Symbiotic Relationship

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Symbiotic Relationship Ani Mardiastuti Symbiotic Relationship • Symbiosis : close and often long-term interactions between different species • Symbiotic relationships: – Obligate: necessary for the survival of at least one of the organisms involved – Facultative: the relationship is beneficial but not essential for survival of the organisms Interactions Mutualism • Any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals derive a benefit • Lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic • May be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both Clown fish and anemone Three-Way Mutualism An ant, a butterfly caterpillar, and an acacia in the American southwest. The caterpillars have nectar organs which the ants drink from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants appear to provide some protection for both plant and caterpillar Protocooperation Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival The Portuguese man-of-war is a siphonophore, an animal made up of a colony of organisms working together. The man-of-war comprises four separate polyps Commensalism • Relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped • One organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected Remora Fish Epiphythes • Commensal relationships: – Phoresy: one organism using another for transportation – Inquilinism: one organism using another for housing – Metabiosis: one organism using something created by another, after its death Phoresy Inquilinism Metabiosis: Hermit Crab • A nurse plant is a plant that creates an environment that is more favourable for young seedlings to grow underneath it to survive in a harsh environment • Nurse plant association is a phenomenon that occurs mostly only in desert environments Nurse Plants Association Amensalism • Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected • Occurs when one organism exudes a chemical compound as part of its normal metabolism that is detrimental to another organism • Antibiosis or allelopathy Juglans nigra: secretes juglone, a chemical that harms or kills some species of neighbouring plants, from its roots Neutralism • The relationship between two species which do interact but do not affect each other • Any interactions that do occur are indirect or incidental • True neutralism is rare or nonexistent, its usage is often extended to situations where interactions are merely insignificant or negligible .

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About the Book the Format Acknowledgments
About the Book For more than ten years I have been working on a book on bryophyte ecology and was joined by Heinjo During, who has been very helpful in critiquing multiple versions of the chapters. But as the book progressed, the field of bryophyte ecology progressed faster. No chapter ever seemed to stay finished, hence the decision to publish online. Furthermore, rather than being a textbook, it is evolving into an encyclopedia that would be at least three volumes. Having reached the age when I could retire whenever I wanted to, I no longer needed be so concerned with the publish or perish paradigm. In keeping with the sharing nature of bryologists, and the need to educate the non-bryologists about the nature and role of bryophytes in the ecosystem, it seemed my personal goals could best be accomplished by publishing online. This has several advantages for me. I can choose the format I want, I can include lots of color images, and I can post chapters or parts of chapters as I complete them and update later if I find it important. Throughout the book I have posed questions. I have even attempt to offer hypotheses for many of these. It is my hope that these questions and hypotheses will inspire students of all ages to attempt to answer these. Some are simple and could even be done by elementary school children. Others are suitable for undergraduate projects. And some will take lifelong work or a large team of researchers around the world. Have fun with them! The Format The decision to publish Bryophyte Ecology as an ebook occurred after I had a publisher, and I am sure I have not thought of all the complexities of publishing as I complete things, rather than in the order of the planned organization.
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