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Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

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Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria ASSESSMENT OF THE 2012 FLOODING IN MARARABA KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA BY NICHOLAS Jacob Eigege (MSC/SCIE/8614/2010-2011) DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAHPY AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA NIGERIA NOVEMBER, 2014 ASSESSMENT OF THE 2012 FLOODING IN MARARABA, KARU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA By NICHOLAS, JACOB EIGEGE (MSC/SCIE/8614/2010-2011) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS OF DEGREE IN REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA NOVEMBER, 2014 Declaration ii I declare that the work entitled “Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba, Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria” was performed by me in the Department of Geography, under the supervision of Dr. Folorunsho, J.O and Dr. Jeb D.N. The information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in the text and a list of references provided. No part of this work has been presented for another degree or diploma at any other Institution. Nicholas Jacob Eigege Name of Student Signature Date Certification iii This thesis titled “Assessment of the 2012 Flooding in Mararaba, Karu Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria” meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Master of Science in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System of Ahmadu Bello University, and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. Dr. J.O. Folorunsho Member Supervisory Committee (Signature) (Date) Dr. D.N Jeb Member Supervisory Committee (Signature) (Date) Dr. R. O. Yusuf P. G. Coordinator (Signature) (Date) Dr. I. J. Musa Head of Department (Signature) (Date) Prof. A. A. Joshua Dean, School of Postgraduate Studies (Signature) (Date) Acknowledgments iv First of all I would like to thank Almighty God for giving me the wisdom, strength and good health to complete the research. Secondly, my gratitude goes to the management of Nigerian Meteorological agency for granting me sponsorship to undertake this study. My profound gratitude goes to Prof. E. O. Oladipo for guiding me in developing this work and the fatherly role he played. I am sincerely grateful to Dr Folorunsho Joseph, who inspired, encouraged and painstaking supervised this work. May God reward your labor of love. Special thanks to my extraordinary supervisor, Dr. David Nyomo Jeb of the National Center for Remote Sensing and GIS. He has sacrificed most of his precious time to help me with my thesis analysis and taught me a lot of new things regarding hydrology. Without his guidance, it would have been very difficult for me to prepare a creditable thesis report. I will forever remain grateful. My gratitude also goes to Chibuzo Agobuo for proof reading this work. To all my lecturers, the HOD and the entire staff of the Department of Geography, who labored in one way or the other to impact me with knowledge in the course of this study, I say a big thank you to you all. My appreciation also goes to my course mates who has been sources of encouragement in the pursuit of this degree , Stephen Yabo, Bappi Abbubakar , Ayo Nicholas , Mohammed Abbas, Mohamed Abayomi , Wulga and Lona just but to mention a few. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude goes to my wife, family members and DUNAMIS Church Kuje Prayer Band whose ceaseless prayers and encouragement in no small measure made this study a success. ABSTRACT v Flooding due to extreme rain events in urban environments is a problem and a growing concern. Urban flooding has become more frequent due to a number of factors including climate change with the different patterns of precipitation, urban growth and an increase in paved surfaces. Recent flood disasters in Mararaba sub-urban area has claimed some lives, damaged properties and threatened the socio economic live of residents. It has therefore become important to create easily read, rapidly accessible flood hazard map, which will prioritize the mitigation effects. The aim of this study is to assess the 2012 flooding in Mararaba sub-urban area and also identify parts of the study areas that are prone to flooding using GIS based tool. LULC map was prepared using Remote sensing technique of visual interpretation to identify eight classes of land use land cover from the 2005 Spot 5 satellite imagery in a GIS environment. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model was used to determine the rainfall-runoff relationship of the study in ILWIS environment. Daily rainfall data, SPOT 5 satellite Imagery (5m resolution), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and soil texture maps were used as input for the runoff modeling. The blind weight method was used in this study to create flood hazard map for the study area. The result from this study shows an estimated total rainfall runoff of Mararaba urban watersheds calculated for the rainy season (April to October, 2012) aggregating 831.24mm. About 52 percent of total rainfall was converted into surface runoff. Month-wise runoff contribution ranges between 3% to 21%.The peak runoff estimates was 174.21mm in the Month of July which substantiates the reported flood incident on the 14 July, 2012. Five flood hazard classes were identified: Very Low, Low, Moderate, High and Very High hazards. The study demonstrated the potentials of SCS (CN) Model / GIS applications in flood hazard mapping. Concerted efforts should be made by the local and state government, urban planning and environment control department towards containing flood hazards by the construction of new drainage channels along inlands streets in Mararaba sub-urban areas where drainages have been absent. Existing ones also be expanded to increase their capacity for detaining and conveying high stream flow especially in areas at high risk. TABLE OF CONTENT vi Title Page i Declaration ii Certification iii Acknowledgments iv Abstract v Table of content vi List of Figures x List of Tables xi List of Appendices xii Abbreviations and Symbols xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem 5 1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 9 1.4 Justification of Study 9 1.4 Limitation of the study 10 1.6 Scope of the Study 11 1.7 Organization and Presentation of the Study 11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 12 vii 2.2 Flooding 12 2.2.1 Definition of Flooding 12 2.2.2 Types of Flooding 13 2.3 Impact of Climate Change on Floods 15 2.4 Urbanization and Floods 17 2.5 Factors Contributing to Urban Floods 18 2.6 Runoff 20 2.6.1 Types of Runoff 22 2.6.2 Impact of Urbanization on Rainfall Runoff 23 2.6 Rainfall Runoff Modeling 24 2.7 Runoff Model Classification 26 2.7.1 Empirical / Black Box Model 28 2.7.2 Physical Base Model 29 2.7.3 Conceptual Models 30 2.9 Soil conservation Service Model (SCS) Model 30 2.9.1 Soil 33 2.9.2 Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) 34 2.10 Flood Risk Management 35 2.11 Application of Remote Sensing / GIS in Flood Analysis 36 CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 39 viii 3.2 The Study Area 39 3.2.1 Location and Extent 39 3.2.2 Climate 41 3.2.3 Soil type and Vegetation 42 3.2.4 Geology and Drainage 43 3.2.5 Economic Activities 43 3.3 Methodology 44 3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey 44 3.3.2 Type and Sources of Data 45 3.3.3 Hardware and Software 46 3.4 Methods of Data Analysis 46 3.4.1 Land Use Land Cover Classification 46 3.4.2 The Rainfall-runoff Relationships of the Study Area 48 3.4.3 Method Adapted for generating the flood Hazard map 49 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Land Use Land Cover Characteristics 51 4.3 Rainfall Run off Relationship 53 4.4 Flood Hazard of the study Area 59 4.4.1 Very Low Flood Hazard Area 60 4.4.2 Low Flood Hazard 60 4.4.3 Moderate Flood Hazard 60 4.4.4 High Flood Hazard 62 ix 4.4.5 Very High Flood Hazard 62 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF WORK, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 63 5.2 Summary of Work 63 5.2 Conclusion 65 5.3 Recommendations 65 REFERENCES 67 APPENDICIES 78 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Rainfall Runoff Process in the Hydrological Cycle 22 Figure 2.2: Urban Hydrograph 23 Figure 3.1: The Study Area 39 Figure 3.2: Spot Image of the Study Area 40 Figure 3.3: Flow Chart of Methodology of Study 47 x Figure 4.1: Land Use Land Cover in Percentage 51 Figure 4.2: Land Use Land Cover of Study Area 52 Figure 4.3: Slope of Study Area 53 Figure 4.4: Hydrological Soil Group of the Study Area 54 Figure 4.5: Rainfall Amount for the year 2012 55 Figure 4.6: Rainfall Runoff Relationship of the Study Area 56 Figure 4.7: 2012 Rainfall Runoff of the Study Area 58 Figure 4.8: Flood Hazard of the Study Area in Percentage 60 Figure 4.9: Flood Hazard of the Study Area 61 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Factors contributing to flooding 19 Table 3.3 Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) 34 Table 4.1: Slope Class of Study area 54 Table 4.2: Hydrological Soil Group of Study area 55 Table 4.3: Percentage Monthly Estimates of Rainfall Runoff of the Study area 57 xi Table 4.4: Rainfall Runoff class of Study Area 59 Table 4.5: Flood Hazard Intensity of the Study Area 59 LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I: Plate 1.1 Flooding along Aunty Alice School in the study Area 78 Appendix II: Plate 1.2 Same road in Plate 1.1 shortly after the rain storm 79 Appendix III: Plate 2.1 Narrow drainage in Mararaba Sub Urban area 80 Appendix IV: Plate 2.2.
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