The Nature of Translated Text — an Interdisciplinary Methodology for the Investigation of the Specific Properties of Translations

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The Nature of Translated Text — an Interdisciplinary Methodology for the Investigation of the Specific Properties of Translations The Nature of Translated Text — An Interdisciplinary Methodology for the Investigation of the Specific Properties of Translations Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie der Philosophischen Fakult¨aten der Universit¨at des Saarlandes vorgelegt von Silvia Hansen Saarbr¨ucken, im Dezember 2002 II Tag der letzten Promotionsleistung: 3. Dezember 2002 Dekan der Philosophischen Fakult¨atII: Prof. Dr. Erich Steiner Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Erich Steiner Berichterstatterin: PD Dr. Elke Teich Preface Wenn du eine Stunde gl¨ucklich sein willst, schlafe! Wenn du einen Tag gl¨ucklich sein willst, geh fischen! Wenn du ein Jahr gl¨ucklich sein willst, habe ein Verm¨ogen! Wenn du ein Leben gl¨ucklich sein willst, liebe deine Arbeit! Chinesische Weisheit1 Als ich dieses Sprichwort zum ersten Mal las, habe ich mir Gedanken dar¨uber gemacht, wie sehr mir das, was ich seit einiger Zeit als meine Arbeit be- zeichne, wirklich gef¨allt. Zuerst schoss mir dabei der Gedanke durch den Kopf, dass ich meine Arbeit w¨ahrend der Promotion mehr gehasst als gemocht habe. Wahrscheinlich wissen alle, die etwas ¨ahnliches durchge- standen haben, was ich damit meine. Genauso wahrscheinlich ist, dass allen Promovierenden das schlechte Gewissen bekannt ist, das sich zu jeder Tages- und Nachtzeit sowie unabh¨angig von Jahreszeiten einstellt, wenn man sich mit irgendetwas besch¨aftigt, das nicht mit der Dissertation zu tun hat. Dabei spielt nat¨urlich der Zeitfaktor eine besondere Rolle: Aus eigener Erfahrung kann ich mittlerweile schlussfolgern, dass W¨orter wie Freizeit oder Urlaub ihre Bedeutung verlieren, wenn man sich einbildet, man k¨onnte w¨ahrendder Promotion, die nach M¨oglichkeit innerhalb von drei Jahren zu absolvieren ist, einer Ganztags-Besch¨aftigung nachgehen. Nichtsdestotrotz 1With those in mind who most supported me during my PhD project, this preface was written in German so that they, too, can understand it. I apologize for any inconvenience Eng- lish speaking readers might have, but I promise that the preface is the only chapter written in German. — Dieses Vorwort ist in deutscher Sprache verfasst, damit auch die Menschen, bei denen ich w¨ahrend meines Promotionsvorhabens die gr¨oßte Unterst¨utzung fand, dazu in der Lage sind, es voll und ganz zu verstehen. Ich bitte die Englisch sprechenden Leser um Verst¨andnis daf¨ur,verspreche aber gleichzeitig, dass das Vorwort das einzige auf Deutsch verfasste Kapitel dieser Arbeit ist. III IV habe ich w¨ahrenddieser Zeit unglaublich viel gelernt – vielleicht sogar ger- ade wegen der vielen Probleme und Schwierigkeiten, die sich vor allem in der letzten Phase der Dissertation zu h¨aufenschienen und durch die mir mehr als klar wurde, wo meine pers¨onlichen Grenzen liegen. Auf diese Weise habe ich zumindest gelernt, wie man Strategien zur Probleml¨osung entwickelt und wie man gewisse Grenzen ¨uberschreiten kann. Letzten En- des habe ich es sogar irgendwie geschafft, die Dissertation zu Ende zu brin- gen. Als Fazit w¨urdeich also sagen, dass w¨ahrend meiner Promotion etwas zustande gekommen ist, auf das ich stolz bin und das mir im nachhinein wahrscheinlich mehr Spaß gemacht hat, als ich es w¨ahrendder zweiein- halb Jahre des Analysierens und Schreibens zugegeben h¨atte– und dessen Beendigung mein Leben um sehr viel mehr gl¨ucklicher macht ;-) Aus diesem Grund m¨ochte ich dieses Vorwort dazu nutzen, ein paar Dankes- worte auszusprechen. Mein besonderer Dank gilt: • dem Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienst (DAAD), der die An- fangsphase meines Promotionsvorhabens durch ein Stipendium zur wissenschaftlichen Aus- und Fortbildung im Ausland unterst¨utzte(Die- ses Stipendium nutzte ich zur Analyse des Translational English Cor- pus (TEC) und des British National Corpus (BNC) an der University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST)); • Erich Steiner, der mir zur Beantragung des Stipendiums und zum Manchester-Aufenthalt geraten hat, mich bei der Finanzierung von Konferenzteilnahmen unterst¨utzte,mir zeitweise seine halbe Biblio- thek ausgeliehen hatte und mir jederzeit mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stand; • Elke Teich, die meine Arbeit oft mit fachlichen Ratschl¨agen und teil- weise ¨außerst kontroversen Diskussionen (meistens am Fenster) vorw¨arts trieb; • Hans Uszkoreit, der mir die Teilnahme an Konferenzen erm¨oglichte und die Beendigung der Dissertation unterst¨utzte; • Mona Baker und Maeve Olohan, die mir in Manchester die n¨otige organisatorische und fachliche Hilfestellung bieten konnten; V • Christoph Scheepers, der mir meine psycholinguistischen Fragen beant- worten konnte; • Alexandre Ndeffo, der als franz¨osischer Muttersprachler das Experi- ment betreute; • Frank Klein, der mir bei der technischen Realisierung des Experiments half; • den beiden anonymen Ubersetzern,¨ die sehr kooperativ waren und ohne die das Experiment nie h¨atte stattfinden k¨onnen; • Mary Klaumann, die als englische Muttersprachlerin einen Korrektur- lese-Job abgeliefert hat, der besser nicht h¨atte aussehen k¨onnen; • Sabine Brants, die nicht nur f¨urfachliche Fragen und nicht nur w¨ahrend des Mensa-Essens ein offenes Ohr f¨urmich hatte; • Stella Neumann, die in st¨andiger Bereitschaft bei diversen Kaffee- Pausen nicht nur Probleme mit mir diskutiert, sondern auch gel¨ost hat; • meinen Eltern, die mir die M¨oglichkeit zur Promotion erst er¨offnet haben und ohne die ich, trotz aller Linguistik, bis heute noch nicht w¨usste, was ein “Phrasen-Schwein” ist; • meinen Schwestern, die trotz noch so großer Bockigkeit immer an mich geglaubt haben; • und last but not least Stephan Schirra, der mich nicht nur in der schwersten Phase der Promotion ertragen musste und sowohl mich als auch meine H¨aschen im wahrsten Sinne des Wortes gef¨uttert hat, sondern der mich auch immer aufheitern und auf andere Gedanken bringen konnte, wenn ich glaubte, es w¨uchse mir alles ¨uber den Kopf – und der mir beibrachte, dass ich arbeite, um zu leben und nicht lebe, um zu arbeiten. Des weiteren gilt ein herzlicher Dank allen fleißigen Helfern, die mich und meinen Gips-Arm beim Einarbeiten der sprachlichen Korrekturen entlastet haben und ohne die die fristgerechte Abgabe dieser Dissertation gef¨ahrdet gewesen w¨are. VI Zu guter Letzt m¨ochte ich noch einmal betonen, dass trotz all der Hilfe, die mir durch die oben genannten Menschen zugekommen ist, alle Fehler und Schw¨achen dieser Arbeit einzig und allein mir zuzuschreiben sind. Abstract The aim of the present thesis is to define a methodology for investigating the specific properties of translations, on the one hand, and investigating the nature of translated text, on the other. The analysis of translated text as a special kind of language variation is the issue in focus here. This kind of research starts from the assumption that translations differ both from their source language texts and from comparable texts in the target language. As a result, they exhibit specific properties which cannot be found in non- translated text and which cause a register shift, as compared to originally produced text in the source language as well as the target language. In order to investigate translated text as a special kind of text type or register, an interdisciplinary methodology is proposed in this thesis, which exploits advantages of empirical, cross-linguistic and psycholinguistic meth- ods. The combination of computational techniques provides a product- as well as process-oriented view on the nature of translated text. The proposed methodology is applied to the empirical analysis of English translated narrative texts and English original narrative texts, to the cross- lingual analysis of English translated narrative texts and their German and French source language texts as well as to a psycholinguistic experiment which gives insight into the black box of translation, by looking at the cog- nitive processes taking place during the translation process. Not only does the combination of product- and process-oriented computational investiga- tion methods allow the description of the nature of translated text, but also the explanation of possible sources of the specific properties of translations. Finally, the methodology is assessed and issues for future work and possible application contexts are discussed. VII VIII List of notational conventions • CAPITALS are used for abbreviations of names of computational tools and techniques, standards, corpora, linguistic theories, linguistic insti- tutes as well as linguistic categories used in examples, • bold face highlights technical terms in headings and relevant struc- tures in examples, • italics label technical terms, • “double quotes” mark quotations and examples, • ‘single quotes’ indicate technical terms in quotations and examples. IX X List of abbreviations • AG – Annotation Graphs • BNC – British National Corpus • CAT scan – Computerized Axial Tomography scan • CDATA – Character Data • CLAWS – Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System • CQP – Corpus Query Processor • DCU – Dublin City University • DSR scan – Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor scan • DTD – Document Type Definition • EEG – ElectroEncephaloGram • EN – English • ENPC – English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus • EPI – Echo-Planar Imaging • ERP – Event-Related Potential • FR – French • GE – German • GEPCOLT – German-English Parallel Corpus Of Literary Texts • GR – Grammatical Relations • GUI – Graphical User Interface XI XII • IMS – Institut f¨urMaschinelle Sprachverarbeitung • ISO – International Organization for Standardization • KWIC – KeyWord In Context • LOB corpus –
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