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An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 2532-3997 September 2017 September Vol. 1 - n. 2 2017 Vol. 1 – n. 2 1 – n. Vol. SubstantiaAn International Journal of the History of Chemistry Substantia FIRENZE UNIVERSITY PRESS Substantia An International Journal of the History of Chemistry Vol. 1, n. 2 - September 2017 Firenze University Press Substantia. An International Journal of the History of Chemistry ISSN xxxx-xxxx Published by Firenze University Press – University of Florence, Italy Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Florence - Italy http://www.fupress.com/substantia Direttore Responsabile: Romeo Perrotta, University of Florence, Italy Cover image: Optical micrograph under crossed polarizers of a hydrated lamellar phase of ascorbyl-6-O-dodeca- noate. Copyright © 2017 Authors. Te authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions. Open Access. Tis issue is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appro- priate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Te Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0) waiver applies to the data made available in this issue, unless otherwise stated. Substantia is honoured to declare the patronage of: Museo Galileo - Institute and Museum of the History of Science Piazza dei Giudici, 1 - 50122 Florence, Italy http://www.museogalileo.it Fondazione Prof. Enzo Ferroni - Onlus Via della Lastruccia, 3 – 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy http://www.fondazioneferroni.it With the fnancial support of: Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze, Via M. Bufalini 6 - 50121 Firenze, Italy No walls. Just bridges Substantia is a peer-reviewed, academic international journal dedicated to traditional perspectives as well as innova- tive and synergistic implications of history and philosophy of Chemistry. It is meant to be a crucible for discussions on science, on making science and its outcomes. Substantia hosts discussions on the connections between chemistry and other horizons of human activities, and on the historical aspects of chemistry. Substantia is published open access twice a year and ofers top quality original full papers, essays, experimental works, reviews, biographies and dissemination manuscripts. All contributions are in English. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Pierandrea Lo Nostro Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schif” University of Florence, Italy phone: (+39) 055 457-3010 email: [email protected] - [email protected] SCIENTIFIC BOARD as of 18 November 2016 Ferdinando Abbri Louis Caruana University of Siena, Italy Gregorian University of Rome, Italy Tito Fortunato Arecchi Elena Castellani University of Florence, Italy University of Florence, Italy Marco Beretta Luigi Cerruti University of Bologna, Italy University of Turin, Italy Paolo Blasi Martin Chaplin University of Florence, Italy London South Bank University, UK Elena Bougleux Marco Ciardi University of Bergamo, Italy University of Bologna, Italy Salvatore Califano Luigi Dei University of Florence, Italy University of Florence, Italy Luigi Campanella Sarah Everts University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy C&ENews, Berlin, Germany Andrea Cantini Juan Manuel Garcia Ruiz University of Florence, Italy University of Granada, Spain Andrea Goti Barry W. Ninham University of Florence, Italy Australian National University, Australia Antonio Guarna Mary Virginia Orna University of Florence, Italy College New Rochelle, USA Marc Henry Adrian V. Parsegian University of Strasbourg, France Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, USA Roald Hoffmann Seth C. Rasmussen Cornell University, USA North Dakota State University, USA Ernst Homburg Adrian Rennie University of Maastricht, Te Netherlands University of Uppsala, Sweden Stephen Hyde Piero Sarti Fantoni, Australian National University, Australia University of Florence, Italy Juergen Heinrich Maar Vincenzo Schettino Univ. Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil University of Florence, Italy Roberto Livi Silvia Selleri University of Florence, Italy University of Florence, Italy Stjepan Marcelja Dava Sobel Australian National University, Australia New York, USA Sir John Meurig Thomas Brigitte van Tiggelen University of Cambridge, UK Chemical Heritage Foundation, USA Pierluigi Minari Richard Weiss University of Florence, Italy Georgetown University, USA Juzo Nakayama Françoise Winnik Saitama University, Japan University of Montreal, Canada EDITORIAL BOARD as of 06 October 2016 Moira Ambrosi, University of Florence, Italy Antonella Capperucci, University of Florence, Italy Laura Colli, University of Florence, Italy Marco Fontani, University of Florence, Italy Annalisa Guerri, University of Florence, Italy MANAGING EDITOR Alessandro Pierno, Firenze University Press, Italy Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Te Editorial that introduces this second issue of Substantia focusses on a critical issue, the assessment of the quality of scientifc research. An everlasting question that is currently debated in several institutions is: how can we measure and evaluate the per- formance of individual researchers? Tis is a terrifcally concrete and overwhelming process that afects and aficts most of scientists in their career, and ultimately the progress of Science. Te outputs of Science are not manufacturing industrial products. We need to speak out about the use of more or less obscure algorithms whose fnal result becomes a judgment on the quality of research. Te use of algorithms does not guarantee impartial neutrality, as claimed. It is typical of those who cannot really and deeply evaluate, and therefore must rely on numbers: impact factors, h indexes, citations, etc. Tis Edito- rial tries to contribute to the current international debate by presenting the case of the Italian National Agency ANVUR. I also recommend you to read a nicely acute and amusing paper written by Gregory A. Petsko for Genome Biology in 2008, entitled "Having an impact (factor)". Not only for fun, but for your thoughtful consideration. 24/09/2017 Pierandrea Lo Nostro Editorial How do we recognize a good scientist? On June 11, 2010 before actually starting its activi- universities of Central and Northern Italy. Many other ties, ANVUR - Agenzia Nazionale per la Valutazione del youth did not enroll at all. However, ANVUR cannot Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca (National Agency be blamed for this usage of the evalutation of university for the Evaluation of the University and Research System) system. Nor the idea of evalutation itself can be blamed. had raised positive expectations in Italy. It was quite In fact, this is a political responsability. clear to everyone, inside and outside the academic com- This choice does not concern Italy only: it is munity, that it was useful to carefully check the quality actually a general problem. Te idea is spreading all of both teaching and research activities, respectively in around Europe and the whole world, that research all Italian universities and Research Institutes. is an enterprise like any other, and that human and In these seven years, ANVUR has released sev- fnancial resources should be concentrated in a few eral reports, and has ofen expressed its assessments of centres and universities of excellence, which can “com- the quality of both University education and scientifc pete and win” on the International market for the pro- research. However, there is no longer a general support duction of knowledge and education. From this per- of evalutation. ANVUR’s practical activity has aroused spective, most research institutes and universities only consensus, as well as criticism, both inside and outside fulfl residual tasks. the academic world. Tis choice is a direct attack against both democ- Several people criticized the way in which assess- racy and knowledge, as well as against the efectiveness ments have been used. Indeed, the Italian govern- of scientifc research. It is indeed an attack against the ments of the last seven years, have allocated remark- democracy of knowledge, since it involves the fact that able “reward shares” out of the scarce FFO (Fondo di only a chosen few can get access – as researchers, lec- fnanziamento ordinario – Ongoing Financing Fund) to turers or students – to universities and centres of excel- those universities which had been the best, according lence. In the case of students, there is a clear inequal- to ANVUR’s judgement. Tis has meant a fow of funds ity. In several countries – from the United States to from the Universities of Southern Italy up to those of the the United Kingdom – the tuition fees for universities Centre and North of the country. As a consequence, the of excellence are so expensive (tens of thousands euros University system of the most economically depressed a year for foreign students in some British universities) area of Italy has been further weakened, whereas the that only the children of very rich families can enrol. richer northern areas have taken advantage of it. In turn, On the other hand, education is not a “rival” good, fewer young people have enrolled in the South. Also, which diminishes as it is used. Quite the opposite: the many boys and girls from the South moved towards the more it is used, the more it grows. Tis was clear to Substantia. An International Journal of the History of Chemistry 1(2): 5-6, 2017 ISSN 2532-3997 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/substantia-22 6 Pietro Greco Vannevar Bush, as he wrote his report to the US Presi-
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