University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2019 Foodways and a Violent Landscape: A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal-Environmental Relationships Rachel McTavish University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Environmental Sciences Commons Recommended Citation McTavish, Rachel, "Foodways and a Violent Landscape: A Comparative Study of Oneota and Langford Human-Animal- Environmental Relationships" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 2101. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2101 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOODWAYS AND A VIOLENT LANDSCAPE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD HUMAN-ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS by Rachel C. McTavish A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2019 1 ABSTRACT: FOODWAYS AND A VIOLENT LANDSCAPE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ONEOTA AND LANGFORD HUMAN-ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONSHIPS by Rachel C. McTavish The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2019 Under the Supervision of Robert Jeske The goal of this research is to investigate the nature of Upper Mississippian human- animal-environmental relationships (circa AD 1050-1450), to evaluate the role of resource management, the role of sustainability, and the multi-faceted nature of human-animal relationships, to understand how these choices are related to adaptations to structural violence. The research uses the Koshkonong Locality of southeastern Wisconsin and the Fox/Des Plaines Locality as case studies to compare divergent Upper Mississippian practices within the northern Prairie Peninsula. This study uses zooarchaeological vertebrate and invertebrate data. Inclusive zooarchaeological datasets provided useful information about basic dietary trends, ecological management systems, environmental niche exploitation, and non-economic human-animal relationships. The Oneota and Langford groups occupying the Lake Koshkonong and Fox/Des Plaines localities were likely responding to structural violence and the threat of potential physical violence within their daily resource choices. However, they show different cultural choices in the more nuanced manners in which they responded to systemic violence. These nuances can be ii connected to the divergent perspectives on placemaking and longevity on the landscape and the connections between choices in sustainability and management of local resources. Overall, this dissertation research has called into question and provided a case for the re- evaluation of previous site typological assumptions and how groups settling within a “locality” interact in a socio-economic and political manner. While previous researchers have classified and analyzed the Robinson Reserve and Schmeling sites as villages, the inclusion of more data and a larger understanding with more village sites excavated in these localities allows for their re-interpretation as mortuary sites. In re-labeling the Robinson Reserve and Schmeling sites as having a mortuary function rather than a daily village life function, the demographic served in these specific locations on the landscape is shifted. This shift is necessary for the interpretation of the faunal assemblages, but more so it shifts the overarching ideas of what sites are located within these localities, what types of sites one can expect to find in future surveys and excavations. The intra-locality subsistence data and inter-cultural subsistence data indicates the value for a nuanced approach is necessary for testing how a group or groups’ daily choices are affected by the threat of systemic violence. These two veins of research allows for future discussion of what is involved in Late Prehistoric groups’ decisions and concepts of placemaking- placemaking as marked by the surfaces used by the living, by the dead, and when those places are made and intertwined by both. Most importantly, the challenge to previous site typologies and the more nuanced examination of intra locality and inter-cultural subsistence data shifts the way in which we interpret the human-environmental relationship for groups in the region. iii © Copyright by Rachel C. McTavish, 2019 All Rights Reserved iv For my family. And in memory of Kelsey, Sharonda and Maria. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ xi 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 Evaluating Inter-Group Violence, Territorial Conscription and Risk Management ........ 2 Dissertation Research Goals .................................................................................................... 5 Organization of this Dissertation ............................................................................................. 5 2. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 7 Peace and Violence .................................................................................................................... 7 Violence and the Archaeological Record .............................................................................. 11 Village-Based Conflict ............................................................................................................ 12 Optimal Foraging Theory ...................................................................................................... 16 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 21 3. Culture History ................................................................................................................... 22 Upper Mississippian ............................................................................................................... 22 Oneota Tradition ..................................................................................................................... 26 Langford .................................................................................................................................. 37 4. Localities and Study Sites ................................................................................................... 47 Lake Koshkonong Locality .................................................................................................... 47 Fox/Des Plaines Langford Locality ....................................................................................... 55 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 68 5. Methods ................................................................................................................................ 69 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 69 Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................... 69 Sample Universe ...................................................................................................................... 71 Laboratory Methods ............................................................................................................... 82 Analytical Methods ................................................................................................................. 93 6. Vertebrate Results ............................................................................................................ 104 Langford Fox/Des Plaines Locality ..................................................................................... 104 Robinson Reserve .................................................................................................................. 115 Lake Koshkonong Oneota Results ...................................................................................... 126 Schmeling ............................................................................................................................... 126 Crescent Bay Hunt Club ...................................................................................................... 133 Koshkonong Creek Village .................................................................................................. 149 Summary of Lake Koshkonong Oneota .............................................................................. 163 7. Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................................. 185 Question 1: Do the diets of Oneota and Langford groups in the Lake Koshkonong and Fox/Des Plaines