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Home , Adipose tissue, Connective tissue, Ground substance, Loose connective tissue, Stroma (tissue)

Undergraduate – Graduate Connective Lecture Series

Larry Johnson, Professor Veterinary Integrative Biosciences Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843 Objectives

• Learn how is classified • Composition of the extracellular • Recognize components • Function of connective tissue cells • Recognize connective tissue cells Four basic types of tissues (90% of tumors) Connective tissue

Muscular tissue Connect tissue in Connective Tissue

Function: The histological glue which binds the other tissues together to form organs, specializations include , , and . Function of Connective Tissue Mechanical support - below epithelium, Metabolite exchange - vascular beds Energy storage - - site of action for blood borne immune cells Plasma - -over-production of cells

Slide 109

140 Distinguishing features • – sparse collagen and elastic fibers, plentiful cells including , leukocytes • Dense connective tissue – concentrated collagen, few cells • Cartilage – avascular homogeneous matrix of collagen and - with few cells • Bone – calcified collagen matrix with few cells trapped in the caves of bone

Cartilage

Epithelium

Bone Loose connective tissue Dense connective tissue Bone

Cartilage Function of CT Mechanical support - stroma below epithelium

Epithelium of the

Stroma of the Function of CT Metabolite exchange – vascular beds Function of CT Energy storage - adipose tissue cells

skin Function of CT Inflammation - site of action for blood borne immune cells

Function of CT Fibrosis - wound healing - over- production of collagen CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATION CONNECTIVE TISSUE CLASSIFICATION

from the mesoderm CT derived from the Classification of CT

Ratio of cells to fibers – Loose (mostly cells) – Dense (mostly matrix)

Loose (mostly cells)

Dense (mostly matrix) Classification of CT Arrangement of fibers – Irregular in dermis and capsules – Regular in

Regular Irregular Regular

Capsule of the testis Tendon Tendon Classification of CT

Origin of cells – Fixed – Wandering

Macrophage

Mast Extracellular Matrix – Collagen (Type I) General characteristics – flexible with high tensile strength, Cross linking of adds stability, and Resist collagenase .. ..! Extracellular Matrix - Collagen

Synthesis by fibroblasts Extracellular Matrix – collagen

Synthesis is by fibroblasts as procollagen, procollagen peptidase cuts to make tropocollagen and assembles. Do the :

Pulse – Chase experiment

Look for the:

Temporal Appearance of silver grains in the photographic emulsion over organelles of interest. Radioactive precursor is the source of radioactivity in final cellular product ------Product Precursor Protein general amino acids

DNA thymidine

RNA uridine

Collagen (sp. protein) and lysine (sp. a.a.) Extra-cellular Matrix: Collagen Proline is repeated in the collagen to make it turn (its ring structure stabilizes the helical conformation of the triplet strands)

Lysine cross links the strands

Glysine has no side chains – good for collagen backbone as it is small and can fit into the crowded space of the triple helix

Extra-cellular Matrix: Collagen

Proline is repeated in the collagen to make it turn (its ring structure stabilizes the helical conformation of the triplet strands) Lysine cross links the strands Glysine has no side chains – good for collagen backbone as it is small and can fit into the crowded space of the triple helix

Extra-cellular Matrix: Collagen

Proline is repeated in the collagen to make it turn (its ring structure stabilizes the helical conformation of the triplet strands) Lysine cross links the strands Glysine has no side chains – good for collagen backbone as it is small and can fit into the crowded space of the triple helix

Extracellular Matrix - Collagen

Synthesis Polymerization staggered with caps - periodicity Extracellular Matrix – (varies in thickness) Extracellular Matrix - Types of Collagen Fibrous types Type I - fiber forming Type IV - most CT Type II - fibril forming Hyaline cartilage and Vitreous body of eye Type III Type III - reticular network - branching

Type I Type I Extracellular Matrix - Types of Collagen TYPE III - RETICULAR NETWORK

Extracellular Matrix - Types of Collagen TYPE III - RETICULAR NETWORK

Extracellular Matrix - Types of Collagen

Aggregates Type IV - Type V - vascular - most CT

Type IV Extracellular Matrix -

Low tensile strength Recovers original shape after stretched Slide 427 TUNICA

TUNICA INTIMA

Aorta (large elastic )

Elastic laminae interspersed with cells TUNICA MEDIA

Vasa vasorum TUNICA ADVENTITIA

TUNICA MEDIA

TUNICA ADVENTITIA 472 Fallopian tube Elastic muscular laminae

Muscular arteries

Tunica media

Tunica adventitia

Wrinkled lumen Extracellular Matrix -

Proteoglycans - ground substances • • Fibronectin - biological glue • () • Binds cells to extracellular • Matrix and to each other (fibronectin junctions) Extracellular Matrix - Ground Substance - ground substances Hyaluronic acid Glycosaminoglycans Extracellular Matrix - Ground Substance Type II found in cartilage Extracellular Matrix - Ground Substance Extracellular Matrix – Ground Substance

Fibronectin - biological glue – (Glycoprotein) – Binds cells to extracellular – Matrix and to each other (fibronectin junctions)

Cells of CT Fibroblasts - extracellular matrix synthesis Mesenchymal cells - stem cells Adipose cells - energy storage - monocyte linkage Fixed and Wandering Plasma cells - antibody production Mast cells - allergic response Others - lymphocytes,

Blood cells Cells of CT (all from mesoderm) mesoderm Fibroblasts Mesenchymal cells Adipose cells Macrophage Plasma cells Mast cells Others Cells of CT Fibroblasts - extracellular matrix synthesis Developing tendon

Collagen Cells of CT Fibroblasts - extracellular matrix synthesis Developing tendon

Collagen

Small groups of fibers seen in narrow recesses of the cell Cells of CT Mesenchymal cells - stem cells Cells of CT Adipose cells - energy storage Cells of CT

Adipose cells - energy storage BLOOD

FAT CELL

Fat cell White fat Brown fat White fat Slide 195 Fetal jaw Fibroblasts

Brown fat

Slide HISTO039 Brown fat at work

Cells of CT Cells of CT KUPFFER CELLS Macrophage - monocyte linkage • Fixed • Wandering • Fixed • Wandering (free) Mononuclear System

Stem Cell  Committed  Monoblasts Bone Marrow  Promonocytes  Monocytes  Monocytes Peripheral Blood  Macrophages Organs

LIVER Cells of CT Macrophage – monocyte linkage

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

Alveolus of Macrophages in the Normal State • Connective tissue (histiocytes) • Liver (Kupffer cell) • Lung (alveolar macrophage)

• Lymph nodes (free and fixed macrophages; interdigitation with cell)

• (free and fixed macrophages) • Bone marrow (fixed macrophage) Macrophages in

Macrophages in the Normal State

• Serous cavities (pleural and peritoneal macrophages) • Bone (osteoclasts)

• Central (CSF macrophages; macrophages) • Skin (histiocyte ( tattoo ); Langerhans cell?)

• Synovia (Type A cell) • Other organs (tissue macrophage)

Which is/are the real tattoo(s)? Can you read “ USN ” for US Navy?

Tattoo after 52 years

Macrophage last for 40 years, but how old were your macrophages when you got your tattoo? Cells of CT Macrophage - monocyte linkage Cells of CT

Cells of CT Cells of CT

Others – T lymphocytes Cells of CT Plasma cells - antibody production Cells of CT Mast cells - allergic response Others - eosinophils

Mast cell Induced Degranulation of Mast cells Cells of CT Mast cells - allergic response Others - eosinophils

EOSINOPHILS

Mast cell Fibroblasts

Lymphocyte

Adipose cell Formed Elements and Functions in Blood

Cell Type Main Functions

Erythrocytes CO2 and O2 Transport

Neutrophils Phagocytosis Of Bacteria

Eosinophils Parasitic Infections, Inflammatory Processes Release of and other Inflammation Mediators Monocytes Mononuclear-phagocyte system; Phagocytosis Formed Elements and Functions in Blood

Cell Type Main Functions B Lymphocytes Generation of Antibody- producing Plasma Cells T Lymphocytes Killing of Virus-infected Cells Natural Killer Killing of some Tumor and (Cytotoxic T Cell) Virus-infected Cells

Platelets Clotting of Blood Blood cells are connective tissue cells

32583

Bone marrow cells

Blood cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTo4LnXonTk&list=PLQltfhuKi1sgtel3O9IpDsbgEWMY3JaX5&index=19 Mesenchymal Cells

Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells Fibroblasts

Slide 109: Skin, hand, monkey Fibroblasts Bundles of collagen fibers Smooth muscle cells

Muscular artery

Venule Endothelial cells Summary of Connective Tissue In summary

Blood cells Marrow cells Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources!

• Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. • Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY. • William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA. • Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. • Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA. • Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY. • Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA. • Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA. • L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT. • L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic and . McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. • W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO. • Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY. • Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. • Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001. • A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw • Internet images and videos on biological presentations Next time Skeletal Connective Tissue SOT 2003