Prescribing of Benzodiazepines MOH CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES 2/2008 Ministry of Health, Singapore College of Medicine Building 16 College Road Singapore 169854 TEL (65) 6325 9220 FAX (65) 6224 1677 College of Family Academy of Medicine, WEB www.moh.gov.sg ISBN 978-981-07-0055-3 Physicians, Singapore Singapore Sept 2008 Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation Levels of evidence Level Type of Evidence 1+ + High quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), or RCTs with a very low risk of bias. 1+ Well-conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a low risk of bias. 1- Meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a high risk of bias 2+ + High quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies. High quality case control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal 2+ Well conducted case control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal 2- Case control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal 3 Non-analytic studies, e.g. case reports, case series 4 Expert opinion Grades of recommendation Grade Recommendation A At least one meta-analysis, systematic review of RCTs, or RCT rated as 1+ + and directly applicable to the target population; or A body of evidence consisting principally of studies rated as 1+, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results B A body of evidence including studies rated as 2++, directly applicable to the target population, and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 1+ + or 1+ C A body of evidence including studies rated as 2+, directly applicable to the target population and demonstrating overall consistency of results; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2+ + D Evidence level 3 or 4; or Extrapolated evidence from studies rated as 2+ GPP Recommended best practice based on the clinical experience (good practice points) of the guideline development group. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES Prescribing of Benzodiazepines MOH Clinical Practice Guidelines 2/2008 2 Published by Ministry of Health, Singapore 16 College Road, College of Medicine Building Singapore 169854 Printed by Golden City Colour Printing Co. (Pte.) Ltd. Copyright 2008 by Ministry of Health, Singapore ISBN 978-981-07-0055-3 Available on the MOH website: http://www.moh.gov.sg/cpg Statement ofof Intent These guidelines are not intended to serve as a standard of medical care. Standards of medical care are determined on the basis of all clinical data available for an individual case and are subject to change as scientific knowledge advances and patterns of care evolve. The contents of this publication are guidelines to clinical practice, based on the best available evidence at the time of development. Adherence to these guidelines may not ensure a successful outcome in every case. These guidelines should neither be construed as including all proper methods of care, nor exclude other acceptable methods of care. Each physician is ultimately responsible for the management of his/her unique patient, in the light of the clinical data presented by the patient and the diagnostic and treatment options available. Contents Page Executive summary of recommendations 1 1 Introduction 8 2 Pharmacological considerations 10 3 Psychiatric uses - insomnia, schizophrenia, 14 depression and anxiety 4 Medical uses 21 5 Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence 24 6 Special populations: elderly, child and adolescent, 29 pregnancy and breast-feeding 7 Cost-effectiveness issues 32 8 Clinical assurance of benzodiazepines prescribing 33 Annex A: Use of benzodiazepines A1 – Benzodiazepine indications and dosages in 34 adults A2 – Metabolism of benzodiazepines 35 A3 – Benzodiazepine oral dose equivalence 35 Annex B: Non-pharmacological measures for insomnia B1 – Sleep hygiene 36 B2 – Stimulus control 37 B3 – Sleep restriction 37 References 38 Self-assessment (MCQs) 52 Workgroup members 57 Foreword Benzodiazepines are useful psychoactive drugs commonly prescribed for treating insomnia, anxiety and other psychiatric and medical conditions. These Clinical Practice Guidelines on ‘Prescribing of Benzodiazepines’ are a revised version of the previous 2002 ‘Guidelines for Prescribing Benzodiazepines’. The revised guidelines focus mainly on the prescribing of benzodiazepines in the primary healthcare context and include a wider range of clinical conditions and patient groups for which benzodiazepines may be prescribed. I am confident that these guidelines will help doctors prescribe benzodiazepines in an appropriate manner for the benefit of patients. In Singapore, the prescribing of increasing quantities of benzodiazepines has become a cause for concern especially in the primary healthcare setting. It is well known that improper or long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to tolerance as well as psychological and physical dependence. Withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, perceptual disturbances and tremors may develop upon cessation of benzodiazepine use. Hence, proper prescribing of benzodiazepines is essential for preventing benzodiazepine addiction and withdrawal problems. I thank the MOH CPG Workgroup for drafting these guidelines for use by all medical practitioners in their prescribing of benzodiazepines to patients. PROFESSOR K SATKU DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL SERVICES 5 Executive summary of recommendations Details of recommendations can be found in the main text at the pages indicated. Pharmacological considerations D Appropriate facilities, equipment and drugs (including flumazenil) for respiratory or cardiovascular assistance should be readily available whenever benzodiazepines are administered intravenously. Close observation is required until the patient recovers fully from sedation (pg 12). Grade D, Level 4 D Neither benzodiazepines nor zolpidem/zopiclone should be used in acute narrow angle glaucoma, acute pulmonary insufficiency, respiratory depression, sleep apnoea syndrome or marked neuromuscular respiratory weakness including unstable myasthenia gravis and in the presence of known hypersensitivity (to the drug or any excipents) (pg 12). Grade D, Level 4 B Patients should be routinely warned that hypnotics/anxiolytics cause drowsiness and may impair ability to perform hazardous activities that require mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g. operating machinery or driving a motor vehicle). As such, the concomitant use of alcoholic drinks should also be avoided (pg 13). Grade B, Level 2++ B Patients should be warned about possible effects on memory (e.g. amnesia) and report to their doctor any behavioural or mental changes (e.g. depression) that develop during treatment with benzodiazepines or zopiclone/zolpidem (pg 13). Grade B, Level 1+ Psychiatric uses - insomnia, schizophrenia, depression and anxiety A Prescription of zolpidem and zopiclone should be treated with the same cautions as benzodiazepines (pg 14). Grade A, Level 1+ 1 A Judicious use of hypnotic medications (e.g. benzodiazepines) may be indicated for short-term (up to 2-4 weeks) relief of insomnia symptoms after considering non-pharmacological treatments. Instructions are necessary concerning side effects (including tolerance and dependence), follow-up for efficacy and discontinuation (pg 15). Grade A, Level 1+ A If treatment does not work with a shorter-acting benzodiazepine, zolpidem or zopiclone, the doctor should not prescribe one of another shorter-acting benzodiazepine, zolpidem or zopiclone (pg 15). Grade A, Level 1+ D Patients with insomnia should be referred to an appropriate specialist if physical, psychological or benzodiazepine/substance abuse/dependence problems are suspected (pg 16). Grade D, Level 4 A If acute insomnia (of less than 4 weeks) is severe, distressing and disabling, and is expected to resolve quickly, a short course of a benzodiazepine or a similar hypnotic drug (up to 2-4 weeks) may be considered (pg 16). Grade A, Level 1+ D When a benzodiazepine is indicated as a hypnotic, the minimum effective dose should be used for the shortest duration so as to minimize side effects and risks of dependence (pg 16). Grade D, Level 4 A For chronic insomnia (longer than 4 weeks), non-pharmacological therapies are the mainstay of management (pg 17). Grade A, Level 1+ A Hypnotic drug use in patients with chronic insomnia (longer than 4 weeks) should be avoided as far as possible because efficacy is not clearly established (pg 17). Grade A, Level 1+ A Benzodiazepines should not be used as monotherapy in the treatment of schizophrenia, schizophrenia-like psychoses and acute psychotic behaviour (pg 18). Grade A, Level 1+ 2 A A short-term trial of adjunctive benzodiazepines may be considered only in psychotic patients with persistent and clinically significant symptoms of anxiety, dangerous or assaultive behaviour (pg 18). Grade A, Level 1+ A Benzodiazepines may be added (for less than 4 weeks) to an antidepressant in a depressed patient with anxiety and/or insomnia in the initial phase of treatment (pg 19). Grade A, Level 1+ A Benzodiazepines should not be used as monotherapy for depression (pg 19). Grade A, Level 1+ D Benzodiazepines are indicated for the short-term relief (2-4 weeks only) of anxiety that is severe, disabling or subjecting the individual to unacceptable distress, occurring