Eine Manierismuskritik

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Eine Manierismuskritik Gewohnte Unüblichkeit : eine Manierismuskritik Autor(en): Gnehm, Michael Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Werk, Bauen + Wohnen Band (Jahr): 98 (2011) Heft 4: Manierismen = Maniérismes = Mannerisms PDF erstellt am: 04.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-144980 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch Giorgio Vasari, «Sala dei cento giorni» Palazzo della Cancelleria, Rom, 1546. – Bild aus: C. Robertson, Il Gran Cardinale. Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts, New Haven/London 1992. 4 werk, bauen + wohnen 4|2011 Donato Bramante, Treppe des Cortile del Belvedere, Raffaels Grab, Pantheon, Rom, 1524–25. – Bild aus: T. Rom, Vatikan, 1503–1523, 1550 abgebrochen. – Bild Buddensieg und M. Winner Hrsg.), Munuscula discipulorum, Berlin aus: Sebastiano Serlio, Von der Architectur fünff 1968. Bücher, Basel: Ludwig König, 1609, fol. 72r; ETHBibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke. Gewohnte Unüblichkeit Eine Manierismuskritik Michael Gnehm Als kunstgeschichtlicher Begriff Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts aufgekommen, hatte «Manierismus» ein erstarrt Gekünsteltes gemeint. Im 20. Jahrhundert verschob er sich zur Bedeutung eines antiklassischen Übergangsstils zwischen Renaissance und Barock mit einer Vorliebe für das Irrationale, Vielschichtige und Dissonante. Dann hat in ihm die Architektur für sich eine kritische Instanz zu finden geglaubt. 4|2011 werk, bauen + wohnen 5 Gewohnte Unüblichkeit John Thorpe und Robert Smythson, WollatonHall, Nottinghamshire, 1580–1588. – Bild: netNicholls Kein Weg führt bei der Frage nach architektonischen worden sein. Lanzi kritisiert daran, dass Vasari mit Manierismen am Florentiner Maler, Architekten und seiner Methode, der Geschwindigkeit halber vorhandene Kunstschriftsteller Giorgio Vasari vorbei: ab 1550 hatte Studien zu übernehmen, als Künstler sich zwar gedient, mit seinen Künstlerviten das Wort «maniera» damals der Kunst aber geschadet habe: sie verfalle «in Manier gebräuchlich für «Stil» jene Ausprägung erhalten, über und Entstellung des Wahren» in manierismo. die es gute zweihundert Jahre später zum «manierismo» Neben der trichterartigen, den Fortunatempel in gewandelt in Luigi Lanzis «Geschichte der Malerei in Palestrina zitierenden Treppe von Donato Bramantes Italien» ab 1792) Eingang fand. Dass Lanzis «manierismo vatikanischem Belvedere 1540 von Sebastiano Serlio » für die Kunstgeschichtsschreibung neu war, zeigt publiziert) zeigen die Fresken weitere Vorbilder: die die 1830 erschienene deutsche Ausgabe; sie übersetzt Allegorie der «Religio» adaptiert Lorenzettos Skulptur der manierismo mit «Manier» und reagiert so darauf, dass «Madonna del Sasso» 1524–25) vomGrab Raffaels im bei Lanzi manierismo gewiss nicht als Epochenbezeichnung, Pantheon, die ihrerseits an eine antike Venusstatue aus aber auch als Stilbegriff kaum Kontur gewinnt. dem Vatikan anknüpft; die Liegefiguren über den Der Übersetzer, Johann Gottlob vonQuandt, hat Lanzi gesprengten Giebeln der Scheintabernakel variieren für die «unkritische Verwechslung von Begriffen wie Michelangelos Allegorienplastiken aus der Florentiner Me-dici- Manier und Styl» getadelt, offenbar gestützt auf Goethes Sakristei um 1526). Diese Häufung skulpturaler Begriffshierarchie im Text «Einfache Nachahmung und architektonischer Vorlagen zeigt, was Vasari hier der Natur, Manier, Styl» 1789). Lanzis Leistung ist zeigen will: den Wetteifer, den Paragone der Malerei eine andere: Dank ihm bleibt der Manierismusbegriff mit den anderen Künsten, aber auch der Künstler und nicht nur mit Vasaris Verwendung des Wortes maniera, der Zeiten untereinander, der Moderne mit der Antike sondern auch mit einem seiner Bildwerke besonders und mit sich selbst. Sollten Vasaris handwerkliche verbunden: mit den Fresken der «Sala dei cento giorni» Ratschläge als seine manieristische Methode gelten, wären im Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rom. sie nicht zu trennen von diesem wetteifernden Element. Vasaris Fresken entstanden 1546 im selben Jahr und Die Cancelleria-Fresken illustrieren das in ihren für jenen Palast, wo ihn der Auftraggeber Kardinal Inschriften verkündete Goldene Zeitalter unter den Alessandro Farnese auch zu den Künstlerviten angeregt Farnese. Lanzi hatte gemeint, dass mit dem Sacco di Roma haben soll. In hundert Tagen, daher der Name, soll der von 1527 die römische Kunst wegen der aus Rom Saal, der von Scheinarchitektur gerahmte Taten aus weggegangenen Künstler im manierismo versunken sei. dem Leben von Papst Paul III. Farnese zeigt, ausgemalt Doch die päpstliche Patronage hatte schon zuvor auf 6 werk, bauen +wohnen 4|2011 Gewohnte Unüblichkeit Schloss Chambord, Grosse Treppe, um 1530. – Bild aus: G. Kauffmann, Die Kunst des 16. Jahrhunderts, Propyläen Kunstgeschichte, Bd. 8, Berlin 1970. eine Restauration ihrer Macht mit vergleichbaren Mitteln nügsamer Virtuosität bemerken wollen. Die zwei Seiten gezielt. Vasaris Fresken bestätigen denjenigen in zeigen sich in den kunstgeschichtlichen Ansätzen bis seiner Stellung, der künstlerische Verweise wahrnimmt, um die Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts, etwa bei Nikolaus über Bramantes Treppe die Cancelleria mit St. Peter Pevsner, der 1946 die Frage nach einem nordischen rechts der Religio im Bau gemalt) verbunden sieht und Manierismus anhand von John Thorpes und Robert die päpstlich garantierte Kontinuität seit Raffael und Smythsons Wollaton Hall 1580–88) diskutiert hat. Michelangelo goutiert. Offenbar hat sich da ein Spielwitz, Hier finde sich «offensichtlich keine Renaissance» aber wie ihn Baldassare Castiglione in seinem « auch kein «englischer Barock» Pevsner hält sich zur Hofmann» beschrieben hatte, als höfische Charakteristik Stilbestimmung an die Kombination einer antikisierenden der feinen Unterschiede durchgesetzt. Abfolge der Säulenordnungen mit dem niederländischen Es wird deutlich, wie die gesellschaftliche Distinktion Roll- und Beschlagwerk der Schweifgiebel an Teil der politischen Bemühung ist, der Gegenwart den Seitenrisaliten. Dieses Ornament sei «in seiner über die Interpretationshoheit des Vergangenen die Leblosigkeit, Kompliziertheit und Affektiertheit typisch Zukunft zu sichern. Der Künstler, der – wie Michelangelo manieristisch» Es werde aber kompensiert durch den in der Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florenz 1524– «Überschwang und die robuste Kraft der elisabethanischen 71) oder Giulio Romano im Palazzo del Te in Mantua Bauten» die sich darin wie England in der 1525–35) – seine Antike kennt und durch Variationen Freibeuterei eines Francis Drake auch von Italien über dieses Wissen reflektiert, bewährt sich als williger unterschieden und einen englischen Manierismus Helfer seiner Auftraggeber. Angesichts solcher Beispiele hervorbrachten. Manierismus wird als internationale scheint es eher angebracht, in der ersten Hälfte des Stilerscheinung manchmal als «europäischer Manierismus» 16. Jahrhunderts anstelle des Manieristischen die mit nationalen Modifikationen verstanden. Pointierung einer Geschichtsreflexion zu sehen, die sich Hier gerät die Frage nach Manierismen erneut auf zwischen Historie und allegorisierender) Poesie pendelnd politisches Terrain. Anhand vonWollaton Hall gelangt in die Moderne einschreibt. Pevsner zu weiteren Zuspitzungen: « Italienischer Manierismus ist ein überzivilisierter, müder Stil, der Kunstgeschichtliche Variationen englische elisabethanische ist robust und oft vulgär, selbst Der Blick über Italien hinaus hat Anzeichen einer wenn er so künstlich wie die Kunst Italiens ist.» Das ist Ausbreitung des Manierismus unentschieden in unverständigem positiv gemeint, trifft aber den Ton, den Peter Meyer Antikisieren oder dann in zunehmend selbstge- gleichzeitig, in der «Schweizerischen Bauzeitung» am 4|2011 werk, bauen +wohnen 7 Gewohnte Unüblichkeit Le Corbusier, Villa Schwob, La Chaux-de-Fonds, 1916. – Bild aus: The Andrea Palladio Zuschreibung umstritten), Casa Cogollo, Vicenza, Architectural Review, 107 641), Mai 1950. 1559–62. – Bild: zvg Begriff «Manierismus» herausgehört hat: es sei dieser ausschliessen, hat gerade da aber eigene Probleme mit « unglückliche hochnäsige Terminus der deutschen sich gebracht, wie Shearmans Diskussion des Schlosses Kunstwissenschaft» ein «affektiertes Wort» ein «hermetisches Chambord zeigt. Dessen aus zwei ineinanderlaufenden Fach-Kauderwelsch, das falsche Assoziationen Spiralen gebildete Grosse Treppe um 1530) gilt teils weckt» weiterhin als «Meisterwerk
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