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Gender Segregation in the Labour Market Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU

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Gender Segregation in the Labour Market Root Causes, Implications and Policy Responses in the EU Gender segregation in the labour market Root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU European Commission This publication is supported under the European Community programme for employment and social solidarity (2007–13) (Progress). This programme is managed by the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities of the European Commission. It was established to financially support the implementation of the objectives of the European Union in the employment and social affairs area, as set out in the social agenda, and thereby contribute to the achievement of the Lisbon strategy goals in these fields. The seven-year programme targets all stakeholders who can help shape the development of appropriate and effective employment and social legislation and policies, across the EU-27, EFTA–EEA and EU candidate and pre-candidate countries. The mission of Progress is to strengthen the EU contribution in support of Member States’ commitments and efforts to create more and better jobs and to build a more cohesive society. To that effect, progress will be instrumental in: • providing analysis and policy advice on Progress policy areas; • monitoring and reporting on the implementation of EU legislation and policies in Progress policy areas; • promoting policy transfer, learning and support among Member States on EU objectives and priorities; and • relaying the views of the stakeholders and society at large. For more information see: http://ec.europa.eu/progress Gender segregation in the labour market Root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU European Commission’s Expert Group on Gender and Employment (EGGE) The national experts and co-authors (* indicates non-EU countries) Ingrid Mairhuber (Austria) Ilze Trapenciere (Latvia) Danièle Meulders (Belgium) Ulrike Papouschek (Liechtenstein*) Iskra Beleva (Bulgaria) Ruta Braziene (Lithuania) Alexia Panayiotou (Cyprus) Robert Plasman (Luxembourg) Alena Křížková (Czech Republic) Frances Camilleri-Cassar (Malta) Ruth Emerek (Denmark) Anne Lise Ellingsæter (Norway*) Reelika Leetmaa (Estonia) Ania Plomien (Poland) Hanna Sutela (Finland) Virgínia Ferreira (Portugal) Rachel Silvera (France) Elena Zamfir (Romania) Friederike Maier (Germany) Magdalena Piscová (Slovakia) Maria Karamessini (Greece) Aleksandra Kanjuo Mrčela (Slovenia) Karoly Fazekas (Hungary) Elvira González Gago (Spain) Lilja Mósesdóttir (Iceland*) Anita Nyberg (Sweden) Ursula Barry (Ireland) Janneke Plantenga and Chantal Remery (Netherlands) Francesca Bettio and Alina Verashchagina (Italy) Colette Fagan (United Kingdom) Francesca Bettio and Alina Verashchagina European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities Unit G1 Manuscript completed in March 2009 This report was financed by and prepared for the use of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion or position of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use that might be made of the information contained in this report. © photos 1, 2, 4: 123RF © photo 3: iStock 1 2 For any use or reproduction of photos which are not under European Communities’ copyright, 3 permission must be sought directly from the copyright holder(s). 4 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*) : 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data as well as an abstract can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2009 ISBN 978-92-79-12435-8 doi 10.2767/1063 © European Communities, 2009 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON WHITE CHLORINE -FREE P A P ER Gender segregation in the labour market CONTENTS Contents Executive summary (EN) ..............................................................................................................7 Résumé (FR) ................................................................................................................................... 13 Kurzfassung (DE) .......................................................................................................................... 20 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 27 Part I – Gender employment segregation in Europe .......................... 29 1. Persistence and change in segregation within Europe .......................................... 30 1.1. Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................................................30 1.2. Measures ..........................................................................................................................................................................................30 1.3. Extent of segregation and change over the past 15 years................................................................................32 1.4. Segregation and female employment ..........................................................................................................................34 2. Root causes of segregation .............................................................................................. 38 2.1. Old and new explanations ....................................................................................................................................................38 2.2. Evidence from national case studies ..............................................................................................................................41 3. Implications of segregation ............................................................................................. 46 3.1. Undervaluation, discrimination and overall inequality in pay ........................................................................46 3.2. Job quality and labour market segmentation ..........................................................................................................50 3.3. Skill and labour shortages .....................................................................................................................................................53 4. Policy issues ........................................................................................................................... 56 4.1. The policy toolkit .........................................................................................................................................................................56 4.2. Societal policies ............................................................................................................................................................................56 4.3. Labour market policies ............................................................................................................................................................58 4.4. Policy assessment .......................................................................................................................................................................60 3 Part II – Case studies: Highlights from national research ................... 63 1. University professors .......................................................................................................... 64 2. Doctors .................................................................................................................................... 69 3. Financial professionals ....................................................................................................... 73 4. IT technicians ......................................................................................................................... 76 5. Lawyers and judges ............................................................................................................ 77 6. Home helpers in elderly care ........................................................................................... 79 7. Nursery care workers and pre-primary school teachers ........................................ 83 8. Cleaners ................................................................................................................................... 84 9. Retail sector workers .......................................................................................................... 86 10. Police ........................................................................................................................................ 88 Overall summary ......................................................................................................................... 90 A. Statistical Appendix ............................................................................................................ 93 B. Technical Appendix ...........................................................................................................103 References ....................................................................................................................................106
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