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Planning African Rural Towns the Case of Caia and Sena, Mozambique

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Planning African Rural Towns the Case of Caia and Sena, Mozambique Monographs of the School of Doctoral Studies in Environmental Engineering Doctoral School in Environmental Engineering Planning African rural towns The case of Caia and Sena, Mozambique Roberta Nicchia 2011 Monographs of the School of Doctoral Studies in Environmental Engineering Doctoral School in Environmental Engineering Planning African rural towns The case of Caia and Sena, Mozambique Roberta Nicchia 2011 i Doctoral thesis in Environmental Engineering, XXIII cycle Faculty of Engineering, University of Trento Academic year 2009/2010 Supervisor: prof. Corrado Diamantini, University of Trento University of Trento Trento, Italy 2011 ii ―Só a Antropofagia nos une. Socialmente. Economicamente. Filosoficamente. Única lei do mundo. Expressão mascarada de todos os individualismos, de todos os coletivismos. De todas as religiões. De todos os tratados de paz. [...] Só me interessa o que não é meu. Lei do homem. Lei do antropófago [...] A alegria é a prova dos nove. A luta entre o que se chamaria Incriado e a Criatura – ilustrada pela contradição permanente do homem e o seu Tabu. O amor cotidiano e o modusvivendi capitalista. Antropofagia. Absorção do inimigo sacro. Para transformá-lo em totem. A humana aventura. A terrena finalidade.‖ Oswald de Andrade, Manifesto antropófago, 1928 iii iv Preface The present study is part of a wider research and spatial planning activity conducted over the last seven years by the DICA—Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (University of Trento) in the district of Caia, Mozambique. The DICA, in fact, is involved in a decentralized cooperation program, named ―Il Trentino in Mozambico e il Mozambico in Trentino‖, between the Provinces of Trento (Italy) and Sofala (Mozambique). The Province of Trento acts in Mozambique through the CAM—Consorcio Associaçoes com Moçambique, a consortium of local associations that is responsible for managing the program. The program aims to promote cooperation in different fields, including urban planning and management, between the local communities of Trento and Caia. The public sector reform in Mozambique, in fact, has recently transferred this responsibility from provinces to district administrations without providing them with adequate financial resources and technical instruments. Therefore, the local administration of the district of Caia asked for the support of the CAM, which in turn sought expert advice from the DICA. In particular, support was required in the drawing up of two master plans for the small towns of the district: POTU—Plano de Ordinamento Territorial e Urbanização da Vila de Caia (2006), and PEU—Plano de Estrutura Urbano da Vila de Sena (2009). By way of the program ―Il Trentino in Mozambico e il Mozambico in Trentino‖, I had the opportunity to conduct a two-month field research in the district of Caia in the summer 2008. The aim was to draw up a preliminary study for the master plan of Sena, the results of which are discussed in this thesis. Furthermore, I was asked to teach a two-week intensive course on urban management to the technicians of the Spatial Planning Office of the district of Caia. This was an important opportunity that allowed me to set the tone of the research, from the very beginning, with the actors to whom it is principally addressed: the local technicians that are responsible for managing the transformations of Mozambique rural towns. v vi Contents Introduction….......................................................................................................................1 PART I—Theoretical framework 1. The origin of the debate on small and intermediate urban centres in Third World countries 1.1. Theory of modernization............................................................................................7 1.2. Failure of the theory of modernization and its effects on national and local urban systems.......................................................................................................................8 1.2.1. Overurbanization and urban dualism............................................................ 10 1.2.2. Favelization...................................................................................................12 1.2.3. Environmental deterioration..........................................................................13 1.2.4. Social and political exclusion........................................................................14 1.3. The origin of the debate and main theoretical views...............................................15 1.3.1. The positive view...........................................................................................16 1.3.2. The pessimistic view......................................................................................17 1.3.3. The intermediate position..............................................................................19 1.4. National policies and programs ...............................................................................21 2. Small towns of Africa in a globalizing context 2.1. Changing views in the development debate..............................................................25 2.1.1. Integrated and mutual development of urban and rural societies...................26 2.1.2. Rural-urban linkages and rural-urban sectoral interactions...........................27 2.1.3. Urban and rural class differentiation.............................................................27 2.2. Relevant paradigms to understanding urbanization in rural contexts of Africa........29 2.2.1. Urbanization of poverty.................................................................................30 2.2.2. Administrative decentralization................................................................... .32 2.2.3. Cities as nodes of reticular urban systems................................................. ....34 2.2.4. The rural-urban continuum......................................................................... ..35 3. Spatial planning in predominantly vernacular settlements 3.1. Literature gap...........................................................................................................37 3.2. Inadequacy of spatial planning experiences.............................................................39 3.3. Small towns as predominantly vernacular settlements.............................................42 3.4. Modernization and deculturation..............................................................................49 vii PART II—Case studies’ analysis 4. Research methodology 4.1. Development of an analytical framework to approach case studies.........................55 4.2. Research instruments................................................................................................57 4.3. The household survey in Sena..................................................................................60 4.3.1. Objectives......................................................................................................60 4.3.2. Why focusing on the household.....................................................................61 4.3.3. Research tool.................................................................................................62 4.3.4. Research themes............................................................................................64 4.3.5. Sampling....................................................................................................... 65 4.3.6. Survey implementation..................................................................................67 4.3.7. Elaboration of the schedules and data analysis..............................................68 4.3.8. Classification of the households....................................................................70 4.3.9. Analysis of the spatial distribution of data.....................................................73 4.4. SWOT analysis of the rur-urbanization process.......................................................73 5. Small towns of the district of Caia within their macro-institutional and regional contexts 5.1. The emerging role of small towns in Mozambique ..................................................77 5.1.1. The rapid population growth in small and intermediate urban centres..........77 5.1.2. Public sector reform.......................................................................................83 5.1.3. Modernization of transport infrastructures and ―megaprojects‖ ...................85 5.2. Changing settlement patterns in the district of Caia..................................................89 5.2.1. The displacement of rural population towards small towns...........................89 5.2.2. Current factors of growth of the small towns.................................................92 5.2.3. New roles of the district Administration and its tasks...................................95 6. Living in a rural-town: a survey 6.1. Emerging social groups—their characteristics and lifestyles.................................101 6.1.1. Typology 1: households depending on subsistence agricultural activities...103 6.1.2. Typology 2: households depending on both agricultural and non-fam subsistence activities....................................................................................110 6.1.3. Typology 3: households depending on hybrid urban activities....................114 6.1.4. Typology 4: households depending on modern trade activities...................121 6.2. Spatial distribution of the households.....................................................................129
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