Symbiotic Relationship

Ani Mardiastuti Symbiotic Relationship

• : close and often long-term interactions between different species • Symbiotic relationships: – Obligate: necessary for the survival of at least one of the organisms involved – Facultative: the relationship is beneficial but not essential for survival of the organisms Interactions

• Any relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals derive a benefit • Lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic • May be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both Clown fish and anemone

Three-Way Mutualism

An , a butterfly caterpillar, and an acacia in the American southwest. The caterpillars have nectar organs which the drink from, and the acacia tolerates the feeding caterpillars. The ants appear to provide some protection for both and caterpillar Protocooperation

Protocooperation is a form of mutualism, but they do not depend on each other for survival The Portuguese man-of-war is a siphonophore, an animal made up of a colony of organisms working together. The man-of-war comprises four separate polyps Commensalism

• Relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped • One organism takes benefits by interacting with another organism by which the host organism is not affected Remora Fish Epiphythes

• Commensal relationships: – Phoresy: one organism using another for transportation – Inquilinism: one organism using another for housing – Metabiosis: one organism using something created by another, after its death

Phoresy Inquilinism Metabiosis: Hermit Crab • A nurse plant is a plant that creates an environment that is more favourable for young seedlings to grow underneath it to survive in a harsh environment • Nurse plant association is a phenomenon that occurs mostly only in desert environments Nurse Association Amensalism

• Association between organisms of two different species in which one is inhibited or destroyed and the other is unaffected • Occurs when one organism exudes a chemical compound as part of its normal metabolism that is detrimental to another organism • Antibiosis or allelopathy Juglans nigra: secretes juglone, a chemical that harms or kills some species of neighbouring plants, from its roots

Neutralism

• The relationship between two species which do interact but do not affect each other • Any interactions that do occur are indirect or incidental • True neutralism is rare or nonexistent, its usage is often extended to situations where interactions are merely insignificant or negligible