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Širom Zatvorenih Očiju ŠIROM ZATVORENIH OČIJU JAČANJE RUSKE MEKE MOĆI U SRBIJI – CILJEVI, INSTRUMENTI I EFEKTI STUDIJA CENTRA ZA EVROATLANTSKE STUDIJE MAJ 2016 Studija je nastala u okviru projekta „Reforma sektora bezbednosti u Srbiji i integracije“ koji je podržala Fondacija braće Rokefeler SADRŽAJ 1. IZVRŠNI REZIME..................................................................................................................................... 4 ZAKLJUČCI I PREPORUKE ......................................................................................................................... 14 2. UVOD I METODOLOŠKE NAPOMENE ...................................................................................................... 18 2.1. SASVIM KRATKO O KONCEPTU MEKE MOĆI I NJENOM LIBERALNOM SHVATANJU ........................ 20 2.2. RUSKO SHVATANJE MEKE MOĆI ...................................................................................................... 21 3. AKTUELNI CILJEVI RUSKE MEKE MOĆI U SRBIJI I KONTEKST U KOME SE REALIZUJU ............................. 25 3.1. GLAVNE METODE DELOVANJA RUSKE MEKE MOĆI U SRBIJI ........................................................... 32 3.1.1. RUSKA POLITIKA SUNARODNIKA ............................................................................................... 33 3.1.2. RUSKE SUNARODNIČKE ORGANIZACIJE U SRBIJI ...................................................................... 35 3.1.3. KRATAK PREGLED NORMATIVNOG OKVIRA ZAŠTITE MANJISKIH PRAVA U SRBIJI ................... 40 3.1.4. PRITUŽBE NA POLOŽAJ ETNIČKIH RUSA U SRBIJI ...................................................................... 42 3.2. PRERADA ISTORIJE, STVARNJE I ŠIRENJE SELF-FULFILLING NARATIVA O TRADICIONALNIM I U BUDUĆNOSTI, BEZ OBZIRA KAKVOJ, NEUPITNO DOBRIM ODNOSIMA SRBIJE I RUSIJE .......................... 43 3.2.1. SRPSKO-RUSKI ODNOSI XIX – XXI VEK: MITOVI, ZABLUDE I STEREOTIPI NASUPROT RACIONALNOM ZNANJU O PROŠLOSTI I SADAŠNJOST ....................................................................... 44 3.3. NIŠTA NIJE ISTINA I SVE JE MOGUĆE - MEDIJSKE MANIPULACIJE I PROPAGANDA KAO METOD DELOVANJA RUSKE MEKE MOĆI U SRBIJI .............................................................................................. 51 3.4. INSISTIRANJE NA POLITIKAMA STEČENIH IDENTITETA .................................................................... 59 3.5. JAČANJE VEZA IZMEĐU RUSKE I SRPSKE PRAVOSLAVNE CRKVE ...................................................... 63 3.6. INSISTIRANJE NA ZNAČAJU EKONOMSKIH VEZA I POTENCIJALA RUSKOG TRŽIŠTA ZA SRBIJU, UZ IGNORISANJE STVARNIH EKONOMSKIH KRETANJA U RUSIJI I SRBIJI ...................................................... 66 3.6.1. RUSKO TRŽIŠTE - SRPSKA ŠANSA ILI ZABLUDA .......................................................................... 66 4. NEW KIDS ON THE BLOCK – NOVI INSTRUMENTI RUSKE MEKE MOĆI ................................................... 74 4.1. PRO-KREMALJSKA UDRUŽENJA GRAĐANA I STUDENTSKE ORGANIZACIJE ...................................... 75 4.2. RUSKE FONDACIJE KOJE DELUJU U SRBIJI ........................................................................................ 89 4.3. PRO-KREMALJSKE STRUKTURE KOJE SU UČESTVOVALE NA IZBORIMA U SRBIJI ............................. 92 4.4. KRATAK PREGLED SARADNJE SRPSKIH I RUSKIH POLITIČKIH PARTIJA ............................................. 96 5. EFEKTI JAČANJA RUSKE MEKE MOĆI U SRBIJI ....................................................................................... 100 5.1. GENERALNI PORAST POZITIVNE PERCEPCIJE RUSIJE I PRO-KREMALJSKOG RASPOLOŽENJA ........ 102 5.2. UTICAJ NA MLADE .......................................................................................................................... 105 5.2.1.ISTRAŽIVANJE JAVNOG MNJENJA: EU, RUSIJA, SAD: PREDSTAVE I PREFERENCIJE GRAĐANA SRBIJE OD 18 DO 35 GODINA – IPSOS, FEBRUAR 2016 ..................................................................... 105 5.3. HIDING IN PLAIN SIGHT: PUTINIZACIJA SRBIJE 2012-2016 ............................................................ 118 5.3.1. KRATKA ANALIZA GLOBALNOG I REGIONALNOG KONTEKSTA U KOME SE ODVIJAJU JAČANJE RUSKE MEKE MOĆI I PUTINIZACIJA SRBIJE ....................................................................................... 119 5.3.2. KRATKA ANALIZA SOCIO-ISTORIJSKOG KONTEKSTA OD DEVEDESETIH GODINA DO DOLASKA ALEKSANDRA VUČIĆA NA VLAST ....................................................................................................... 122 5.3.3. PERIOD POVRATKA NA VLAST I OSTALIH PERJANICA MILOŠEVIĆEVOG REŽIMA: 2012-2016 129 6. ZAKLJUČCI I PREPORUKE ....................................................................................................................... 157 7. DODACI: TABELA PRO-KREMALJSKIH STRUKTURA KOJE DELUJU U SRBIJI SA OSNOVNIM JAVNO DOSTUPNIM INFORMACIJAMA O NJIHOVOM PRAVNOM STATUSU ............................................................ 1 O CENTRU ZA EVROATLANTSKE STUDIJE ...................................................................................................... 1 Integralna verzija ove Studije objavljuje se 9. maja 2016. godine, na dan obeležavanja pobede nad fašizmom u Drugom svetskom ratu. CEAS je posvećuje legendarnom muzičaru, majoru američke vojske Glenu Mileru. Njegov umetnički opus i životna priča su za nas pravi primer istinske moći privlačenja vrednosti, politika i metoda koje i sami zagovaramo. 1. IZVRŠNI REZIME Za stabilnost celog regiona važno je da problemi u Makedoniji budu što pre rešeni. Nadam se da ideje o “ukrajinizaciji” tog područija neće proći, jer to nikom na Balkanu nije potrebno. Aleksandar Vučić, premijer Srbije, 16, 4. 2016. Suprotstaviću se oštro svakom pokušaju destabilizacije u Srbiji, scenarijima iz Makedonije i Ukrajine. Aleksandar Vučić, premijer Srbije, 26.4.2016. Prevashodni cilj ove Studije je da javnosti u Srbiji predoči nove nedemokratske trendove delovanja Kremlja, artikulisane kroz primenu ruske meke moći u Srbiji. Kremlj je umesto otpora naišao na širom otvorena vrata vlasti u Srbiji koja i sama ne preza od takvih metoda delovanja. Slični načini delovanja Kremlja uočeni su u zemljama članicama EU i u zemljama šireg susedstva Ruske Federacije. O njihovim ciljevima i efektima, te o tome kako ih preduprediti i sanirati, na političkom Zapadu i drugde debatuje se na raznim nivoima, već nekoliko godina. Sa druge strane, u Srbiji, koja je zbog spleta okolnosti jako plodno tlo za kremaljske uticaje raznih vrsta, ovoj temi se ni među demokratski orijentisanim pojedincima i strukturama ne pridaje adekvatna pažnja. Studija je pisana i sa ciljem da je u celosti, ili barem njene glavne zaključke i preporuke, pročitaju i oni na političkom Zapadu koji se bave Srbijom, Zapadnim Balkanom i Istočnom Evropom. Mnogi od njih i sami padaju u zamku sve uspešnijeg self fulfilling narativa o “tradicionalno dobrim srpsko-ruskim odnosima”, te i na osnovu toga procenjuju procese stabilizacije, demokratizacije i evropskih integracija Srbije. Što zvanični Beograd više flertuje sa Kremljem, to politički Zapad sve više spušta standarde u nadi da će tako privući Srbiju u svoju orbitu. Sve autokratskiji zvanični Beograd namerno zloupotrebljava ovu popustljivost i nemanje adekvatnog odgovora Zapada, širom otvarajući vrata za sve jači uticaj meke moći Kremlja, s kojim ima nekoliko istovetnih ciljeva. Pokušaćemo da u ovoj Studiji iznesemo što više primera koji potvrđuju ovu tezu. Imajući u vidu da ona u Srbiji nailazi na plodno tlo, odnosno da ima moć privlačenja, što je jedan od osnovnih elemenata deskriptivnog koncepta meke moći, fraza se u ovoj Studiji ne stavlja pod navodnike. Inače, pojačano interesovanje Ruske Federacije za Zapadni Balkan, pa i za Srbiju, odvijalo se paralelno sa ruskim pripremama za odgovor na dešavanja na Evromajdanu u Kijevu, ratom u istočnoj Ukrajini i aneksijom Krima. O sveobuhvatnom ruskom delovanju u Srbiji, pre svega kroz forme tvrde moći, Centar za evroatlantske studije (CEAS) već je pisao u svojim prethodnim studijama. Cilj ove Studije, dakle, nije da predstavi različite nivoe međunarodnih odnosa u kojima je aktuelna Moskva nesumnjivo nezaobilazan akter rešavanja gorućih globalnih i regionalnih problema i izazova, te da na osnovu toga podstakne raspravu o tome da li je Rusija nužan ili povoljan partner. Namera nam je bila da analiziramo ciljeve, metode i efekte ruske meke moći u Srbiji i donekle na Zapadnom Balkanu, i da na osnovu nalaza koje smo prikupili tokom istraživanja, damo ocenu da li su oni u skladu sa javnim interesima države Srbije - stabilizacijom, demokratizacijom, ekonomskim prosperitetom i evroatlantskim integracijama. Procenili smo da vanredni parlamentarni izbori u Srbiji, održani u aprilu 2016, a raspisani tokom istraživanja za potrebe ove Studije, mogu poslužiti kao vrlo relevantan dodatni parametar u iznošenju zaključaka i preporuka, pa smo zbog toga odgodili objavljivanje finalne verzije Studije. Tokom istraživanja mapirano je 109 organizacija koje promovišu različite aspekte srpsko-ruskih odnosa, koji ne moraju sami po sebi biti loša stvar za Srbiju. Od toga su: 10 organizacija ruskih sunarodnika; 21 udruženje građana; 6 studentskih organizacija; 16 pokreta sa političkim delovanjem; 14 političkih partija; 8 internet portala; 2 ruske organizacije koje imaju ogranke u Srbiji; 16 pro-kremaljskih medija; 6 ruskih medija; 3 ruske fondacije i 5 kulturno-obrazovnih ustanova, kao i dva internet portala nepoznatog vlasništva. Za potrebe Studije, naručena su i posebna autorska dela o istorijskim i ekonomskim odnosima
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