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Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination in Mexico Cultural A Survival Q U A R ' T E R L Y World Report on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities Cultural Survival Quarterly Spring 1999 Volume 23 Issue 1 Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination in Mexico Contents 23 Introduction Lynn Stephen, Guest Editor 27 The First Anniversary of the Acteal Massacre Lynn Stephen Detail from Ch ichen Itza, Yucatan 30 The San Andres Accords: Indians and the Soul Luis Hernandez Navarro Departments 33 The San Andres Accords on Indigenous Rights and Culture 4 CS Bulletin Board 39 Declaration: “Never Again a Mexico Without Us” Resolutions of the National Indigenous Congress 5 Editorial 41 Indigenous Autonomy and the Strengthening of National Sovereignty 6 Not in the News and Identity Maria Magdalena Gomez Rivera 9 Special Projects Update 45 Indigenous People and Autonomy in Mexico 11 CS in the Classroom Francisco Lopez Barcenas 12 Sources 48 Indigenous Rights and the Democratic Reform of the State Pablo Enrique Yanes Rizo 14 Book Reviews Alison Smith 50 Indigenous Women’s Participation in Formulating the San Andres Accords Ian McIntosh Jessica Chape! Rosalva Aida Hernandez Castillo and Lynn Stephen 16 Update Native North 52 Indigenous Women’s Proposals to the National Indigenous Congress, 1996 America 54 Finding Our Own Solutions: Mixe Communities of Oaxaca the Hugo Aquilar and Adelfo Regino 18 Notes./iw;; Field Ron Niezen 56 The Wixaritari Today Carlos Chavez and Angeles Areas, Jalisco Indigenous Rights Support Association Huichol Statement to the Voice of the Four Peoples 58 On the cover: 59 Welcome to Oaxacalifomia Tzotil authorities firnn the autonomous Caspar Rivera-Salgado munkipio o/Polho in rebellion. 62 CSQ Resource List; Photo by Lynn Stephen Indigenous Rights and Organizations in Mexico Cultural Survival Quarterly Spring 1999 1 Cultural Survival Her Majesty Queen Margrethe Publications: Interns, Bazaars & Local Affairs: of Denmark, Honoraiy Member Cultural Survival Quarterly Pia Maybury-Lewis Jessica Chapel, Managing Editor David Maybury-Lewis, Bartholomew Dean, Book Reviews Editor Interns: Founder Sofia Flynn. Distribution Corinne Smith, Galit Sarfaty, Erik Dahl, Maggie Cornell, Lisa Marei Schmidt Cultural Survival Series on BOARD OF DIRECTORS Ethnicity and Change Membership: David Maybury-Lewis. President David Maybury-Lewis and Theodore Mark Camp, Coordinator Department of Anthropology Macdonald, Jr., General Editors Mark Umi Perkins Harvard University Bookkeeping/Personnel: S. James Anaya Center for Cultural Survival Sofia Flynn University of Iowa Law School David Maybury-Lewis, Senior Fellow Harvey Cox Julia Dickinson, Research Coordinator Harvard Divinity School PONSACS Wade Davis Special Projects: The Program on Non-Violent Sanctions and Sarah Fuller Ian McIntosh, Sofia Flynn, Coordinators Cultural Survival. A Joint Program of The Decision Resources. Inc. Center for International Affairs at Harvard Elizabeth Grady Center for Traditional Textiles of Cusco University and Cultural Survival. The Cambridge Public Schools Nilda Callanaupa, Coordinator David Maybury-Lewis. Director Jean Jackson Doug Bond. Theodore Macdonald, Jr., Department of Anthropology Ersari Turkmen Vegetable Dye Weaving Associate Directors M.I.T Project and Tibetan Rug Weaving Project Richard Lee Chris Walter. Coordinator GENERAL INFORMATION P. Ranganath Nayak Copyright © 1999 by Cultural Survival, Inc The Boston Consulting Group. The Garifuna Journey Cultural Survival Quarterly {ISSN 0740- Cambridge Andrea Leland, Kathy Berger, 3291) is indexed by Alternative Press Index Orlando Patterson Coordinators (API) and Environmental Periodicals Department of Sociology Bibliography. Cultural Survival Quarterly is Han>ard University Ituri Forest Peoples Fund published four times per year for $45 pgj. Marguerite Robinson David Wilkie, Gilda Morelli, year by Cultural Survival. Inc., 96 Mt. Harvard Institute for Bryan Curran, Robert Bailey, Auburn St., Cambridge. MA 02138. International Development Coordinators Periodicals postage is paid at Boston. Ma Ruben Shohet permit no. 8-189. Postmaster, send address Meridian Partners, New York Maya Manche Scholarship Fund changes to: Cultural Survival, 96 Mt Auh Sylvia Shepard Richard Wilk. Coordinator St.. Cambridge. MA 02138. Printed on re^”^ David Smith Orang Asli Assistance Fund cled paper in the U.S.A. Please note that views in this magazine are those of the ^ Hansard Law School Kirk Endicott, Adela S. Baer, Lynn Stephen authors and do not necessarily represent th Coordinators Department of Anthwpology views of Cultural Survival. and Sociology’ Sna Jtz’ibajom. Chiapas Writers' Northeastern University- Cooperative WRITERS' GUIDELINES John W. Terborgh Robert Laughlin. Coordinator View the writers' guidelines at our web site Center for Tropical Consen-ation (www.cs.org) or send a self-addressed, Duke University- The Suva Project stamped envelope to Cultural Survival, Barbara Wilk Anthony Seeger, Coordinator Writer's Guidelines. 96 Mount Auburn St. Cambridge. MA. 02138. Requests sent witi^ out proper postage cannot be fulfilled, Tibetan School Project ADVISORY BOARD Nancy Mayo-Smith. Coordinator Roberto Cardoso de Oliveira. Philippa ADDRESS Friedrich. John Marshall. Francesco Peilizzi. Xavante Education Fund Cultural Survival Louis B. Sohn, Siefano Varese. Evon Z. Laura Graham. Coordinator 96 Mount Auburn Street Vogt. Jr. Cambridge. MA 02138 Education and Outreach: Nicole Thornton. Coordinator Tel; (617) 441-.MOO STAFF Mark Umi Perkins. Library C oordinator Fax: (617)441-5417 Ian McIntosh. Managing Director Evan Loveti-Harris. Research Assistant Web site: www.cs.org E-mail: csincfit cs.org 2 Cultural Survival Quarterly Spring 1 999 Photo by Lynn Stephen 22 Cultural Survival Quarterly Spring 1999 Indigenous Rights and Self-Determination in Mexico Jonathan Fox, Caspar Riv er a , Lynn Stephen, Guest Editors Introduction by Lynn Stephen ndigenous autonomy or self-determination is understood as respect for the internal prac tices and decision-making modes of indigenous pueblos. I use the term pueblos here to referI to the multiple usages understood in Mexico, including, “towns," “communities," and “peoples.” Autonomy also means that indigenous communities participate in the various levels of economic, political, cultural, and legal decision-making associated with the state. The Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, Mexico which exploded in January 1994 has provided an important political opening for the negotiation of indigenous autonomy in Mexico at the national level. Movements for indigenous autonomy at the regional and local level, how ever, have a long history. For example, in 1974, the First Indigenous Congress held in San Cristobal de las Casas was multiethnic and its 1230 delegates included 587 Tzeltales, 330 Tzotiles. 152 Tojolabales, and 151 Choles representing 327 communities. Impressive regional indigenous gatherings were held elsewhere in Mexico as well in the 1970s and 1980s. The current political juncture examined in this issue focuses not only on the need to guarantee indigenous autonomy at the national level and to have it built into the Mexican Constitution and accompanying legislation, but also to ensure that the right of indigenous peoples to organize autonomously at local, regional, and national levels is respected. What this requires is a new relationship between the Mexican state and indigenous peoples. As stated by author Luis Hernandez, “The old pact between the state and Indian peoples has broken down and a new pact must be established based on new premises." The struggle for indigenous rights and self-determination in Mexico involves four key arenas which are the focus of this issue. These include: 1) on-the ground experiences of autonomy both historically and currently; 2) the signing of the San Andres Peace Accords on Indigenous Rights and Culture and their implementation: 3) the creation and maintenance of a national movement for indigenous autonomy in Mexico out of diverse experiences and interpretations of autonomy and self-determination; and 4) a redefinition Left: A Zapotec of the relationship between Indian peoples and the Mexican state away from the historical couple in centra! Oaxaca look after focus on indigenism, which had assimilation as its goal. their alfalfa parcel. In many areas throughout Mexico, indigenous peoples have historically engaged Change.s in agrarian in the practice of autonomy at community and regional levels. Among the Mixe of Oaxaca, law now permit for example, community autonomy has existed for centuries and an ethnically and linguis collectively held land tically homogeneous Mixe district was created in 1938 which remains intact to this day. In in ejido.s to he priva Chiapas, 38 self-declared autonomous municipalities and pluriethnic regions have estab tized. Indigenous lished their own sets of governing structures since 1994. The (Huicholes) of Jalisco have control over land solidified their self-determination through organizing their communities into a regional and resources is a organization that regained traditional territory through petitioning government land tri major issue in the struggle for bunals. And in a transnational political space that spans the US-Mexican border. Zapotecos, autonomy. Mixtecos, and Triques have created organizations and coalitions which defend indigenous Cultural Survival Quarterly Spring 1 999 23 rights and self-determination outside of the boundaries of In October of 1996, the EZLN and the National Commission states. of Concord and Pacification (COCOPA) announced that a joint
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