emiel van Loon6, Jack J.W.A. van Loon7 and Jasper M. de Goeij1 1 Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Earth Surface Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3 Taxonomy & Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands 4 Microbiology & Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 5 Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands 6 Department of Computational Geo-Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 7 Dutch Experiment Support Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, VU University Medical Center & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA) & European Space Agency Technology Center (ESA-ESTEC), TEC-MMG LIS Lab, Noordwijk, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ABSTRACT Successful dispersal of freshwater sponges depends on the formation of dormant sponge bodies (gemmules) under adverse conditions. Gemmule formation allows the sponge to overcome critical environmental conditions, for example, desiccation or freezing, and to re-establish as a fully developed sponge when conditions are more favorable. A key process in sponge development from hatched gemmules is the construction of the silica skeleton. Silica spicules form the structural support for the three-dimensional filtration system the sponge uses to filter food particles from Submitted 30 August 2018 ambient water.
    [Show full text]
  • Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1969 Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution. Michael Anthony Poirrier Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Poirrier, Michael Anthony, "Louisiana Freshwater Sponges: Taxonomy, Ecology and Distribution." (1969). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1683. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1683 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-9083 POIRMER, Michael Anthony, 1942- LOUISIANA FRESH-WATER SPONGES: TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 70-9083 POIRRIER, Michael Anthony, 1942- LOUXSIANA FRESH-WATER SPONGES: TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1969 Zoology University Microfilms,
    [Show full text]
  • New Genomic Data and Analyses Challenge the Traditional Vision of Animal Epithelium Evolution
    New genomic data and analyses challenge the traditional vision of animal epithelium evolution Hassiba Belahbib, Emmanuelle Renard, Sébastien Santini, Cyril Jourda, Jean-Michel Claverie, Carole Borchiellini, André Le Bivic To cite this version: Hassiba Belahbib, Emmanuelle Renard, Sébastien Santini, Cyril Jourda, Jean-Michel Claverie, et al.. New genomic data and analyses challenge the traditional vision of animal epithelium evolution. BMC Genomics, BioMed Central, 2018, 19 (1), pp.393. 10.1186/s12864-018-4715-9. hal-01951941 HAL Id: hal-01951941 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01951941 Submitted on 11 Dec 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Belahbib et al. BMC Genomics (2018) 19:393 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4715-9 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access New genomic data and analyses challenge the traditional vision of animal epithelium evolution Hassiba Belahbib1, Emmanuelle Renard2, Sébastien Santini1, Cyril Jourda1, Jean-Michel Claverie1*, Carole Borchiellini2* and André Le Bivic3* Abstract Background: The emergence of epithelia was the foundation of metazoan expansion. Epithelial tissues are a hallmark of metazoans deeply rooted in the evolution of their complex developmental morphogenesis processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Porifera: Spongillidae) © 2020 JEZS Received: 15-06-2020 in the Canal of Sundarbans Eco-Region, India Accepted: 14-08-2020
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(5): 36-39 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Occurrence of freshwater sponge Ephydatia www.entomoljournal.com JEZS 2020; 8(5): 36-39 fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1759 (Porifera: Spongillidae) © 2020 JEZS Received: 15-06-2020 in the canal of Sundarbans eco-region, India Accepted: 14-08-2020 Tasso Tayung Scientist, ICAR-Central Inland Tasso Tayung, Pranab Gogoi, Mitesh H Ramteke, Dr. Archana Sinha, Dr. Fisheries Research Institute, Aparna Roy, Arunava Mitra and Dr. Basanta Kumar Das Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, India Abstract Pranab Gogoi A field survey was carried out to the Bishalakhi canal (21°46'49.2"N 88°05'27.7"E) located in Sagar Scientist, ICAR-Central Inland Island, Indian Sundarbans eco-region. The canal is a tide fed canal subjected to the brackish water Fisheries Research Institute, influence as it is connected to the Hooghly River. A mass of freshwater sponge was found growing on Barrackpore, Kolkata, West submerged nylon net screen and bamboo poles structure, these structure were constructed for fish culture Bengal, India in the canal. Sponge specimens were carefully scraped out using a clean flat blade with the help of 'scalpel' and preserved it in 70% ethanol. Sponge samples were undergone an acid digestion process to Mitesh H Ramteke obtain clean spicules. The spicules sample were examined under a compound light microscope for Scientist, ICAR-Central Inland species-level identification. The sponge specimen was identified as Ephydatia fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1759 Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West based on gemmule spicule morphology. The present study is the first report on the occurrence of E.
    [Show full text]
  • Tracing Animal Genomic Evolution with the Chromosomal-Level Assembly of the Freshwater Sponge Ephydatia Muelleri
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.18.954784; this version posted June 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Tracing animal genomic evolution with the chromosomal-level assembly of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri Nathan J Kenny1,2 *, Warren R. Francis3 *, Ramón E. Rivera-Vicéns4, Ksenia Juravel4, Alex de Mendoza5,6,7, Cristina Díez-Vives1, Ryan Lister5,6, Luis Bezares-Calderon8, Lauren Grombacher9, Maša Roller10, Lael D. Barlow9, Sara Camilli11, Joseph F. Ryan12, Gert Wörheide4,13,14, April L Hill11, Ana Riesgo1 *, Sally P. Leys9 1 Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, UK 2 Present Address: Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK 3 Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 4 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig- Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Mu"nchen, Germany 5 ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia 6 Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, WA 6009, Australia 7 Present Address: Queen Mary, University of London. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences. Mile End Road. E1 4NS London. United Kingdom 8 College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter University, Stocker Rd, Exeter EX4 4QD 9 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada, T6G 2E9 10 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK 11 Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA 12 Whitney Lab for Marine Bioscience and the Department of Biology, University of Florida, St.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Animal Evolution: the Added Value of Sponge Transcriptomics and Genomics the Disconnect Between Gene Content and Body Plan Evolution
    PROBLEMS AND PARADIGMS Prospects & Overviews www.bioessays-journal.com Understanding Animal Evolution: The Added Value of Sponge Transcriptomics and Genomics The disconnect between gene content and body plan evolution Emmanuelle Renard,* Sally P. Leys, Gert Wörheide, and Carole Borchiellini 1. Introduction Sponges are important but often-neglected organisms. The absence of Bilaterians represent the majority of extant classical animal traits (nerves, digestive tract, and muscles) makes sponges animal species and unsurprisingly are challenging for non-specialists to work with and has delayed getting high highly represented with fully sequenced quality genomic data compared to other invertebrates. Yet analyses of sponge genomes. There is particular interest, genomes and transcriptomes currently available have radically changed our however, in studying non-bilaterian taxa understanding of animal evolution. Sponges are of prime evolutionary (Placozoa, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Por- importance as one of the best candidates to form the sister group of all other ifera) because they hold the key to understanding the origin of major tran- animals, and genomic data are essential to understand the mechanisms that sitions in animal body plans.[1,2] Sequenc- control animal evolution and diversity. Here we review the most significant ing and analyzing the genomes of non- outcomes of current genomic and transcriptomic analyses of sponges, and bilaterians will help determine the origins discuss limitations and future directions of sponge transcriptomic and of major features of Bilaterians such as genomic studies. axial polarity, symmetry, nervous systems, muscles, and even the origin of germ layers and the gut. Many fewer genomes are available for non-bilaterians, but one of the most poorly represented phyla is also one of the earliest branching of animals, and one with widespread ecological and evolutionary importance: Porifera (sponges).
    [Show full text]
  • Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 2
    Great Basin Naturalist Volume 57 Number 2 Article 14 5-7-1997 Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 2 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation (1997) "Full Issue, Vol. 57 No. 2," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 57 : No. 2 , Article 14. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol57/iss2/14 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. T H E GREATG R E A T BASINBAS I1 naturalistnaturalist A VOLUME 57 NQ 2 APRIL 1997 br16hamBRIGHAM YOUNG university GREAT BASIN naturalist editor assistant editor RICHARD W BAUMANN NATHAN M SMITH 290 MLBM 190 MLBM PO box 20200 PO box 26879 brigham young university brigham young university provo UT 84602020084602 0200 provo UT 84602687984602 6879 801378soisol8013785053801 378 5053 8013786688801 378 6688 FAX 8013783733801 378 3733 emailE mail nmshbll1byuedu associate editors J R CALLAHAN PAUL C MARSH museum of southwestern biology university of center for environmental studies arizona new mexico albuquerque NM state university tempe AZ 85287 mailing address box 3140 hemet CA 92546 STANLEY D SMITH BRUCE D ESHELMAN department of biology department of biological sciences university of university of nevada las vegas wisconsin whitewater whitewater wlWI 53190 las vegas NV 89154400489154
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Relationships of the Marine Haplosclerida (Phylum Porifera) Employing Ribosomal (28S Rrna) and Mitochondrial (Cox1, Nad1) Gene Sequence Data
    Phylogenetic Relationships of the Marine Haplosclerida (Phylum Porifera) Employing Ribosomal (28S rRNA) and Mitochondrial (cox1, nad1) Gene Sequence Data Niamh E. Redmond1,2, Jean Raleigh2, Rob W. M. van Soest3, Michelle Kelly4, Simon A. A. Travers5, Brian Bradshaw2, Salla Vartia2, Kelly M. Stephens2, Grace P. McCormack2* 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C., United States of America, 2 Zoology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland, 3 Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 4 National Centre for Aquatic Biodiversity and Biosecurity, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand, 5 South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa Abstract The systematics of the poriferan Order Haplosclerida (Class Demospongiae) has been under scrutiny for a number of years without resolution. Molecular data suggests that the order needs revision at all taxonomic levels. Here, we provide a comprehensive view of the phylogenetic relationships of the marine Haplosclerida using many species from across the order, and three gene regions. Gene trees generated using 28S rRNA, nad1 and cox1 gene data, under maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches, are highly congruent and suggest the presence of four clades. Clade A is comprised primarily of species of Haliclona and Callyspongia, and clade B is comprised of H. simulans and H. vansoesti (Family Chalinidae), Amphimedon queenslandica (Family Niphatidae) and Tabulocalyx (Family Phloeodictyidae), Clade C is comprised primarily of members of the Families Petrosiidae and Niphatidae, while Clade D is comprised of Aka species. The polyphletic nature of the suborders, families and genera described in other studies is also found here.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Pluripotency and the Origin of Animal Multicellularity 1 2 Shunsuke Sogabe*1†, William L. Hatleberg*1†, Kevin M. Kocot2, T
    1 Pluripotency and the origin of animal multicellularity 2 3 Shunsuke Sogabe*1†, William L. Hatleberg*1†, Kevin M. Kocot2, Tahsha E. Say1, Daniel 4 Stoupin1†, Kathrein E. Roper1†, Selene L. Fernandez-Valverde1†, Sandie M. Degnan1# and 5 Bernard M. Degnan1# 6 7 1. School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia 8 2. Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, The 9 University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA 10 11 * These authors contributed equally to this work 12 # Corresponding authors 13 14 †Present addresses: The Scottish Oceans Institute, Gatty Marine Laboratory, School of 15 Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St Andrews, Fife KY16 8LB, UK (S.S.); 16 Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, 17 Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA (W.L.H.); BioQuest Studios, PO Box 603, Port Douglas 18 QLD 4877, Australia (D.S.); Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University 19 of Queensland, Herston QLD 4029, Australia (K.R.); CONACYT, Unidad de Genómica 20 Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de 21 Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico (S.L.F.-V.). 1 22 The most widely held, but rarely tested, hypothesis for the origin of animals is 23 that they evolved from a unicellular ancestor with an apical cilium surrounded by 24 a microvillar collar that structurally resembled modern sponge choanocytes and 25 choanoflagellates1-4. Here we test this traditional view of animal origins by 26 comparing the transcriptomes, fates and behaviours of the three primary sponge 27 cell types – choanocytes, pluripotent mesenchymal archeocytes and epithelial 28 pinacocytes – with choanoflagellates and other unicellular holozoans.
    [Show full text]