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Xeat3uqmqmugc91ivv4fyp9p3sru SECRETARÍA DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERÍA, DESARROLLO RURAL, PESCA Y ALIMENTACIÓN ING. ALBERTO CÁRDENAS JIMÉNEZ Secretario ING. FRANCISCO LÓPEZ TOSTADO Subsecretario de Agricultura y Ganadería ING. ANTONIO RUÍZ GARCÍA Subsecretario de Desarrollo Rural LIC. JEFFREY MAX JONES JONES Subsecretario de Fomento a los Agronegocios ING. JOSÉ LUÍS LÓPEZ DÍAS BARRIGA Oficial Mayor ING. ALEJANDRO ZUÑIGA CAMACHO Delegado en Michoacán INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGACIONES FORESTALES, AGRÍCOLAS Y PECUARIAS DR. PEDRO BRAJCICH GALLEGOS Director General DR. SALVADOR FERNÁNDEZ RIVERA Coordinador de Investigación, Innovación y Vinculación DR. ENRIQUE ASTENGO LÓPEZ Coordinador de Planeación y Desarrollo LIC. MARCIAL ALFREDO GARCÍA MORTEO Coordinador de Administración y Sistemas CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN REGIONAL PACIFICO CENTRO DR. KEIR FRANCISCO BYERLY MURPHY Director Regional DR. FERNANDO DE LA TORRE SÁNCHEZ Director de Investigación M.C. PRIMITIVO DÍAZ MEDEROS Director de Planeación y desarrollo C.P. JOSÉ RAMÓN DELFIN Director de Administración DR. IGNACIO VIDALES FERNÁNDEZ Director de Coordinación y Vinculación en Michoacán y Jefe del Campo Experimental Uruapan ENEMIGOS NATURALES DE LAS PLAGAS AGRÍCOLAS Del maíz y otros cultivos Dr. Fernando Bahena Juárez Investigador en Manejo Agroecológico de Plagas Agrícolas del Campo Experimental Uruapan. CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN REGIONAL DEL PACÍFICO CENTRO CAMPO EXPERIMENTAL URUAPAN Libro Técnico Núm. 5 Diciembre de 2008 ENEMIGOS NATURALES DE LAS PLAGAS AGRÍCOLAS Del maíz y otros cultivos No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de esta publicación, ni la transmisión de ninguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia, por registro u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de la Institución. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias. Av. Progreso Núm. 5 Col. Barrio de Santa Catarina. Delegación Coyoacán. C.P. 04010 México, D.F. Tel. (01 55) 38 71 87 00 www.inifap.gob.mx Correo-e: [email protected] Centro de Investigación Regional Del Pacífico Centro. Campo Experimental Uruapan. Av. Latinoamericana Núm. 1101. Col. Revolución. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. ISBN: 978 – 607 – 425 - 013 – 8 Primera edición 2008. Impreso en México. La cita correcta de esta obra es: Bahena, J. F. 2008. Enemigos Naturales de las Plagas Agrícolas. Del maíz y otros cultivos. Libro Técnico Núm. 5. SAGARPA – INIFAP. Uruapan, Michoacán, México. 180 p. ii AGRADECIMIENTOS Muchas son las personas que han aportado su experiencia, sus conocimientos y su buena voluntad para apoyarme en muchas de las actividades y dudas ligadas con este trabajo. Especialmente no puedo dejar de mencionar al Dr. Alejandro González y su asistente Yolanda de la Facultad de Biología de la UANL, por el apoyo en la toma de fotos y parte de las descripciones de la mayoría de los parasitoides que aquí se anotan. Igualmente a la MC Rebeca Peña de la ENCB del IPN ya que con sus estudiantes y tesistas como Nadia S., Dulce A. y Guadalupe G. hemos realizado algunos trabajos en el Valle Morelia-Queréndaro y cuyos resultados también han ido dando forma a unas partes de este trabajo. Al MC Hugo Arredondo Bernal del CNRCB, por sus comentarios siempre acertados, su amistad y su buena disposición para todo lo que nos hemos propuesto como tarea. Al MC Fernando Bejarano González de RAPAM, por su constante interés de que en México se pueda hacer una agricultura más respetuosa del medio ambiente y que sirva para las generaciones futuras y por su incansable insistencia y paciencia para culminar este trabajo. A los revisores técnicos de este documento, los Drs. Juan Francisco Pérez Domínguez y Mario Alfonso Urias López, investigadores del INIFAP que aportaron su experiencia y conocimientos para mejorar sustancialmente varios aspectos de este trabajo. No importa que sea impersonal, pero también le agradezco a Instituciones como el INIFAP y CONACYT que me han permitido seguirme formando y trabajar en lo que más me gusta. Agradecemos a la Red de Acción sobre Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas en México (RAPAM) y a la Red de Acción en Plaguicidas y sus Alternativas en América Latina (RAP-AL) su apoyo en la discusión de los borradores de esta obra y en la edición e impresión de esta publicación; así como a la New World Foundation y al Comité Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal de Jalisco por su valiosa aportación económica para la impresión, gracias a las gestiones del MC Primitivo Díaz Mederos DICOVI Jalisco y Director de Planeación del CIRPAC-INIFAP. Finalmente, agradezco también el importante apoyo del Dr. Ignacio Vidales Fernández DICOVI de Michoacán para que la publicación de este libro fuera concluida. iii Fernando Bahena Juárez. Es Doctor Ingeniero Agrónomo, con estudios de licenciatura en el Departamento de Parasitología de la Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (1988), de Maestría en Ciencias en el Centro de Entomología y Acarología del Colegio de Postgraduados (1992) y doctorado en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (1997). Durante 24 años ha sido investigador, primero del INIA y posteriormente del INIFAP, adscrito al Campo Experimental de Teziutlan y Tecamachalco, en Puebla y en el CENID-CENAPROS en Michoacán, actualmente es investigador del Campo Experimental Uruapan. Durante su vida profesional, se ha desempeñado como investigador del área de Entomología con énfasis en el Control Biológico de Plagas y uso de métodos alternativos para el combate de plagas. iv Índice General Página Índice de cuadros 2 Índice de figuras 2 Índice de fotografías 3 Prologo 5 Introducción 7 El control químico y sus impactos 9 Origen y tipos de plagas agrícolas 13 El papel de la biodiversidad 15 La opción agroecológica en el combate de plagas 17 El control biológico de plagas 21 Enemigos naturales de las plagas agrícolas 21 Atributos bioecológicos de los enemigos naturales 27 Estrategias metodológicas para el control biológico 29 Controversias en el control biológico 33 Cría de organismos benéficos 36 Producción y comercialización de enemigos naturales 40 Alternativas de control contra plagas sin daño a entomófagos 45 Los extractos vegetales 45 Uso de semioquímicos (feromonas sexuales) 48 Descripción y guía ilustrada de algunos entomófagos 53 a) Parasitoides 54 a.1. Chelonus insularis Creeson (1865) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 54 a.2. Cotesia spp. (Cameron) 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 57 a.3. Meteorus laphygmae Viereck 1913 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 60 a.4. Diaeretiella rapae (M´Intosh) 1855 (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) 63 a.5. Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) 1886 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 66 a.6. Pristomerus spinator (Fabricius) 1804 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 69 a.7. Eiphosoma vitticolle Cresson 1865 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) 72 a.8. Copidosoma desantisi Annecke & Mynhardt (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) 75 a.9. Trichogramma pretiosum Riley 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) 79 a.10. Archytas marmoratus (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) 82 b) Depredadores 85 b.1. Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Méneville 1842 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 85 b.2. Scymnus spp. (Kugelann 1979) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 89 1 b.3. Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 92 b.4. Cycloneda sanguinea Linnaeus 1763 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 94 b.5. Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant 1866) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 97 b.6. Enoclerus spp Gahan 1910 (Coleoptera: Cleridae) 99 b.7. Collops spp Erichson 1840 (Coleoptera: Melyridae) 101 b.8. Orius spp (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) 104 b.9. Chrysoperla spp Steinmann 1964 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 107 b.10. Syrphus sp Fabricius (Diptera: Syrphidae) 110 Enemigos naturales de enemigos naturales 113 Literatura citada 115 Anexos: 1. Glosario Entomológico 129 2. Centros reproductores de organismos benéficos en México 163 3. Listado por orden alfabético de nombres comunes, científicos y familias de insectos mencionados en el texto 173 Índice de Cuadros Página 1 Factores que originan o favorecen el incremento o surgimiento de plagas agrícolas. 14 2 Prácticas factibles para un manejo Agroecológico de Plagas 19 3 Laboratorios para la cría masiva de Enemigos Naturales en México 42 4 Enemigos naturales que se producen en México. Junio 2006 43 5 Mercado de insumos para el control de plagas en distintas regiones del mundo 44 6 Plantas que han sido base para el desarrollo de insecticidas químicos 45 7 Clasificación de semioquímicos. 48 8 Especies de insectos consumidos por C. carnea 108 Índice de Figuras Página 1. Artrópodos registrados con resistencia a plaguicidas, de 1908 a 1990. 10 2. Diagrama de “la espiral del veneno” 11 2 Índice de Fotografías Página Figura 1. Vista lateral del adulto de Chelonus insularis 54 Figura 2. Adulto del genero Cotesia sp 57 Figura 3. Vista lateral del adulto de Meteorus laphygmae 60 Figura 4. Adulto de Diaeretiella rapae 63 Figura 5. Vista lateral del adulto de Campoletis sonorensis 66 Figura 6. Adulto de Pristomerus spinator. 69 Figura 7. Adulto de Eiphosoma vitticolle. 72 Figura 8. Vista dorsal del adulto de Copidosoma desantisi. 75 Figura 9. Adulto de Trichogramma spp sobre huevecillo de lepidoptero 79 Figura 10a y b. Características morfológicas de Archytas marmoratus 82 Figura 11. Adulto de Hippodamia convergens 85 Figura 12. Adulto de Scymnus spp 89 Figura 13. Adulto de Coleomegilla maculata 92 Figura 14. Adulto de Cycloneda sanguinea 94 Figura 15. Aspecto dorsal de dos formas de coloración del adulto de Olla v-nigrum 97 Figura 16. Adulto de Enoclerus nigripes 99 Figura 17. Adulto de Collops spp 101 Figura 18. Adultos
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