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Quantitative Analysis of Benzodiazepines in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

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Quantitative Analysis of Benzodiazepines in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Cleveland Clinic Laboratories Quantitative Analysis of Benzodiazepines in Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Background The LC-MS/MS Method Benzodiazepines (BZD) are among the most prescribed Cleveland Clinic Laboratories offers an LC-MS/MS method medications in the US (1 in 20 adults)[1], and they are for quantitative measure of 7 benzodiazepine drugs in also the second most abused class of prescription drugs[2]. urine. In this method, total drug concentration is measured Measurement of these drugs/metabolites in patients provides after enzymatic hydrolysis. This assay also includes a significantly useful tool to ensure compliance: use as an adulteration test to monitor the quality of the urine prescribed. specimens. The drugs to be measured are the following: Urine is the most common specimen for the testing due to 1. Nordiazepam the ease of collection and higher concentrations present. 2. Temazepam Immunoassay (IA) can be used as a screening method, 3. Oxazepam but it lacks the desired specificity and sensitivity. Most 4. Lorazepam immunoassay tests have unacceptable false-negative and false-positive rates for various BZD [3]. Recent research 5. Alpha-hydroxalprazolam recommends the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass 6. Alpha-hydroxytriazolam spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to measure BZD due to its high 7. 7-Amino-clonazepam sensitivity and specificity [4, 5]. Summary of the methodology is shown below: Some drugs/metabolites (e.g. oxazepam, lorazepam, and temazepam) are present in urine as both free and 1. Isotope-labeled internal standards are added to each glucuronide conjugates. The conjugation rate varies urine sample. significantly within and among patients. In order to have 2. All samples are subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis consistent results, conjugated drugs are usually converted to (30 min) to convert glucuronide conjugates to free free drugs prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Chemical hydrolysis is drugs. Hydrolysis efficiency is >90% for all drugs. efficient but may result in unwanted reactions. For example, 3. After hydrolysis, samples are analyzed by LC-MS/MS acid hydrolysis can cause structural changes to various in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. BZD leading to a loss of compound information which can 4. Analyte concentration is calculated based on analyte obscure the original BZD [6]. In contrast, enzymatic hydrolysis to internal standard peak area ratio with the use of a is much milder, but needs longer incubation times to achieve calibration curve. sufficient hydrolysis efficiency. 5. A specimen quality test is included with this testing which measures creatinine concentration, specific gravity, pH, and presence of oxidant. 9500 Euclid Avenue | Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 216.444.5755 | 800.628.6816 | clevelandcliniclabs.com Cleveland Clinic Laboratories Table 1 demonstrates the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) Oxazepam (Serax): Oxazepam may arise from oxazepam- and higher limit of quantification (HLOQ) for each analyte in containing drugs or by metabolism from many the Benzodiazepine Panel. benzodiazepines including Medazepam (Nobrium), Clorazepate (Tranxene), Halazepam (Paxipam), Prazepam Table 1. Analytical measurement ranges (Centrax), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Pinazepam (Domar), and Diazepam (Valium), Temazepam (Restoril), and LLOQ HLOQ Nordiazepam. Analyte (ng/ml) (ng/ml) Lorazepam (Ativan): Presence of lorazepam indicates use of Nordiazepam 40 5000 lorazepam-containing drugs. Temazepam 40 5000 Alpha-hydroxalprazolam: Alpha-hydroxalprazolam is the Oxazepam 40 5000 primary metabolite of alprazolam (Xanax). Presence of Lorazepam 40 5000 alpha-hydroxalprazolam indicates use of alprazolam- Alpha-hydroxalprazolam 60 5000 containing drugs. Alpha-hydroxytriazolam 40 5000 Alpha-hydroxytriazolam: Alpha-hydroxtriazolam is the 7-Amino-clonazepam 40 5000 primary metabolite of triazolam (Halcion). Presence of alpha- hydroxytriazolam indicates use of triazolam-containing drugs. Interpretation 7-Amino-clonazepam: 7-Amino-clonazepam is the primary The level of drugs/metabolites in urine is affected by dose, metabolite of clonazepam (Klonopin). Presence of 7-Amino- metabolic rate, sample collection time relative to the drug clonazepam indicates use of clonazepam-containing drugs. use, and hydration status. Detailed data interpretations for each analyte are listed below: References Nordiazepam: Nordiazepam may arise from nordiazepam- 1. M. Olfson, M. King, M. Schoenbaum, JAMA Psychiatry containing drugs or by metabolism of many benzodiazepines 2015, 72, 136. including Medazepam (Nobrium), Clorazepate (Tranxene), Halazepam (Paxipam), Prazepam (Centrax), Chlordiazepoxide 2. NIH, Vol. 2016, https://www.drugabuse.gov/related- (Librium), Pinazepam (Domar), and Diazepam (Valium). topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Nordiazepam is metabolized to oxazepam. 3. L. Manchikanti, Y. Malla, B. W. Wargo, B. Fellows, Pain Temazepam (Restoril): Temazepam may arise from Physician 2011, 14, 259. temazepam-containing drugs or by metabolism from 4. S. E. Melanson, A. S. Ptolemy, A. D. Wasan, Pain Med many benzodiazepines including Medazepam (Nobrium), 2013, 14, 1813. Clorazepate (Tranxene), Halazepam (Paxipam), Prazepam (Centrax), Chlordiazepoxide (Librium), Pinazepam (Domar), 5. C. Mikel, A. J. Pesce, M. Rosenthal, C. West, Clin Chim and Diazepam (Valium). Temazepam is metabolized to Acta 2012, 413, 1199. oxazepam. 6. B. Levine, Principles of forensic toxicology, 2nd ed., AACC Press, Washington, DC, 2003. Cleveland Clinic Laboratories Test Overview Test Name Benzodiazepines Conf, Ur Ordering Mnemonic UBENZC Reference Range Nordiazepam: <40 ng/mL Temazepam: <40 ng/mL Oxazepam: <40 ng/mL Lorazepam: <40 ng/mL Alpha-hydroxalprazolam: <60 ng/mL Alpha-hydroxytriazolam: <40 ng/mL 7-Amino-clonazepam: <40 ng/mL Patient Preparation N/A Specimen Requirements 2 mL of urine in a clean container (no preservatives). Sample must be frozen immediately after collection. Disclaimers or notations Not FDA-approved CPT Codes 80346 Billing Code 83370 Technical Information Contact: Medical and Scientific Information Contact: Drew Payto Sihe Wang, PhD 216.442.5685 216.445.2634 [email protected] [email protected] 201608.002.
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