1 The Ptolemaic Economy The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World. Ed. Ian Morris, Richard Saller & Walter Scheidel. Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming. Chapter 15 J.G. Manning Stanford University Department of Classics Building 20 Stanford, CA 94305-2080 USA Version of 30 June 2004 Comments to:
[email protected] 2 PTOLEMAIC EGYPT1 J.G. MANNING I. INTRODUCTION I treat here the internal economic history of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the longest- lived of the Hellenistic successor states, leaving aside the Ptolemaic empire (relevant to the first half of the period, or roughly from 330-168 BC), the role of military conquest (its expenditure and revenue), and international trade.2 The following can in no way stand for a synthesis. Much important work is underway, or about to appear, on various aspects of the Ptolemaic economy, and there is still considerable unpublished material, particularly written in Demotic Egyptian, which bears on the understanding of the economy. The period was remarkable in the economic history of the Mediterranean, when Greek immigrants institutions were integrated with ancient modes of production and social organization. Like the Seleucid dynasty, the Ptolemies established themselves on a Persian foundation and provided a new incentive structure for state service and private 1 I am grateful to Roger Bagnall, Willy Clarysse, Dominic Rathbone, and Dorothy Thompson for commenting on earlier drafts. I also thank Professors Wolfgang Habermann, Olivier Picard, and Sitta von Reden for sending me their forthcoming studies. Historical background in Hölbl (1994); Huß (2001). Préaux (1939), (1978) remain important. 2 Austin (1986). Launey (1950) 767ff. on military finance.