A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal-Environmental Relationships Rachel Mctavish University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal-Environmental Relationships Rachel Mctavish University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2019 Foodways and a Violent Landscape: A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal-Environmental Relationships Rachel McTavish University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation McTavish, Rachel, "Foodways and a Violent Landscape: A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal- Environmental Relationships" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2101. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2101 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOODWAYS AND A VIOLENT LANDSCAPE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD HUMAN-ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS by Rachel C. McTavish A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2019 1 ABSTRACT: FOODWAYS AND A VIOLENT LANDSCAPE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD HUMAN-ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS by Rachel C. McTavish The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2019 Under the Supervision of Robert Jeske The goal of this research is to investigate the nature of Upper Mississippian human- animal-environmental relationships (circa AD 1050-1450), to evaluate the role of resource management, the role of sustainability, and the multi-faceted nature of human-animal relationships, to understand how these choices are related to adaptations to structural violence. The research uses the Koshkonong Locality of southeastern Wisconsin and the Fox/Des Plaines Locality as case studies to compare divergent Upper Mississippian practices within the northern Prairie Peninsula. This study uses zooarchaeological vertebrate and invertebrate data. Inclusive zooarchaeological datasets provided useful information about basic dietary trends, ecological management systems, environmental niche exploitation, and non-economic human-animal relationships. The Oneota and Langford groups occupying the Lake Koshkonong and Fox/Des Plaines localities were likely responding to structural violence and the threat of potential physical violence within their daily resource choices. However, they show different cultural choices in the more nuanced manners in which they responded to systemic violence. These nuances can be ii connected to the divergent perspectives on placemaking and longevity on the landscape and the connections between choices in sustainability and management of local resources. Overall, this dissertation research has called into question and provided a case for the re- evaluation of previous site typological assumptions and how groups settling within a “locality” interact in a socio-economic and political manner. While previous researchers have classified and analyzed the Robinson Reserve and Schmeling sites as villages, the inclusion of more data and a larger understanding with more village sites excavated in these localities allows for their re-interpretation as mortuary sites. In re-labeling the Robinson Reserve and Schmeling sites as having a mortuary function rather than a daily village life function, the demographic served in these specific locations on the landscape is shifted. This shift is necessary for the interpretation of the faunal assemblages, but more so it shifts the overarching ideas of what sites are located within these localities, what types of sites one can expect to find in future surveys and excavations. The intra-locality subsistence data and inter-cultural subsistence data indicates the value for a nuanced approach is necessary for testing how a group or groups’ daily choices are affected by the threat of systemic violence. These two veins of research allows for future discussion of what is involved in Late Prehistoric groups’ decisions and concepts of placemaking- placemaking as marked by the surfaces used by the living, by the dead, and when those places are made and intertwined by both. Most importantly, the challenge to previous site typologies and the more nuanced examination of intra locality and inter-cultural subsistence data shifts the way in which we interpret the human-environmental relationship for groups in the region. iii © Copyright by Rachel C. McTavish, 2019 All Rights Reserved iv For my family. And in memory of Kelsey, Sharonda and Maria. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ xi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Evaluating Inter-Group Violence, Territorial Conscription and Risk Management ........ 2 Dissertation Research Goals .................................................................................................... 5 Organization of this Dissertation ............................................................................................. 5 2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 7 Peace and Violence .................................................................................................................... 7 Violence and the Archaeological Record .............................................................................. 11 Village-Based Conflict ............................................................................................................ 12 Optimal Foraging Theory ...................................................................................................... 16 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 21 3. Culture History ................................................................................................................... 22 Upper Mississippian ............................................................................................................... 22 Oneota Tradition ..................................................................................................................... 26 Langford .................................................................................................................................. 37 4. Localities and Study Sites ................................................................................................... 47 Lake Koshkonong Locality .................................................................................................... 47 Fox/Des Plaines Langford Locality ....................................................................................... 55 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 68 5. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 69 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 69 Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................... 69 Sample Universe ...................................................................................................................... 71 Laboratory Methods ............................................................................................................... 82 Analytical Methods ................................................................................................................. 93 6. Vertebrate Results ............................................................................................................ 104 Langford Fox/Des Plaines Locality ..................................................................................... 104 Robinson Reserve .................................................................................................................. 115 Lake Koshkonong Oneota Results ...................................................................................... 126 Schmeling ............................................................................................................................... 126 Crescent Bay Hunt Club ...................................................................................................... 133 Koshkonong Creek Village .................................................................................................. 149 Summary of Lake Koshkonong Oneota .............................................................................. 163 7. Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 185 Question 1: Do the diets of Oneota and Langford groups in the Lake Koshkonong and Fox/Des Plaines
Recommended publications
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Nos. 32 (1955) To
    REPORTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY No. 75 CHECK LIST AND INDEX TO REPORTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Nos. 32 (1955) to 74 (1968); CHECK LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ARCHAE- OLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, No. 1 (1965) to No. 30 (1976) AND OTHER INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES OF THE SURVEY AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY, 1948-1972. Robert F. Heizer ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY Department of Anthropology Berkeley 1972 Revised edition, 1976 REPORTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY No. 75 CHECK LIST AND INDEX TO REPORTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY, Nos. 32 (1955) to 74 (1968); CHECK LIST OF CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ARCHAE- OLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, No. 1 (1965) to No. 30 (1976) AND OTHER INFORMATION ON ACTIVITIES OF THE SURVEY AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY, 1948-1972. Robert F. Heizer ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH FACILITY Department of Anthropology Berkeley 1972 Revised edition, 1976 PREFACE We provide here a brief index to Reports No. 32-74 (1955-1968) of the University of California Archaeological Survey, Berkeley (UCAS). This is intended as a continuation of the index of Reports No. 1-30 which was published in UCAS Report No. 31, 1955. To this index is added a check list of Reports No. 1-75 of the UCAS and a check list of Contributions, No. 1-30 of the Archaeological Research Facility of the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (ARF). Further, a brief history of the University of California Archaeological Survey and its successor, The Archaeological Research Facility, is provided, together with a listing of the manuscripts and maps filed with the Archaeological Research Facility, and a list showing numbers of archaeological sites in the permanent California site file maintained by the ARF.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Field Collection of Archaeological Materials and Standard Operating Procedures for Curating Department of Defense Archaeological Collections
    Guidelines for the Field Collection of Archaeological Materials and Standard Operating Procedures for Curating Department of Defense Archaeological Collections Prepared for the Legacy Resource Management Program Office Legacy Project No. 98-1714 Mandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 1999 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS Guidelines for the Field Collection of Archaeological Materials and Standard Operating Procedures for Curation Department of Defense Archaeological Collections 6. AUTHORS Suzanne Griset and Marc Kodack 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District 1222 Spruce Street (CEMVS-ED-Z) St. Louis, Missouri 63103-2833 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY Legacy Resource Management Program Office REPORT NUMBER Office of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Environmental Security) Legacy Project No.
    [Show full text]
  • GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
    NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Next Meeting on August14th MAS Picnic Solar Eclipse
    July, 2017 Next Meeting on August14th The Milwaukee Astronomical Society will hold its next meeting on Monday, August 14h, from 7 PM at the Observatory. This is going to be a combined Board / Membership Meeting, where mostly organizational and Observatory related issues will be discussed. As always, the Observatory is open on Saturday nights, and also when it is posted Inside this on the Google Group. July meeting 1 MAS Picnic 1 MAS Picnic Solar Eclipse 1 Don’t forget about our annual picnic, which will th Meeting Minutes 2 be held on Saturday, August 5 at 4:00 PM at the Observatory. Come and join us, together with your Membership 2 family and friends. Treasurer Report 2 Please bring your favorite dish to pass. Beverages and charcoal grill will be provided. Observatory 2 Director‘s Report While enjoying the fellowship, you can take the opportunity to check out the modernized Quonset if Yerkes Star Party 3 you have not done so yet. Sun observation will also MAS Campout 4 be possible. See you there, in rain or shine! In the news 5 Adopt a Scope 6 Officers/Staff 6 Keyholders 6 Solar Eclipse The upcoming total solar eclipse on August 21st is easily the most anticipated astronomical event of the year. For many who get to view one of these, it becomes a life changing event. Some even go on to chase these eclipses throughout the world. Although our Club hosts certain astronomical events such as Mercury and Venus transits, lunar eclipses, we will not be holding an open house at the observatory on August 21st for the solar eclipse.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Correlating Biological
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Correlating Biological Relationships, Social Inequality, and Population Movement among Prehistoric California Foragers: Ancient Human DNA Analysis from CA-SCL-38 (Yukisma Site). A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Cara Rachelle Monroe Committee in charge: Professor Michael A. Jochim, Chair Professor Lynn Gamble Professor Michael Glassow Adjunct Professor John R. Johnson September 2014 The dissertation of Cara Rachelle Monroe is approved. ____________________________________________ Lynn H. Gamble ____________________________________________ Michael A. Glassow ____________________________________________ John R. Johnson ____________________________________________ Michael A. Jochim, Committee Chair September 2014 Correlating Biological Relationships, Social Inequality, and Population Movement among Prehistoric California Foragers: Ancient Human DNA Analysis from CA-SCL-38 (Yukisma Site). Copyright © 2014 by Cara Rahelle Monroe iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing this dissertation has been an intellectual journey filled with difficulties, but ultimately rewarding in unexpected ways. I am leaving graduate school, albeit later than expected, as a more dedicated and experienced scientist who has adopted a four field anthropological research approach. This was not only the result of the mentorships and the education I received from the University of California-Santa Barbara’s Anthropology department, but also from friends
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Archaeologist Volume 37 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 37 NO. 3 FALL 1987 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio TERM EXPIRESs A.SO. OFFICERS Back Issues President Maitha Potter Otto. Ohio Historical Society, Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Columbus, OH 43211-Tel, 614/297-2641; Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N Converse $ 5,00 Home 614/846-7640 Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 4 00 Vice-President Donald A Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N Converse $10.00 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N Converse $15 00 OH 43130-Tel 614/653-9477 Back issues —black and white —each $ 4 00 Exec Sec. Michael W Schoenfeld, 524 Sycamore Dr.. Back issues —lour full color plates -each $ 4 00 Pickenngton. OH 43147 -Tel 614/837-7088 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 Treasurer Stephen J Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, are generally out of print but copies are available from time to OH43130-Tel 614 653-6642 time Write to business office for prices and availability Recording See Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd . Canal Winchester, OH 431 10-Tel 614/837-4862; ASO Chapters Bus 614 898-41 16 Ininied. Past Pres. Don Gehlbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Aboriginal Explorers Club Columbus, OH 43221 -Tel, 614/459-0808; President: Mark Cline. 1127 Esther, Wellsville, OH 439 Bus 614/888-3572 Blue Jacket Editor Robert N Converse. 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, President: Phil Brandt. 6796 C.R 14, West Liberty, OH 43357 OH 43064 - Tel 614 873-5471 Cuyahoga Valley 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH President: Bill Mitchell, 153 Sterling Ave,, Orrville, OH 44667 Meeting Place: Summit Lapidary Club, 244 Chestnut Blvd 44131 -Tel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Art of Performance a Critical Anthology
    THE ART OF PERFORMANCE A CRITICAL ANTHOLOGY edited by GREGORY BATTCOCK AND ROBERT NICKAS /ubu editions 2010 The Art of Performance A Critical Anthology 1984 Edited By: Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas /ubueditions ubu.com/ubu This UbuWeb Edition edited by Lucia della Paolera 2010 2 The original edition was published by E.P. DUTTON, INC. NEW YORK For G. B. Copyright @ 1984 by the Estate of Gregory Battcock and Robert Nickas All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper or broadcast. Published in the United States by E. P. Dutton, Inc., 2 Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-53323 ISBN: 0-525-48039-0 Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Toronto 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 First Edition Vito Acconci: "Notebook: On Activity and Performance." Reprinted from Art and Artists 6, no. 2 (May l97l), pp. 68-69, by permission of Art and Artists and the author. Russell Baker: "Observer: Seated One Day At the Cello." Reprinted from The New York Times, May 14, 1967, p. lOE, by permission of The New York Times. Copyright @ 1967 by The New York Times Company.
    [Show full text]
  • The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation
    VIRTUAL ARCHAEOLOGY’S IMPACT • A MAYA PIONEER • OUR PHOTO CONTEST WINNERS american archaeologyFALL 2003 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 7 No. 3 The Barton Site: Thousands of Years of Occupation 33> $3.95 7525274 91765 archaeological tours led by noted scholars superb itineraries, unsurpassed service For the past 28 years, Archaeological Tours has been arranging specialized tours for a discriminating clientele. Our tours feature distinguished scholars who stress the historical, anthropological and archaeological aspects of the areas visited. We offer a unique opportunity for tour participants to see and understand historically important and culturally significant areas of the world. Robert Bianchi in Egypt 2003 TOURS SRI LANKA MAYA SUPERPOWERS MUSEUMS OF SPAIN Among the first great Buddhist kingdoms, the island of This exciting tour examines the ferocious political Bilbao, Barcelona & Madrid Sri Lanka offers wonders far exceeding its small size. struggles between the Maya superpowers in the Late October 2 – 12, 2003 11 Days As we explore this mystical place, we will have a Classical period including bitter antagonism between Led by Prof. Ori Z. Soltes, Georgetown University glimpse of life under kings who created sophisticated Tikal in northern Guatemala and Calakmul across the irrigation systems, built magnificent temples and huge border in Mexico. New roads will allow us to visit these OASES OF THE WESTERN DESERT dagobas, carved 40-foot-tall Buddhas and one who ancient cities, as well as Copan in Honduras, Lamanai Alexandria, Siwa, Bahariya, Dakhla & Kharga, Luxor chose to build his royal residence, gardens and pools and the large archaeological project at Caracol in Belize October 3 – 20, 2003 18 Days on the top of a 600-foot rock outcropping.
    [Show full text]
  • 1990 Midwest Archaeological Conference Program
    MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE 35th ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS October 5-6, 1990 Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois REF Conferenc MAC 1990 I ~~F ~e,.A.~~ rt.AC. ~ MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE 35th ANNUAL MEETING PROGRAM October 5-6, 1990 Northwestern University Evanston, Illinois ARCHIVES Office of the State Archaeologist The University of Iowa Iowa City, IA 52242 35th MIDWEST ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY October 5-6, 1990 Friday Morning - OCTOBER 5, 1990 [ 1 ] General Session: HISTORIC PERIOD RESEARCH Norris, McCormick Auditorium Chairperson: Rochelle Lurie 1 0 :00 Steven Hackenberger; MACKTOWN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, WINNEBAGO COUNTY, IWNOIS 10:20 Mark E. Esarey; 1989 EXCAVATIONS AT FT.GRATIOT, PORT HURON, MICHIGAN 10:40 Floyd Mansberger and Joseph Phllllppe; THE EARLY 1870S FARMER'S MARKET: CERAMICAVAIIJ\8I1..lTY' AND ECONOMIC SCALING AT THE FARMERS HOME HOTEL. GALENA, IWNOIS 11 :00 Break 11 :20 Marilyn R. Orr and Myra J. Giesen; STATURE VARIATION AMONG AMERICAN CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS 11 :40 Mark Madsen end Kevin Christensen; A GREAT LAKES FORE-AFT RIGGED SCHOONER FROM THE MID-19TH CENTURY [ 2 J General Session: NEW IDEAS ON OLD PROBLEMS Norris, 2C 1 0 :20 J. Peter Denny; THE ALGONQUIAN MIGRATION FROM THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU TO THE MIDWEST, CIRCA 1800 B.C.: CORRELATING LINGUISTICS AND ARCHAEOLOGY 1 0 :40 James A. Marshall; THE PREHISTORIC PARALLEL STRAIGHT WALLS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA EXAMINED FOR ASTRONOMICALORIENrATIONS 11 :00 Harry Murphy; BUREAUCRACY, THE AGENCY ARCHAEOLOGIST, AND
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Expenditure and Mortuary Practices at Lyon's Bluff, 22OK520: an Evolutionary Approach
    Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 5-1-2008 Energy expenditure and mortuary practices at Lyon's Bluff, 22OK520: an evolutionary approach Lorien Stahl Elmore Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Elmore, Lorien Stahl, "Energy expenditure and mortuary practices at Lyon's Bluff, 22OK520: an evolutionary approach" (2008). Theses and Dissertations. 1875. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/1875 This Graduate Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND MORTUARY PRACTICES AT LYON’S BLUFF, 22OK520: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH By Lorien Stahl Elmore A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Applied Anthropology in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2008 ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND MORTUARY PRACTICES AT LYON’S BLUFF, 22OK520: AN EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH By Lorien Stahl Elmore Approved: _____________________________ ____________________________ Evan Peacock Janet Rafferty Associate Professor of Anthropology Professor of Anthropology Graduate Coordinator for Anthropology (Committee Member) (Director
    [Show full text]
  • Today's Downtown Gallery
    Today's Downtown Gallery: Public artwork created by the 1% for Public Art program codified in the Planning Code San Francisco's 1% For Art Program The groundbreaking "Downtown Plan” adopted in 1985, was developed under the fundamental assumption that significant employment and office development growth would occur. New commercial development would provide new revenue sources to cover a portion of the costs of necessary urban service improvements. Specific programs were created to satisfy needs for additional housing, transit, childcare, open space, and art. The public art requirement created by this plan is commonly known as the “1% for Art” program. This requirement, governed by Section 429 of the Planning Code, provides that construction of a new building or addition of 25,000 square feet or more within the downtown C‐3 district, triggers a requirement that provide public art that equals at least 1% of the total construction cost be provided. 1 TODAY’S DOWNTOWN GALLERY Today's Downtown Gallery: More than 25 years since the adoption of the Downtown Plan, has seen the growth of an extensive outdoor gallery downtown that enriches the environment for workers and tourists alike. The spirit of the 1% for Art requirement is to ensure that the public has access to high‐quality and variety in art. To help catalog the Downtown public art gallery and to increase public access to this art, the Planning Department has created a map displaying the locations and images of public art in the downtown district. This maps shows that 31 private development projects have resulted in 39 pieces of art in public open spaces or publically accessible locations.
    [Show full text]