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The Tamarack Bogs of the Driitless Area of Wisconsin

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The Tamarack Bogs of the Driitless Area of Wisconsin BULLETIN OF THE PUBLIC MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 231,304, Plate, 39-44, Text Figure• 1,3 Maps 1,27, June 9, 1933 THE TAMARACK BOGS OF THE DRIITLESS AREA OF WISCONSIN By Henry P. Hansen MILWAUKEE, WIS., U. S. A. Published by Order of the Board of Trustee, BULLETIN OF THE PUBLIC MUSEUM OF THE CITY OF MILWAUKEE Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 231,304, Plates 39-44, Text Figures 1·3 Maps 1-27, June 9, 1933 THE TAMARACK BOGS OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA OF WISCONSIN By Henry P. Hansen MILWAUKEE, WIS., U.S. A. Publi1hcd by Order of the Board of Trmtec• Prinled by the CA..~NON PRINTING CO. :Milwaukee, Wis. Engravings by the SCHROEDER ENGRAVING CO. Milwaukee, Wis. THE TAMARACK BOGS OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA* OF WISCONSIN CONTENTS Page Introduction 237 Glaciation in Wisconsin. 237 Topography and Geological fom1ations in the Driftless Area .. 241 Characteristics and Development of Bogs in the Glaciated Region ................ ............................ 241 Glaciation in relation to the Present Distribution of North American Bogs . 244 Physiographic Features of the Sites of the Bogs in the Driftless Area ......... ........................................ 246 Method of Origin of Bogs in the Driftless Area ........... .... 250 Existence of Bog Plants on Sandstone Bluffs in the Driftless Area. 253 Tamarack Creek Bog. 256 Little Tamarack Creek Bog ..... .......... ..... ........ 259 Hub City Bog ............................................. 259 Se.xtonville Bog . 260 Bogs in the Valley of the La Crosse River, La Crosse County .... 262 Mormon Coulee Bog. La Crosse County ...................... 264 Past Existence of Bog Plants in the Driftless Area .............. 266 *The work upon which this pa~r is ba~ed was done in the laboratory 0£ the l'nivcr-.ity of Wisconsin under the supen•ision of Or. N. C. Fassett. 234 BULLETIN, PUBLIC ~!USEUM, MILWAC'KEE [Vol. VII Page Summary of the General Characteristics of the Bogs of the Drift- less Area . 266 Ranges of Bog Plants in Wisconsin. 272 Plants collected in the Bogs of the Ori f tless Area. 289 Bibliography . 293 1933] HANSEN, BOGS OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA 235 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates Plate 39. Topographical map of Wisconsin. 40. Fig. I. Tamarack Creek bog. Fig. 2. Clearing of Tamarack in Tamarack Creek Bog. 41. Fig. 1. View showing ox-bow shape of Hub City bog. Fig. 2. Sedge ( C are.r spp.) bog on west side of Hub City bog. 42. Fig. 1. Hub City bog. Fig. 2. Sandstone cliffs. Hub City bog. 43. Fig. l. Labrador Tea on sandstone bluff, Hub City bog. Fig. 2. :Mormon Coulee bog from north bluffs. 44. Fig. 1. A meandering stream and an ox-bow lake on the floodplain of l\formon Creek. Fig. 2. View of the Mom1011 Coulee ~og showing proxim­ ity of limestone bluffs. Text Figures Pa,ge Figure l. Glacial outwash in ~Tississippi River Valley ......... 240 2. Development of an ox-bow lake .................... 250 3. Development and erosion of terraces in valleys of streams in the Driftless Area ...................... 251 Maps Page Map 1. The maximum glaciation in North America. 238 2. The distribution of the three major rock types of Wis­ consin, showing that bogs in the Driftless Area avoid limestone . 239 236 RlJI.I.ETJN, PUBLIC MUSEU'.\i, MILWAUKEE [Vol. VII Page Map 3. The bog and swamp areas of ·Wisconsin . ........... 242 4. Location of bogs in the Driftless Area .......... .. ... 246 5. Clacial Lake Wisconsin and bogs of this area . ........ 249 6. Hub City bog. 254 7. Tamarack and Little Tamarack bogs ................. 256 8. Sextonville bog- . 261 9. La Crosse bog. 262 10. \\'est Salem bog .................................. 263 11. Mormon Coulee bog ....................... ...... 264 12. Range of Tamarack ( Lari:r laricina) ................ 272 13. Range of Swamp Birch (Betula /111mila glandulifera) . 273 14. Range of Pitcher Plant (Sarrace11ia purpurea) ....... 274 15. Range of Wild Calla ( Calla palllstris) .............. 275 16. Range of Round-leafed Sundew ( Drosera rotzrndifolia) 276 17. Range of Labrador Tea ( Ledum grocnlrmdirnm) .. .... 277 18. Range of Pale Laurel (Kalmia polifolia) .. .......... 278 19. Range of Bog Rosemary (A11dromrda glaucophylla) ... 279 20. Range of Leather Leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) . .. 280 21. Range of \i\Tintergreen ( Gaulthcria procumbens) ...... 281 22. Range of Creeping Snowberry ( Chio_qe11es hispidiila) . 282 23. Range of Huckleberry ( Gaylussacia barcata) . 283 24. Range of Early Sweet Blueberry ( V accinium pennsyl- vanicum) . 284 25. Range of Velvet-leaf Blueberry (V. ra11adc11se) ..... 285 26. Range of Small Cranberry (V. O:rycorcos) .......... 286 27. Range of Large Cranberry (V. macrocarpon) ..... .. 287 19331 HANSEN, BOGS OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA 237 INTRODUCTION The collecting, identifying, and recording of the flora found in a certain region or area is always an interesting and valuable piece of botanical work. The work that has been done in this phase of botany will become more valuable as time goes on because the progress of civilization is slowly wiping out the virgin and native flora of many areas. In a short time. if not already, it will be impossible to obtain a complete representation of the flora that exists in these areas. The work that has been carried on and is J?eing carried on at the present time in this field is of priceless value. This work is of still more im­ portance if an attempt is made to correlate the present flora with the ecological conditions that have existed in the past and those that exist today, so that a fair knowledge of changes that have taken place and are taking place may be obtained and preserved. The Driftless Area of \Visconsin is one of the areas that offers a large number of ecological problems. The flora of this region is by no means fully represented in any herbarium, and it is fast becoming ex­ tinct. In fact, it will hardly be possible to obtain a complete set of the plants that have existed here in recent times. One of the specific problems offered by this area is that of the tamarack bogs which are of rare occurrence in the Driftless Area. The writer has spent two years in collecting and assembling the data. facts, and theories that are given in this paper. It is an attempt to preserve some knowledge of the conditions that exist in the·se bogs today and to record facts which will, in a few years, be lost to mankind forever, as civilization slowly encroaches upon and erases all traces of these bogs. The writer wishes to take this opportunity to express his sincere thanks and appreciation for the inspiration and helpful suggestions of Dr. Norman C. Fassett of the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Fassett has worked to obtain, as near as possible, a complete collection of the native plants of \Visconsin, before it is too late. The writer wishes to also thank Dr. F . T . Thwaites of the Department of Geology for his assistance in amplifying and correcting the geological facts cited. GLACIATION IN WISCONSIN One of the important facto1·s in determining plant distribution and plant ranges in Wisconsin is the fact that a portion of the state was not 238 J3(;LLETIN, PURLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE [Vol. VII covered by the several glaciers that existed on the continent of North America during Pleistocene time ( Map 1). MAP. 1.-The maximum glaciation in North America shown approximately by stippled area. The solid black areas represent unglaciated areas within the region of glaciation. The invasions of the ice did not touch the southwestern part of Wis­ consin, so there is an area of about twelve thousand square miles that has not been affected by the glaciers as have other parts of the state (Map 2). The adjoining portions of the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota were also spared this invasion. Several reasons have been 1933] HANSEN, BOGS OF THE DRIFTLESS AREA 239 j __ _j__ :Lr­ I 1G1'£0US ROCKS_ SANDSTONES_ C..IMESTONES_ E:NCC..OS ING TH£ DRIFTLE::S.S ARE:A OF WISCONSIN_ 0 BOG S OF THE: ORIFTLES S AREA- 1{.-.,p 2.- The general distribution of the three majc1r rock typc...s of Wi.sconsin. The limestone in the eastern part of the state is mostly covered with glacial drift, while iu the southwestern part th~ streams have cut. through the limestone layer, into the sand. stone. The bogs of the .Oriftless Area, that n re situated within the limestone region, are found in widf' s:1.11d-fille<l valleys. 240 BULLETIN, PUBLIC MUSEUM, MILWAUKEE [Vol. VII offered for the absence of the glaciers from this area. One is that the advancing ice was deflected from its course by the Green Bay and Lake Michigan basins on the east, and the Lake Superior basin on the west and north.4011 The ice was thus split and was not able to join again within the state. It is not thought that the ice ever surrounded this area at one time, but it is believed hy some geologists that the ice would have gradually crept in if warmer weather had not become general throughout this region. It is unlikely that the entire ice-front advanced simultaneously. for it was split into several lobes that either receded or pushed ahead independently of each other. as is shown by the location of the terminal moraines. F1r.. l.-A <liagramatic cross.section of the J\lississippi River Valley. showing bow the pre~ glacial gorge has hecn filled to a deplh of several hundred feet with glacial outwash. ( From Plr)•siral Geography uf Wis.) As the ice moved along the ground, rock and soil became imbedded in it. This material was ground and smoothed by the action of the moving ice, and when the ice stopped its advance in the warmer seasons, this material was dropped by the ice as it melted.
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