Deux Expositions Monet À Paris V1

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Deux Expositions Monet À Paris V1 Claude Monet Article de Daniel Couty reproduit avec l’aimable autorisation du site http://www.latribunedelart.com/ -Claude Monet (1840-1926) , Paris,Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, du 22 septembre 2010 au 24 janvier 2011 http://www.monet2010.com/ Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, 3, avenue du Général-Eisenhower, 75008 Paris. Tél : + 33 (0)1 44 13 17 17 1. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Soleil couchant sur la Seine à Lavacourt, effet d’hiver, 1880 Huile sur toile - 100 x 150 cm Paris, Musée du Petit Palais Photo : Didier Rykner « Comme c’est curieux et quelle coïncidence » dirait le couple Martin de La Cantatrice chauve . Alors que depuis deux ans la RMN et le musée d’Orsay ont annoncé la grande rétrospective Monet , Jacques Taddei, éminent organiste et membre de l’Académie des Beaux-Arts, élu 1 à la direction du musée Marmottan à l’automne 2007, propose en même temps que les Galeries nationales du Grand Palais une exposition Claude Monet, son musée où seront offerts au public les 169 toiles et dessins de Monet que conserve le musée. Et par conséquent quelques œuvres demandées pour la rétrospective – Impression, soleil levant , Le Train dans la neige. La Locomotive ou Le Pont de l’Europe – resteront égoïstement à Marmottan 2. Que Jacques Taddei défende les intérêts de son musée, rien à redire. Qu’il ne s’associe pas, via quelques prêts justifiés, à l’exposition du Grand Palais, tient de l’abus de pouvoir 3 et ne saurait le ranger parmi les grands animateurs culturels, rôle qu’il ambitionne de jouer sur la scène parisienne, sinon internationale. Et ce n’est pas en dénonçant d’un ton hautain voire méprisant « les grandes messes spectaculaires des rétrospectives nationales 4 » qu’il convaincra que Marmottan, quelle que belle que soit sa collection, n’est pas un « petit musée » en marge du circuit des grandes institutions mondiales. 2. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Le Pavé de Chailly (Forêt de Fontainebleau) , vers 1865 Huile sur toile - 43,5 x 59 cm Paris, Musée d’Orsay Photo : Didier Rykner Ainsi donc au « Monet entier 5 » revendiqué par l’exposition du Grand Palais, le Musée Marmottan oppose « l’intégralité de sa collection Monet, la plus riche au monde ». Disons d’emblée que la visite au Ranelagh ne surprendra pas les habitués des lieux : les toiles ont été redistribuées selon un parcours thématique – « Les caricatures », « Les portraits », « Impression, soleil levant et les premiers paysages », « Les voyages » – qui s’achève au sous-sol avec une fantastique explosion rougeoyante de versions du Pont japonais , de l’ Allée de rosiers , du Saule pleureur ou de La Maison vue du jardin . Peut-on pour autant parler d’une exposition avec un projet, un parcours, un fil conducteur ? Assurément, non : il s’agit de montrer toute la collection, un point c’est tout ! Au Grand-Palais c’est une tout autre affaire . Malgré les défections mesquines de Marmottan – fort bien contournées par d’autres toiles explorant les mêmes sujets, tel le merveilleux Soleil couchant sur la Seine, effet d’hiver ( ill . 1) du Petit Palais (que l’on redécouvre ainsi) qui parvient à faire oublier l’historique Impression, soleil levant 6 – c’est bien un parcours à travers l’œuvre entier de Monet qu’ordonnent autour d’une grande coupure – l’année 1890 au cours de laquelle il acquiert Giverny et s’y fixe, abandonnant ses errances antérieures à travers la France – les commissaires de la rétrospective en montrant le cheminement tâtonnant d’abord, convaincu ensuite, personnel enfin de celui dont Zola disait avec admiration qu’il avait « un œil juste et franc 7 ». Deux grandes sections donc, qui s’opposent comme l’extériorité à l’intériorité, celle-là couvrant la période des années 1863-1865 – au cours desquelles Monet fréquente avec d’autres peintres la forêt de Fontainebleau et y plante son chevalet pour fixer à plusieurs reprises Le Pavé de Chailly ( ill . 2) – jusqu’aux séjours à Belle-Île (1886) et dans la vallée de la Creuse (1889), celle-ci s’exprimant aussi bien dans des paysages plus fantomatiques que réels – telles toiles commencées lors du séjour vénitien (1908) mais achevées seulement à Giverny en 1912 – que dans la multiplication des séries – les Meules (1890), les Peupliers (1891) et la trentaine de versions de la Cathédrale de Rouen (1892-1894) saisie de trois points de vue à toutes les heures de la journée – et l’obsession quasi maniaque de fixer la nature de son jardin de Giverny, depuis le Pont Japonais jusqu’aux Nymphéas ¬ déclinés en tous formats, sous tous les angles et en toutes teintes. 3. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Le déjeuner sur l’herbe (fragment), 1865-1866 Huile sur toile - 248 x 217 cm Paris, Musée d’Orsay Dans la très élégante et aérée mise en espace de Hubert Le Gall qui donne une véritable respiration aux tableaux (et permettra sans doute que par jour de grande affluence les toiles demeurent aisément visibles), le visiteur voit se dérouler un parcours classique du temps – Monet cherche à s’attirer les faveurs du Salon et c’est dans cette intention qu’il entreprend en 1865 une immense toile de 6 x 4,65m. avec douze personnages grandeur nature : Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe double hommage à Manet et Courbet, lequel visitant l’artiste pendant son travail lui fera quelques suggestions, raisons possibles de l’inachèvement du tableau dont ne subsistent que deux grands fragments au musée d’Orsay ( ill . 3) et une esquisse de taille réduite venue du Musée Pouchkine de Moscou – qui cherche à s’affranchir des ombres tutélaires et des courants à la mode. Que le naturalisme soit présent dans les toiles de Fontainebleau ou de la côte Normande ( Le Bord de mer à Honfleur (1864-1866, Los Angeles County Museum of Art), nul ne peut le contester. Mais ce naturalisme vire bien vite au monochromatisme à dominante de gris ( Grosse Mer à Etretat , 1868, Orsay) ou au contraire aux harmonies neigeuse de blanc bleuté (La Pie , 1869, Orsay) comme si la perception du sujet importait moins que le rendu d’une atmosphère qui, à la manière des « Correspondances » baudelairiennes, procède d’un travail synesthésique. D’ailleurs, ces mêmes côtes normandes peuvent fournir au peintre l’occasion d’user de couleurs joyeuses pour rendre un après-midi ensoleillé ( Terrasse à Sainte-Adresse , 1867, New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art), ouvrant pleinement la perspective sur la mer et le ciel et ne laissant apparaître que l’ombre de l’hôtel sur le côté gauche de la terrasse. Dans les années suivantes, avant qu’il ne se fixe à Vétheuil entre 1878 et 1881, Monet circule dans et autour de Paris : c’est la nature d’Île-de-France qu’il capte au travers de villages encore ruraux (telle la somptueuse Seine à Bougival, le soir , 1870, Northampton, Smith College Museum of Art) ou les splendides Coquelicots à Argenteuil (1873, Orsay) mais aussi la pénétration du modernisme qui, tel ce train traversant lointainement un paysage immuable, conjoint le permanent et l’éphémère ( Train dans la campagne , 1870, Orsay). Tout comme les diverses versions du Pont d’Argenteuil (1874) traduisent l’attrait qu’exerce sur le peintre l’intrusion de l’étrange dans une nature immuablement sereine. Et des trains traversant les campagnes avec leur panache de fumée aux gares il n’y a qu’un pas : ce sera La Gare d’Argenteuil (1872, Cergy-Pontoise, Conseil Général du Val d’Oise) et surtout les nombreuses toiles exécutées dans et autour de Saint Lazare ( ill. 4) dont les vapeurs des locomotives offrent à Monet des brumes artificielles à toute heure du jour, permettant à sa palette de vaporiser le paysage urbain. On conçoit aisément que Zola ait pu aimer ces tableaux parisiens : n’est-ce pas, en effet, l’expression de ce que Richard Thomson appelle « un naturalisme d’émotivité »8, expression qui adapte la formule zolienne du « coin de la création vu à travers un tempérament 9 ». 4. Claude Monet (1840-1926)/ La gare Saint-Lazare à l’extérieur (le signal) , 1877 Huile sur toile - 65 x 81,5 cm/Hanovre, Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum 5. Claude Monet (1840-1926) / Les glaçons , 1880/Huile sur toile - 60 x 100 cm/Paris, Musée d’Orsay 6. Claude Monet (1840-1926) / Sur la falaise à Pourville, 1882/Huile sur toile - 64 x 82 cm/Stockholm, Nationalmuseum Reste que ce « tempérament », Monet va de plus en plus lui céder la place, délaissant toutes les traditions antérieures. C’est à Vétheuil qu’il produit ce qu’il faut bien considérer comme l’ébauche d’une « série » avec ces différentes versions de la débâcle de la Seine à l’hiver 1880 qui s’achève par Les Glaçons ( ill . 5), où les blocs de glace sous la lumière tamisée dérivent comme les futurs nymphéas de Giverny. La touche de Monet s’affirme dans les années suivantes, à l’occasion de nouveaux séjours normands (aux couleurs viennent s’ajouter des choix de plans en plongée – Sur la falaise à Pourville ( ill . 6) ou par temps clair (New York, The Museum of Modern Art) –, en contre-plongée – La Falaise à Dieppe (1882, Zurich, Kunsthaus) et (malheureusement absente de l’exposition) L’Eglise de Varengeville où le pinceau de Monet semble, tel celui de Van Gogh distordre la falaise et la chapelle) – en zooming – l’extraordinaire Manneporte de 1883 (New York, The Museum of Modern Art) toile dans laquelle Monet joue pleinement des contrastes entre ciel, vagues et roche pour créer une unité exclusivement artistique. Deux séjours en Méditerranée (1884 et 1888), occasions pour le peintre d’ouvrir sa palette à des tonalités jusqu’alors inexploitées ( Au Cap Martin , 1884) et de chercher, comme à Vétheuil à saisir un paysage à divers moments de la journée ( Antibes vue de La Salis , 1888, Toledo, Museum of Art) et Antibes, le matin (1888, Philadelphie, Philadelphia Museum of Art), que séparent une escale bretonne à Belle-Île (1886) au cours de laquelle il peint des rochers en surélevant sa ligne d’horizon de manière à laisser la lumière jouer pleinement sur les vagues et les roches ( La Côte Sauvage , Orsay ; Les Rochers de Belle-Île , Reims, Musée des Beaux-Arts ; Rochers à Port-Coton, le Lion , Cambridge, The Syndics of the Fitzwilliam Museum) et que suivra une virée en Creuse (1889) dont la rubescente version de la Creuse, soleil couchant , Colmar, musée d’Unterlinden.
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