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Télécharger Au Format N° 7/2019 recherches & documents Septembre 2019 La stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe HÉLÈNE MASSON ET KÉVIN MARTIN WWW . FRSTRATEGIE . ORG Édité et diffusé par la Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique 4 bis rue des Pâtures – 75016 PARIS ISSN : 1966-5156 ISBN : 978-2-490100-23-1 EAN : 9782490100231 Manuscrit achevé en mai 2019, dans le cadre de l'EPS "Stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe" réalisée pour la DGA. La stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 7 MODALITES D’ENTREE ET DE PRESENCE DES ENTREPRISES SUR LES MARCHES ETRANGERS : CADRE THEORIQUE ........................................................................... 8 Des échanges entre Nations à l’analyse du comportement des entreprises .................................................................................................. 8 Les modes d’entrée : une composante critique de la stratégie internationale ............................................................................................ 11 1.2.1 – L’exportation, directe ou indirecte, sans implantation ............................. 11 1.2.2 – Les investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) : acquisition ou greenfield11 1.2.3 – Les stratégies coopératives .................................................................... 14 1.2.4 – Alternatives stratégiques et degré de contrôle : le cas des partenariats et transferts de technologies ...................................................................... 19 Dynamiques des modes d’entrée et de présence à l’international........ 21 1.3.1 – Les déclencheurs et incitations internes et externes à l’entreprise ......... 21 1.3.2 – Les phases de l’internationalisation ........................................................ 22 ENTREPRISES RESSORTISSANTES D’ETATS NON MEMBRES DE L’UE : PARCOURS STRATEGIQUE EN EUROPE ................................................................................... 27 Méthodologie ............................................................................................ 27 Des entreprises américaines ancrées en Europe ................................... 28 2.2.1 – Lockheed Martin, une stratégie de domination de marché ...................... 28 2.2.2 – Boeing ou l’Europe comme bouée de sauvetage technologique ............. 36 2.2.3 – General Dynamics, entre élargissement de sa gamme et recherche d’une proximité clients...................................................................................... 42 2.2.4 – Raytheon, entre opportunisme, partenariats et investissements ............. 47 2.2.5 – Northrop Grumman, une position de sous-traitant privilégiée ................. 53 2.2.6 – General Atomics : une approche directe, des partenariats industriels limités ..................................................................................................... 58 2.2.7 – L3-Technologies, en quête de débouchés et d’actifs stratégiques .......... 62 Des entreprises israéliennes opportunistes et pragmatiques ............... 66 2.3.1 – Elbit Systems ou la stratégie du caméléon ............................................. 66 FONDATION RECHERCHE STRAT É GIQUE 4 pour la La stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe La stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe 2.3.2 – IAI, une stratégie de type greenfield et une priorité donnée aux partenariats ............................................................................................ 74 2.3.3 – Rafael Advanced Systems, une approche opportuniste et offensive basée sur une stratégie d’investissement et de partenariat ............................... 79 Le suisse RUAG et les nordiques Kongsberg et Nammo : spécificités de leur stratégie ........................................................................................ 84 2.4.1 – RUAG, de l’internationalisation par acquisition à la multinationalisation . 84 2.4.2 – Kongsberg, les offsets comme vecteurs d’entrée sur les marchés ......... 89 2.4.3 – Nammo, une stratégie proactive en matière de partenariats et d’alliances ............................................................................................................... 95 Embraer et TAI, l’aéronautique civil comme marché d’entrée ............. 100 2.5.1 – Embraer, OGMA et la relation Brésil-Portugal ...................................... 100 2.5.2 – TAI, son partenaire AIRBUS et la relation Allemagne-Turquie .............. 103 Stratégies des entreprises originaires de la zone Asie ........................ 105 2.6.1 – ST Engineering, entre ventes directes et rachats d’actifs stratégiques . 105 2.6.2 – DSME, une stratégie commerciale pragmatique au Royaume-Uni et en Espagne ............................................................................................... 108 2.6.3 – Hanwha Defense, une stratégie de niche opportuniste ......................... 110 2.6.4 – Huawei, une stratégie multidomestique fondée sur l’implantation de filiales de R&D ................................................................................................ 112 APPROCHE COMPAREE ...................................................................................... 115 Conquête des marchés et présence locale en Europe : déterminants internes et externes ................................................................................................ 115 Stratégie d’entrée privilégiée sur le marché européen de la défense ........ 118 Territoires d’implantation et marchés clés en Europe ................................ 125 Bilan du degré de pénétration du marché européen de la défense par les entreprises ressortissantes d’Etats non membres de l’UE......................... 127 Confrontation des résultats avec ceux d’un panel d’entreprises ressortissantes d’Etats membres de l’UE .................................................. 130 ANNEXES ................................................................................................................ 134 ANNEXE 1. STATISTIQUES RELATIVES A LA STRUCTURE ET A L'ACTIVITE DES FILIALES ETRANGERES EN EUROPE .......................................................................... 135 ANNEXE 2. PARTICIPATION DES ENTREPRISES EXTRA-UE AUX PROGRAMMES DE FINANCEMENT EUROPEENS : L’EXEMPLE DES PROGRAMMES DE RECHERCHE FP7 ET H2020 .................................................................................................. 152 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ..................................................................................................... 166 FONDATION RECHERCHE STRAT É GIQUE pour la 5 La stratégie des entreprises étrangères en Europe INTRODUCTION A l’heure où les entreprises européennes de défense recherchent des relais de croissance sur les marchés grand export, leurs positions sur leur marché domestique respectif, et plus généralement sur le marché européen, apparaissent de plus en plus contestées. Si la demande européenne en matière d’équipements de défense a marqué le pas ces dernières années (les plus importants taux de croissance se trouvant en zones Proche et Moyen Orient et Asie), l’Europe n’en reste pas moins un marché attractif aux yeux des fournisseurs non européens. Historiquement, ce sont les groupes américains et, dans une moindre mesure, israéliens qui ont fait montre d’un dynamisme avéré à destination de l’Europe, le marché britannique en représentant un point d’entrée privilégié. Au cours de la dernière décennie, ces groupes ont consolidé leur présence et ont été rejoints par des entreprises relevant d’autres Etats tiers comme le Brésil, la Corée du Sud ou encore Singapour. L’évolution des stratégies et des pratiques d’acquisition des Etats européens explique en partie cette diversification du profil des fournisseurs des forces armées : effet de la directive MPDS, mais également souhait de certains Etats producteurs de limiter leur dépendance vis-à-vis d’entreprises domestiques en situation quasi-monopolistique sur certains segments (incitation à se restructurer et à améliorer sa compétitivité), recherche de partenaires stratégiques (étatiques et industriels) à même d’accompagner la montée en compétence de la BITD nationale. Un autre facteur, particulièrement puissant, a joué et continue de jouer actuellement en faveur de l’entrée sur le marché d’entreprises non européennes, c’est le facteur politique. En effet, plus qu’un simple acte commercial, le fait d’acquérir des équipements de défense auprès de fournisseurs étrangers (a fortiori des équipements majeurs) relève d’un acte politique. Il s’inscrit généralement dans le cadre de partenariats politiques, militaires et/ou industriels de niveau stratégique. De ce point de vue, l’historicité et la profondeur des relations défense nouées par de nombreux Etats européens avec les Etats-Unis créent un contexte particulièrement favorable à l’implantation durable de groupes américains sur le territoire de l’Union. Dès lors, au sein de l’UE, les différences d’orientations politiques en matière de défense et de sécurité, l’hétérogénéité des stratégies et des pratiques d’acquisition, les différences de maturité industrielle et technologique et d’ambitions (avec des Etats producteurs-exportateurs historiques, des Etats aux compétences de niche et équipementières, des Etats souhaitant développer une BITD, et d’autres purement acheteurs) offrent d’importantes marges de manœuvre aux fournisseurs étrangers. Ainsi, afin d’analyser les stratégies des entreprises étrangères en Europe, cette étude s’attache, au sein d’une première
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