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Plant Ecology and Biostatistics BSCBO- 203 B.Sc. II YEAR Plant Ecology and Biostatistics DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY SCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 BSCBO-203 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS SCHOOL OF SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Phone No. 05946-261122, 261123 Toll free No. 18001804025 Fax No. 05946-264232, E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 1 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 Expert Committee Prof. J. C. Ghildiyal Prof. G.S. Rajwar Retired Principal Principal Government PG College Government PG College Karnprayag Augustmuni Prof. Lalit Tewari Dr. Hemant Kandpal Department of Botany School of Health Science DSB Campus, Uttarakhand Open University Kumaun University, Nainital Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Board of Studies Late Prof. S. C. Tewari Prof. Uma Palni Department of Botany Department of Botany HNB Garhwal University, Retired, DSB Campus, Srinagar Kumoun University, Nainital Dr. R.S. Rawal Dr. H.C. Joshi Scientist, GB Pant National Institute of Department of Environmental Science Himalayan Environment & Sustainable School of Sciences Development, Almora Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Programme Coordinator Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 2 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 Unit Written By: Unit No. 1-Dr. Pooja Juyal 1, 4 & 5 Department of Botany School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University Haldwani, Nainital 2-Dr. Harsh Bodh Paliwal 2 & 3 Asst Prof. (Senior Grade) School of Forestry & Environment SHIATS Deemed University, Naini, Allahabad 3-Dr. Seema Rawat 6 Asst Prof, Department of Botany, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Campus, Srinagar, Uttarakhand 4-Prof. A.B. Bhatt 7 & 8 Department of Botany, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Campus, Srinagar, Uttarakhand 5-Dr. Narendra Sijwali 9, 10, 11 & 12 Asst Prof., Department of Maths Govt. PG College, Dwarahat Course Editor Dr. Pooja Juyal Department of Botany, School of Sciences Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani Title : Plant Ecology and Biostatistics ISBN No. : 978-93-90845-36-1 Copyright : Uttarakhand Open University Edition : 2021 Published By: Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani, Nainital-263139 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 3 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 CONTENTS BLOCK-1GENERAL ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM PAGE NO. Unit-1-Definition, Branches and Scope of Ecology 6-16 Unit-2- Ecosystem Ecology-I 17-47 Unit-3- Ecosystem Ecology-II 48-75 Unit-4- Ecological Factors 76-99 Unit-5- Pollution Ecology 100-115 Unit-6 -Biogeographical regions of India, Vegetation types of Uttarakhand 116-134 BLOCK-2 APPLIED ECOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING PAGE NO. Unit-7- Remote sensing- Tools and Techniques 136-165 Unit-8 -Aerial and Space platforms, Aerial photography and Photo-interpretation 166-194 BLOCK-3 BIOSTATISTICS PAGE NO. Unit-9-Methods Graphic and Non-graphic presentation of data 196-218 Unit-10-Measurements of Central tendencies 219-240 Unit-11-Measures of Dispersions and Deviations 241-267 Unit-12-Correlation, Statutory test 268-291 UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 4 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 BLOCK-1 GENERAL ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 5 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 UNIT-1 BRANCHES, APPLICATION AND SCOPE OF ECOLOGY 1.1-Objectives 1.2-Introduction 1.3- History and Branches of Ecology 1.4- Application of ecology 1.5- Scope of ecology 1.6- Summary 1.7- Glossary 1.8-Self Assessment Question 1.9- References 1.10-Suggested Readings 1.11-Terminal Questions UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 6 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 1.1 OBJECTIVES After going through this unit students will be able to know: What is ecology Discuss about the branches of ecology Discuss about the applications of ecology 1.2 INTRODUCTION The term Ecology was introduced by H.Reiter in 1868, but it was properly defined by Ernst Haeckel, a German Biologist in 1869. The word ecology (old spelling-oekologie) is derived from Greek word, “oikos” meaning house and “logos” meaning the study. Thus, the word ecology literally means the study of living organism in their natural habitat or home. Ecology has been defined by different ecologists. To mention some of them are, by Eudgene Odum (1963) has defined ecology as the study of the structure and the function of nature. Allee et al (1949) considered ecology as „the science of inter – relation between living organisms and their environment, including both the physical and biotic environments, and emphasizing inter-species as well as intra species relations‟. Taylor (1936) called ecology is the science of all the relations of all organisms to all their environment. According to Charles J. Krebs (1972), Ecology is the scientific study of interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms. Clements Elton (1927) defined it as „the scientific natural history concerned with the sociology and economics of animals‟. Pinaka (1974) defined ecology as „the study of relations between organisms and the totality of the biological and physical factors affecting them or influenced by them‟. According to Southwick (1976), Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships of living organisms with each other and with their environment‟. Ecology includes the study of plant and animal populations, plant and animal communities and ecosystems. It was in 1935 that Arthur Tansley, the British ecologist, coined the term ecosystem. Ecosystem simply means „ecological systems‟. Ecology is defined as the study of ecosystems. Ecologists study the interaction of all the organisms in an ecosystem. Ecosystems describe the web or network of relations among organisms at different scales of organization. Since ecology refers to any form of biodiversity, ecologists research everything from tiny bacteria's role in nutrient recycling to the effects of tropical rainforest on the Earth‟s atmosphere. Ecology deals with numerous and varied components of nature, which can be categorized variously as climate, plants, animals, soil, litter lying over soil, production, dominance, decomposition, diversity etc. 1.3 HISTORY AND BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY UTTARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY Page 7 PLANT ECOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS BSCBO-203 History of Ecology Although modern ecology developed mainly since 1900, but the ecological ideas were deep rooted into human history. Pre historic man utilized environment information for food, shelter, medicines etc. One of the first ecologists was probably Theophrastus described vivid description of inter-relationships between animals and their environment as early as the 4th century BC (Ramalay, 1940). In the early eighteenth century two schools of thought dominated the growing scientific study of ecology. First, Gilbert White a “Parson-naturalist” is attributed with developing and endorsing the view of Arcadian ecology. Arcadian ecology advocates for a “simple, humble life for man” and a harmonious relationship with man and nature. On the other hand, opposing the Arcadian view is Francis Bacon‟s ideology „imperial ecology‟. Imperial Ecology believes in the establishment of man‟s dominance over nature through the exercise of reason and by hard work. Both views continued their rivalry through the early 18th century until Carl Linnaeus‟s support of imperialism and in short time due to Linnaeus‟s popularity, imperial ecology became the dominant view within the discipline. Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish naturalist (1707-1778), is well known for his work with taxonomy, the science of naming and classifying organisms. Linnaeus discovered a vast number of plants and animals and recorded them in his book “Systema Naturae”. His ideas helped to lay the ground work for modern ecology. Charles Darwin (1859) proposed his theory of evolution and adaptation. According to this theory, organisms change over time because of their inherited traits and characters. Such evolutionary changes are what then allow them to adapt better to their environment. In 1869 Ernst Haeckel coined the term “ecology” since then; ecology became the study of the relationships of organisms with their environment. Eduard Seuss (1875) first defined the term biosphere as the system composed of living organisms and their environment. The plant community in ecology was introduced by Le cog Sendtner and kerner and the animal community introduced by Karl Mobius (1877), Warming (1909), Elements (1916), Cowles (1899), etc.Schroeter and Kirchner (1896) introduced the term Synecology in literature. In 1935 Arthur Tansley coined the term ecosystem as the biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Because of this, ecology became the Science of ecosystems. Eugene Odum and Howard Odum (1953) wrote the first ecology text book and ecology became a University Course. Andrewartha and Birch, 1954 emphasized the importance of climate and other factors on determing the size of populations. Margolef (1968) has drawan attention to the unifying principles in ecology and considers maturity of ecosystems as measured by diversity and in terms of energetic, 1970‟s James Lovelock‟s idea of Gaia, that the whole earth is one living entity and will ensure its own survival even if humans destroy themselves. 1978 conservation Biology established as a discipline focusing on environmental
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