DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction the Abuse of Psychotropic Substances Causes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction the Abuse of Psychotropic Substances Causes Investigation of the Reporting System of Schedule-4 Psychotropic Substances in Thailand: A Case Study of Pinazepam นิพนธ์ต้นฉบ ับ Original Article กนกวรรณ โสภากิติบูรณ์1* และ เยาวลักษณ์ อ ่าร าไพ2 Kanokwan Sopakitiboon1* and Yaowalak Amrumpai2 1 กลุ่มก ากับดูแลหลังออกสูต่ ลาด กองควบคุมวัตถุเสพติด ส านักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยา 1 Post-marketing Control Unit, Narcotics Control Division, Thai Food and Drug จังหวัดนนทบุรี 1000 Administration, Nonthaburi Province, Thailand, 11000 2 ภาควชิ าเภสชั กรรมชมุ ชน คณะเภสชั ศาสตร ์ มหาวทิ ยาลยั ศลิ ปากร นครปฐม 73000 2 Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand, 73000 * ติดต่อผู้นิพนธ์: [email protected] * Corresponding author: [email protected] วารสารไทยเภสชั ศาสตรแ์ ละวทิ ยาการสุขภาพ 2560;12(3):138-146. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal 2017;12(3):138-146. บทค ัดย่อ Abstract วัตถุประสงค์: การรั่วไหลของวตั ถุออกฤทธใิ์ นประเภท 4 ออกนอกระบบควบคุม Objectives: The leakage of schedule-4 psychotropic substances from the การกระจายยาเป็นปญั หาที่ส าคัญมากแต่ยังไม่มีการวิเคราะห์อย่างชัดเจน formal distribution channel is a crucial problem but still unexplored. This การศึกษานี้จึงมุ่งตรวจสอบระบบรายงานและการสอบทานข้อมูลการซื้อ-ขายวัตถุ study aimed to investigate the reporting system of the substances using ออกฤทธฯิ์ โดยใช้พินาซีแพมเป็นกรณีศึกษา วิธีการศึกษา: เป็นการศึกษาแบบ pinazepam as a study drug. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we ภาคตัดขวางที่ใช้การตรวจสอบรายงานแบบเอกสารและแบบออนไลน์ของพินาซี investigated the reports both in paper-based and online formats submitted แพมซึ่งส่งมาที่ส านักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยาตั้งแต่ปี 2557 – 2558 to the FDA during 2014 – 2015. These reports were obtained from รายงานเหล่านี้ได้รับจากผู้ผลิต ผู้น าเข้า ผู้แทนจาหน่าย สถานพยาบาลและร้านยา manufacturers, importers, distributors, healthcare facilities and drugstores. ต่างๆ ข้อมูลปริมาณการซื้อ-ขายในแต่ละระดับของการกระจายยาจะได้รับ Data of purchase and sale volume at each step of distribution were วิเคราะห์เปรียบเทียบและรายงานใดยใช้สถิติเชิงพรรณนาคือความถี่และร้อยละ compared and reported as descriptive statistics, i.e. frequencies and ผลการศึกษา: ในปี 2557 ประเทศไทยมีการน าเข้าวัตถุดิบพินาซีแพม 40 percentages. Results: In 2014, 40 kg of pinazepam was imported to กิโลกรัม โดยขออนุญาตผลิตเพื่อใช้ในประเทศ 15 กิโลกรัมและผลิตเพื่อส่งออก Thailand, i.e. 15 kg being permitted to manufacture finished product for 25 กิโลกรัม ในการผลิตพินาซีแพมสาเร็จรูปเพื่อใช้ในประเทศ 7 รุ่นการผลิต ผลิต domestic use and 25 kg for exportation. Seven batches of the finished ได้จริง 2,639,500 แคปซูล (ร้อยละที่ผลิตได้ 94.27) หลังจากนั้นผู้ผลิตและผู้แทน products for domestic use were produced with a capacity of 2,639,500 จาหน่ายขายพินาซีแพมไปทั้งสิ้น 1,990,000 แคปซูลให้กับสถานพยาบาลและร้าน capsules (or 94.27% actual yield). After the sale of 1,990,000 capsules to ขายยา 168 แห่ง คงเหลือในคลังสินค้า 649,500 แคปซูล (ณ วันที่ 31 กรกฎาคม 168 healthcare facilities and drugstores combined, 649,500 capsules were 2558) มีเพียงสถานพยาบาลและร้านขายยา 64 แห่ง (ร้อยละ 38.10) ส่งรายงาน left in the inventory of the manufacturers and distributors (as of July 31, แบบเอกสารมายังสานักงานคณะกรรมการอาหารและยา (อย.) จึงทาให้ไม่สามารถ 2015). As only 64 healthcare facilities and drugstores (38.10%) submitted ตรวจสอบการกระจายยาไปยังผู้บริโภคได้ สรุป: ยังไม่พบการรั่วไหลออกนอก the reports to the FDA, the distribution to the consumers could not be ระบบควบคุมการกระจายยาพินาซีแพมตั้งแต่การน าเข้าวัตถุดิบ ผลิต ส่งออกและ examined. Conclusion: There was no leakage of pinazepam in the ขายไปยังสถานพยาบาลและร้านขายยาสามารถ แต่ยังไม่สามารถยืนยันการ distribution from the manufacturers to the healthcare facilities and กระจายยาจากสถานพยาบาลไปยังผู้บริโภคได้ ควรมีการเพิ่มพนักงานเจ้าหน้าที่ drugstores. However, the distribution to the consumers could not be verified. เพื่อตรวจสอบระบบรายงานและการปรับปรุงระบบรายงานออนไลน์ให้รองรับการ It is recommended that more officers should be allocated to the data รายงานให้สมบูรณ์มากยิ่งขึ้น verification task and a more comprehensive online reporting system should be in place. คาส าคัญ : ระบบรายงาน, วตั ถุออกฤทธใิ์นประเภท 4, พินาซีแพม Keywords: reporting system, schedule-4 psychotropic substances, pinazepam Introduction The abuse of psychotropic substances causes not only pinezepam, have been widely known as effective anxiolytic physical and mental, but societal problems as well. Such agents. This dilemma has led many countries to issue laws societal negative impacts included the epidemic of and regulations to control the use of these psychotropic psychotropic substance abuse and criminals affecting safety drugs under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of other people’s life and asset. These problems have called (1971) of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.1 In for a tight control on the psychotropic substances. Despite Thailand, the control of psychotropic drugs with abuse their abuse potentials, many psychotropic substances are potential has been under the provision of the medically useful. Benzodiazepines, such as diazepam and Psychotropic Substances Act, B.E. 2518 (A.D. 1975). ไทยเภสชั ศาสตรแ์ ละวทิ ยาการสขุ ภาพ ปี 12 ฉบับ 3, กค. – กย. 2560 138 Thai Pharm Health Sci J Vol. 12 No. 3, Jul. – Sep. 2017 The abuse of psychotropic drugs has been found in exceeds the amount allowed. Despite a strict control on various countries. In the US, the death of benzodiazepine psychotropic substances with an existing reporting system, overdose had been rising continuously from 1,500 cases in the problems of illicit distribution and access of psychotropic 2001 to 7,500 cases in 2014, a five-fold increase.2 In the substances are still prevalent and have been continuously UK, 342 cases of benzodiazepine-related death in 2013 was increasing. With such ongoing problems, this present study higher than that in 2012 by 20%.3 In Thailand, the abuse has aimed to investigate the performance of the reporting system been found in various groups of substances including opioids and the data verification process of schedule-4 psychotropic (eg. buprenorphine), sedatives and hypnotics (eg. substances under the provision of Thai FDA using pinazepam), and stimulants (eg. phentermine).4 There has pinazepam as a case study drug. The information learned been an increasing trend of cases of illegal drug use from could be useful in improving the control system to alleviate 2002 to 2011. The most found cases of illicit use were the illicit distribution and access, and subsequently the transquilizer related which increased from 346 cases in 2002 abuse of these schedule-4 psychotropic substances. to 719 cases in 2011. With such a high demand, these substances have been illicitly sold widely and the sales were Methods arrested the most. Thai Food and Drug Administration has established a In this cross-sectional study, reports of pinazepam by reporting system for each single step of the distribution of manufacturers, importers and distributors were investigated. psychotropic substances, especially those in schedule-4, Reports both in paper-based and electronic forms from 2014 from importation, manufacturing, selling, and exportation. A to 2015 were examined. Pinezepam was chosen as the good reporting system should allow for 1) immediate study drug since it was one of the widely used psychotropic documentation of purchase and sale data and 2) easy substance. Since it is a benzodiazepine, pinazepam has a correction and verification of the data. Verification process central nervous system suppression action. It provides should be able to compare data from all steps from anxiolytic, sedative, anti-epileptic and muscle relaxing importation, manufacturing, exportation and distribution to effects. In addition, pinazepam also causes amnesia or loss healthcare facilities and drugstores. In other words, volume of memory. All of these effects of pinazepam suggest a of imported substances should completely agree with the relatively high potential for abuse. In addition, the number of expected volume of the finished product. For example, for manufacturers and distributors had been known to be one gram of the psychotropic substance raw material limited, hence a high feasibility to complete the study in a imported, the manufacturer should be able to produce 100 reasonable period of time. tablets of the finished product of 10 mg tablets, and report to Definitions the FDA accordingly. Subsequently, for the sale of 100 tablets of the finished product from the manufacturer or a In this study, licensees of psychotropic substances and distributor to a healthcare facility, such purchase volume of finished products included importers, manufacturers, 100 tablets should be reported by the healthcare facility to distributors, exporters, healthcare facilities and drugstores. the FDA. In addition, the accumulated volume of Healthcare facilities included public and private hospitals, sale/dispensing of the finished product at the healthcare clinics, dental clinics, and veterinary hospital and clinics. The facility should also be reported to the FDA. Numbers from all importers could be those that imported raw materials and/or of these distribution steps should agree with each other. Any finished products of psychotropic substances. The importers discrepancy about the number of psychotropic substances could sell raw materials to manufacturers and the finished and their finished products could potentially indicate a product to distributors or directly to healthcare facilities and leakage or illicit distribution. drugstores.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding Benzodiazephine Use, Abuse, and Detection
    Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, the leading clinical diagnostics company, is committed to providing clinicians with the vital information they need for the accurate diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of patients. Our comprehensive portfolio of performance-driven systems, unmatched menu offering and IT solutions, in conjunction with highly responsive service, is designed to streamline workflow, enhance operational efficiency and support improved patient care. Syva, EMIT, EMIT II, EMIT d.a.u., and all associated marks are trademarks of General Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. All Drugs other trademarks and brands are the Global Division property of their respective owners. of Abuse Siemens Healthcare Product availability may vary from Diagnostics Inc. country to country and is subject 1717 Deerfield Road to varying regulatory requirements. Deerfield, IL 60015-0778 Please contact your local USA representative for availability. www.siemens.com/diagnostics Siemens Global Headquarters Global Siemens Healthcare Headquarters Siemens AG Understanding Wittelsbacherplatz 2 Siemens AG 80333 Muenchen Healthcare Sector Germany Henkestrasse 127 Benzodiazephine Use, 91052 Erlangen Germany Abuse, and Detection Telephone: +49 9131 84 - 0 www.siemens.com/healthcare www.usa.siemens.com/diagnostics Answers for life. Order No. A91DX-0701526-UC1-4A00 | Printed in USA | © 2009 Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. Syva has been R1 R2 a leading developer N and manufacturer of AB R3 X N drugs-of-abuse tests R4 for more than 30 years. R2 C Now part of Siemens Healthcare ® Diagnostics, Syva boasts a long and Benzodiazepines have as their basic chemical structure successful track record in drugs-of-abuse a benzene ring fused to a seven-membered diazepine ring. testing, and leads the industry in the All important benzodiazepines contain a 5-aryl substituent ring (ring C) and a 1,4–diazepine ring.
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Methods for Determination of Benzodiazepines. a Short Review
    Cent. Eur. J. Chem. • 12(10) • 2014 • 994-1007 DOI: 10.2478/s11532-014-0551-1 Central European Journal of Chemistry Analytical methods for determination of benzodiazepines. A short review Review Article Paulina Szatkowska1, Marcin Koba1*, Piotr Kośliński1, Jacek Wandas1, Tomasz Bączek2,3 1Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland 2Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland 3Institute of Health Sciences, Division of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland Received 16 July 2013; Accepted 6 February 2014 Abstract: Benzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work. Keywords: Analytical methods • Benzodiazepines • Drugs analysis • Pharmaceutical formulations © Versita Sp. z o.o. 1. Introduction and long). For this reason, an application of these drugs became broader allowing their utility to a larger extent, Benzodiazepines have been first introduced into medical and at the same time, problems related to drug abuse practice in the 60s of the last century.
    [Show full text]
  • TR-468: Oxazepam (CASRN 604-75-1) in F344/N Rats
    NTP TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS STUDIES OF OXAZEPAM (CAS NO. 604-75-1) IN F344/N RATS (FEED STUDIES) NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM P.O. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 October 1998 NTP TR 468 NIH Publication No. 99-3958 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service National Institutes of Health FOREWORD The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is made up of four charter agencies of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS): the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health; the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health; the National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Food and Drug Administration; and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control. In July 1981, the Carcinogenesis Bioassay Testing Program, NCI, was transferred to the NIEHS. The NTP coordinates the relevant programs, staff, and resources from these Public Health Service agencies relating to basic and applied research and to biological assay development and validation. The NTP develops, evaluates, and disseminates scientific information about potentially toxic and hazardous chemicals. This knowledge is used for protecting the health of the American people and for the primary prevention of disease. The studies described in this Technical Report were performed under the direction of the NIEHS and were conducted in compliance with NTP laboratory health and safety requirements and must meet or exceed all applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations. Animal care and use were in accordance with the Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Animals.
    [Show full text]
  • 124.210 Schedule IV — Substances Included. 1
    1 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES, §124.210 124.210 Schedule IV — substances included. 1. Schedule IV shall consist of the drugs and other substances, by whatever official name, common or usual name, chemical name, or brand name designated, listed in this section. 2. Narcotic drugs. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation containing any of the following narcotic drugs, or their salts calculated as the free anhydrous base or alkaloid, in limited quantities as set forth below: a. Not more than one milligram of difenoxin and not less than twenty-five micrograms of atropine sulfate per dosage unit. b. Dextropropoxyphene (alpha-(+)-4-dimethylamino-1,2-diphenyl-3-methyl-2- propionoxybutane). c. 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol, its salts, optical and geometric isomers and salts of these isomers (including tramadol). 3. Depressants. Unless specifically excepted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of the following substances, including its salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: a. Alprazolam. b. Barbital. c. Bromazepam. d. Camazepam. e. Carisoprodol. f. Chloral betaine. g. Chloral hydrate. h. Chlordiazepoxide. i. Clobazam. j. Clonazepam. k. Clorazepate. l. Clotiazepam. m. Cloxazolam. n. Delorazepam. o. Diazepam. p. Dichloralphenazone. q. Estazolam. r. Ethchlorvynol. s. Ethinamate. t. Ethyl Loflazepate. u. Fludiazepam. v. Flunitrazepam. w. Flurazepam. x. Halazepam. y. Haloxazolam. z. Ketazolam. aa. Loprazolam. ab. Lorazepam. ac. Lormetazepam. ad. Mebutamate. ae. Medazepam. af. Meprobamate. ag. Methohexital. ah. Methylphenobarbital (mephobarbital).
    [Show full text]
  • S1 Table. List of Medications Analyzed in Present Study Drug
    S1 Table. List of medications analyzed in present study Drug class Drugs Propofol, ketamine, etomidate, Barbiturate (1) (thiopental) Benzodiazepines (28) (midazolam, lorazepam, clonazepam, diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, potassium Sedatives clorazepate, bromazepam, clobazam, alprazolam, pinazepam, (32 drugs) nordazepam, fludiazepam, ethyl loflazepate, etizolam, clotiazepam, tofisopam, flurazepam, flunitrazepam, estazolam, triazolam, lormetazepam, temazepam, brotizolam, quazepam, loprazolam, zopiclone, zolpidem) Fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil, morphine, Opioid analgesics hydromorphone, nicomorphine, oxycodone, tramadol, (10 drugs) pethidine Acetaminophen, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (36) (celecoxib, polmacoxib, etoricoxib, nimesulide, aceclofenac, acemetacin, amfenac, cinnoxicam, dexibuprofen, diclofenac, emorfazone, Non-opioid analgesics etodolac, fenoprofen, flufenamic acid, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, (44 drugs) ketoprofen, ketorolac, lornoxicam, loxoprofen, mefenamiate, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, pranoprofen, proglumetacin, sulindac, talniflumate, tenoxicam, tiaprofenic acid, zaltoprofen, morniflumate, pelubiprofen, indomethacin), Anticonvulsants (7) (gabapentin, pregabalin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, valproic acid, lacosamide) Vecuronium, rocuronium bromide, cisatracurium, atracurium, Neuromuscular hexafluronium, pipecuronium bromide, doxacurium chloride, blocking agents fazadinium bromide, mivacurium chloride, (12 drugs) pancuronium, gallamine, succinylcholine
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Evidence of Use and Harms of Novel Benzodiazepines
    ACMD Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs Novel Benzodiazepines A review of the evidence of use and harms of Novel Benzodiazepines April 2020 1 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Legal control of benzodiazepines .......................................................................................... 4 3. Benzodiazepine chemistry and pharmacology .................................................................. 6 4. Benzodiazepine misuse............................................................................................................ 7 Benzodiazepine use with opioids ................................................................................................... 9 Social harms of benzodiazepine use .......................................................................................... 10 Suicide ............................................................................................................................................. 11 5. Prevalence and harm summaries of Novel Benzodiazepines ...................................... 11 1. Flualprazolam ......................................................................................................................... 11 2. Norfludiazepam ....................................................................................................................... 13 3. Flunitrazolam ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 6 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes
    Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (2020) Revision 6 Annotated for Statistical Reporting Purposes CHAPTER 29 ORGANIC CHEMICALS VI 29-1 Notes 1. Except where the context otherwise requires, the headings of this chapter apply only to: (a) Separate chemically defined organic compounds, whether or not containing impurities; (b) Mixtures of two or more isomers of the same organic compound (whether or not containing impurities), except mixtures of acyclic hydrocarbon isomers (other than stereoisomers), whether or not saturated (chapter 27); (c) The products of headings 2936 to 2939 or the sugar ethers, sugar acetals and sugar esters, and their salts, of heading 2940, or the products of heading 2941, whether or not chemically defined; (d) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in water; (e) Products mentioned in (a), (b) or (c) above dissolved in other solvents provided that the solution constitutes a normal and necessary method of putting up these products adopted solely for reasons of safety or for transport and that the solvent does not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (f) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d) or (e) above with an added stabilizer (including an anticaking agent) necessary for their preservation or transport; (g) The products mentioned in (a), (b), (c), (d), (e) or (f) above with an added antidusting agent or a coloring or odoriferous substance added to facilitate their identification or for safety reasons, provided that the additions do not render the product particularly suitable for specific use rather than for general use; (h) The following products, diluted to standard strengths, for the production of azo dyes: diazonium salts, couplers used for these salts and diazotizable amines and their salts.
    [Show full text]
  • Muscle Relaxants for Pain Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Review)
    Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis (Review) Richards BL, Whittle SL, Buchbinder R This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 1 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis (Review) Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . ..... 3 BACKGROUND .................................... 6 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 7 METHODS ...................................... 7 RESULTS....................................... 10 Figure1. ..................................... 11 Figure2. ..................................... 13 Figure3. ..................................... 15 Figure4. ..................................... 15 Figure5. ..................................... 16 Figure6. ..................................... 17 Figure7. ..................................... 17 Figure8. ..................................... 18 DISCUSSION ..................................... 20 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 22 REFERENCES ..................................... 22 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 24 DATAANDANALYSES. 35 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 Muscle relaxant versus control, Outcome 1 Pain 24hrs. 37 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 Muscle relaxant
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0184806 A1 Barlow Et Al
    US 20100184806A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2010/0184806 A1 Barlow et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 22, 2010 (54) MODULATION OF NEUROGENESIS BY PPAR (60) Provisional application No. 60/826,206, filed on Sep. AGENTS 19, 2006. (75) Inventors: Carrolee Barlow, Del Mar, CA (US); Todd Carter, San Diego, CA Publication Classification (US); Andrew Morse, San Diego, (51) Int. Cl. CA (US); Kai Treuner, San Diego, A6II 3/4433 (2006.01) CA (US); Kym Lorrain, San A6II 3/4439 (2006.01) Diego, CA (US) A6IP 25/00 (2006.01) A6IP 25/28 (2006.01) Correspondence Address: A6IP 25/18 (2006.01) SUGHRUE MION, PLLC A6IP 25/22 (2006.01) 2100 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, N.W., SUITE 8OO (52) U.S. Cl. ......................................... 514/337; 514/342 WASHINGTON, DC 20037 (US) (57) ABSTRACT (73) Assignee: BrainCells, Inc., San Diego, CA (US) The instant disclosure describes methods for treating diseases and conditions of the central and peripheral nervous system (21) Appl. No.: 12/690,915 including by stimulating or increasing neurogenesis, neuro proliferation, and/or neurodifferentiation. The disclosure (22) Filed: Jan. 20, 2010 includes compositions and methods based on use of a peroxi some proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agent, option Related U.S. Application Data ally in combination with one or more neurogenic agents, to (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 1 1/857,221, stimulate or increase a neurogenic response and/or to treat a filed on Sep. 18, 2007. nervous system disease or disorder. Patent Application Publication Jul. 22, 2010 Sheet 1 of 9 US 2010/O184806 A1 Figure 1: Human Neurogenesis Assay Ciprofibrate Neuronal Differentiation (TUJ1) 100 8090 Ciprofibrates 10-8.5 10-8.0 10-7.5 10-7.0 10-6.5 10-6.0 10-5.5 10-5.0 10-4.5 Conc(M) Patent Application Publication Jul.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Cross-Reference of Research, Generic and Trade Names of Benzodiazepines
    Appendix 1 Cross-Reference of Research, Generic and Trade Names of Benzodiazepines Table 1. Benzodiazepine research designations with corresponding generic names Research Designation Generic Name lactam demoxepam methyloxazepam temazepam A 101 nordazepam AB 35616 clorazepate AB 39083 clorazepate AH 3232 clorazepate CB 4261 tetrazepam CB 4306 clorazepate CB 4311 clorazepate CGS 8216 (antagonist) CI683 ripazepam CS 370 cloxazolam CS 430 haloxazolam D40TA estazolam EGYT 341 tofisopam ER 115 temazepam HR 158 loprazolam HR376 clobazam HR 4723 clobazam HR930 fosazepam K3917 temazepam 287 THE BENZODIAZEPINES Research Designation Generic Name LA 111 diazepam LM 2717 clobazam ORF 8063 triflubazam Ro 4-5360 nitrazepam Ro 5-0690 chlordiazepoxide Ro 5-0883 desmethy1chlordiazepoxide Ro 5-2092 demoxepam Ro 5-2180 desmethyldiazepam Ro 5-2807 diazepam Ro 5-2925 desmethylmedazepam Ro 5-3059 nitrazepam Ro 5-3350 bromazepam Ro 5-3438 fludiazepam Ro 5-4023 clonazepam Ro 5-4200 flunitrazepam Ro 5-4556 medazepam Ro 5-5345 temazepam Ro 5-6789 oxazepam Ro 5-6901 flurazepam Ro 15-1788 (antagonist) Ro 21-3981 midazolam RU 31158 loprazolam S 1530 nimetazepam SAH 1123 isoquinazepam SAH 47603 temazepam SB 5833 camazepam SCH 12041 halazepam SCH 16134 quazepam U 28774 ketazolam U 31889 alprazolam U 33030 triazolam W4020 prazepam We 352 triflubazam 288 RESEARCH, GENERIC AND TRADE NAMES Research Designation Generic Name We 941 brotizolam Wy 2917 temazepam Wy 3467 diazepam Wy 3498 oxazepam Wy 3917 temazepam Wy 4036 lorazepam Wy 4082 lormetazepam Wy 4426 oxazepam Y 6047
    [Show full text]
  • Table III. Defined Daily Doses for Statistical Purposes (S-DDD) for Psychotropic Substances
    Table III. Defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) for psychotropic substances The term “defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD)”, indicated defined daily doses for statistical purposes should be ­which has replaced the term “defined daily doses (DDD)”, is used considered approximate and subject to modifications if more by INCB as a technical unit of measurement for the purpose of ­precise information becomes­ available. The basis for the grouping statistical analysis and is not a recommended prescription dose. Its of the substances was, as far as possible, the anatomical definition is not free of a certain degree of arbitrariness. Certain ­therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification system used in the Nordic psychotropic substances may be used in certain countries for differ- Statistics on Medicines and recommended by the World Health ent treatments or in accordance with different medical practices, Organization (WHO) for drug utilization studies. In ­addition, the and therefore a different daily dose could be more appropriate. The grouping reflects the Schedules of the 1971 Convention. ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ ­ 25 Table III.1. Defined daily doses for statistical purposes (S-DDD) for psychotropic substances, by schedule Tableau III.1. Doses quotidiennes déterminées à des fins statistiques (S-DDD) pour les substances psychotropes, par tableau Cuadro III.1. Dosis diarias definidas con fines estadísticos (S-DDD) para las sustancias sicotrópicas, por lista S-DDD S-DDD (mg) (mg) Substances listed in Schedule II Amfepramone — Amfépramone — Anfepramona ......... 75.00 Substances inscrites au Tableau II Aminorex ......................................... — Sustancias incluidas en la Lista II Barbital .......................................... 500.00 Benzfetamine — Benzfétamine — Benzfetamina ......... 75.00 Amfetamine — Amfétamine — Anfetamina ............. 15.00 Bromazepam — Bromazépam .......................
    [Show full text]
  • Drug/Substance Trade Name(S)
    A B C D E F G H I J K 1 Drug/Substance Trade Name(s) Drug Class Existing Penalty Class Special Notation T1:Doping/Endangerment Level T2: Mismanagement Level Comments Methylenedioxypyrovalerone is a stimulant of the cathinone class which acts as a 3,4-methylenedioxypyprovaleroneMDPV, “bath salts” norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at 1 A Yes A A 2 Boehringer Ingelheim. No 3 Alfentanil Alfenta Narcotic used to control pain and keep patients asleep during surgery. 1 A Yes A No A Aminoxafen, Aminorex is a weight loss stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found Aminorex Aminoxaphen, Apiquel, to cause pulmonary hypertension. 1 A Yes A A 4 McN-742, Menocil No Amphetamine is a potent central nervous system stimulant that is used in the treatment of Amphetamine Speed, Upper 1 A Yes A A 5 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy, and obesity. No Anileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic Anileridine Leritine 1 A Yes A A 6 agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s. No Dopamine promoter used to treat loss of muscle movement control caused by Parkinson's Apomorphine Apokyn, Ixense 1 A Yes A A 7 disease. No Recreational drug with euphoriant and stimulant properties. The effects produced by BZP are comparable to those produced by amphetamine. It is often claimed that BZP was originally Benzylpiperazine BZP 1 A Yes A A synthesized as a potential antihelminthic (anti-parasitic) agent for use in farm animals.
    [Show full text]