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The Coinage System of Cleopatra Vii, Marc Antony and Augustus in Cyprus
1 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS By Matthew Kreuzer 2 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS By Matthew Kreuzer Second Edition Springfield, Mass. Copyright Matthew Kreuzer 2000-2009. 3 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Contents Summary 5 Historical Background 9 Coins Circulating in Cleopatra’s Cyprus 51-30 BC 10 What Were the Denominations in Cleopatra’s Cyprus? 12 The Tetradrachm 13 The Drachm 28 The Full-Unit 29 The Half-Unit 35 The Quarter-Unit 39 The Eighth-Unit 41 The Tiny Sixteenth-Unit 45 Other Small Late Ptolemaic Bronzes 48 Archeological Context – A Late Ptolemaic Bronze Mint 50 Making Small Change 53 Relationship Between the Denominations 55 Circulating Earlier Ptolemaic and Foreign Coinage 56 Cypriot Bronze of Cleopatra, After Actium 58 Silver denarii of Marc Antony, 37-30 BC 61 Cypriot Coinage Under Augustus, 30-22 BC 69 Cypriot Bronze of Augustus, CA coinage 70 Non-Export Obols and Quadrans 75 Silver Quinarii and Denarii of Augustus, 28-22 BC 78 Cyprus as a Senatorial Province under Augustus, 22 BC to 14 AD 87 Cypriot Coinage under Tiberius and Later, After 14 AD 92 Table of Suggested Attribution Changes 102 Appendix I - Analysis of Declining Obol Weight Standard 121 Appendix II - Octavia or Cleopatra? Credits and Bibliography 139 4 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS "If the nose of Cleopatra had been a little shorter, the whole face of the world would have been changed." Blaise Pascal 5 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Summary During the late reign of Cleopatra VII a cornucopia of coinage circulated in Cyprus. -
Monday 20Th April 2020 LQ: Can I Research and Gather Information
Monday 20th April 2020 LQ: Can I research and gather information about Shakespeare? WilliamShakespeare Fact File William Shakespeare was born in April 1564. He then died in April 1616.William Shakespeare’s occupation was playwright, actor and a poet, these are some reasons William shakespeare is known through generations of history.His parents were named Mary shakespear and John shakespeare. William shakespears father was a successful leather merchant who once held the public position of alderman. He was the third of six children including three older sisters, their names were Joan shakespeare,Margaret shakespeare and Anne shakespare. Along with three brothers they were called Gilbert shakespeare, Edum shakespeare and Richard shakespeare.His education was in a school called King Edward VI school. His spouse (wife) was called Anne Hathway they got married in 1582,when William was 18 and Anne was 26. Anne managed to outlive her husband by 7 years.William shakespeare had 3 children the first was susanna. She was born 6 months after the wedding of William and Anne.Fast forward to 2 years in the future the twins Hamnet and Judith were born. Williams' first job was as an actor. The first quarto editions of his plays appeared in 1594.After more then 2 decades william shakespeare had multiple roles in london theater as an actor, playwright and in time a business partner.Some of shakespeare’s earliest plays include The Taming of the Shrew,Richard III,Romeo and Juliet and A midsummer Night’s Dream.The Globe Theatre was a theatre in london where William Shakespeare’s plays were performed .This wooden Theatre was built by his team,the lord chamberlain’s men, on land owned by Thomas Brend. -
Cleopatra II and III: the Queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII As Guarantors of Kingship and Rivals for Power
Originalveröffentlichung in: Andrea Jördens, Joachim Friedrich Quack (Hg.), Ägypten zwischen innerem Zwist und äußerem Druck. Die Zeit Ptolemaios’ VI. bis VIII. Internationales Symposion Heidelberg 16.-19.9.2007 (Philippika 45), Wiesbaden 2011, S. 58–76 Cleopatra II and III: The queens of Ptolemy VI and VIII as guarantors of kingship and rivals for power Martina Minas-Nerpel Introduction The second half of the Ptolemaic period was marked by power struggles not only among the male rulers of the dynasty, but also among its female members. Starting with Arsinoe II, the Ptolemaic queens had always been powerful and strong-willed and had been a decisive factor in domestic policy. From the death of Ptolemy V Epiphanes onwards, the queens controlled the political developments in Egypt to a still greater extent. Cleopatra II and especially Cleopatra III became all-dominant, in politics and in the ruler-cult, and they were often depicted in Egyptian temple- reliefs—more often than any of her dynastic predecessors and successors. Mother and/or daughter reigned with Ptolemy VI Philometor to Ptolemy X Alexander I, from 175 to 101 BC, that is, for a quarter of the entire Ptolemaic period. Egyptian queenship was complementary to kingship, both in dynastic and Ptolemaic Egypt: No queen could exist without a king, but at the same time the queen was a necessary component of kingship. According to Lana Troy, the pattern of Egyptian queenship “reflects the interaction of male and female as dualistic elements of the creative dynamics ”.1 The king and the queen functioned as the basic duality through which regeneration of the creative power of the kingship was accomplished. -
The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, Erudite, Living Legend Lecturers
“Pure intellectual stimulation that can be popped into Topic Subtopic the [audio or video player] anytime.” History Ancient History —Harvard Magazine The History of Ancient Egypt “Passionate, erudite, living legend lecturers. Academia’s best lecturers are being captured on tape.” —The Los Angeles Times The History “A serious force in American education.” —The Wall Street Journal of Ancient Egypt Course Guidebook Professor Bob Brier Long Island University Professor Bob Brier is an Egyptologist and Professor of Philosophy at the C. W. Post Campus of Long Island University. He is renowned for his insights into ancient Egypt. He hosts The Learning Channel’s popular Great Egyptians series, and his research was the subject of the National Geographic television special Mr. Mummy. A dynamic instructor, Professor Brier has received Long Island University’s David Newton Award for Teaching Excellence. THE GREAT COURSES® Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, VA 20151-2299 Guidebook USA Phone: 1-800-832-2412 www.thegreatcourses.com Cover Image: © Hemera/Thinkstock. Course No. 350 © 1999 The Teaching Company. PB350A PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfi elds Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-TEACH-12 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 1999 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. -
The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen
Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 © 2012 Howard Chen All rights reserved ABSTRACT Breakthrough and Concealment: The Formulaic Dynamics of Character Behavior in Lucan Howard Chen This dissertation analyzes the three main protagonists of Lucan’s Bellum Civile through their attempts to utilize, resist, or match a pattern of action which I call the “formula.” Most evident in Caesar, the formula is a cycle of alternating states of energy that allows him to gain a decisive edge over his opponents by granting him the ability of perpetual regeneration. However, a similar dynamic is also found in rivers, which thus prove to be formidable adversaries of Caesar in their own right. Although neither Pompey nor Cato is able to draw on the Caesarian formula successfully, Lucan eventually associates them with the river-derived variant, thus granting them a measure of resistance (if only in the non-physical realm). By tracing the development of the formula throughout the epic, the dissertation provides a deeper understanding of the importance of natural forces in Lucan’s poem as well as the presence of an underlying drive that unites its fractured world. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ vi Introduction ...................................................................................................................... -
Biography Activity: Cleopatra
Name___________________________________________________ Class ______________________ Date ___________________ Chapter 6 Biography Activity Cleopatra, queen of Egypt in the first century B.C., is one of the most famous women in world history. Playwrights and novelists have told many stories about her, but she is more than a romantic figure. Cleopatra’s ambitions and personality involved three of the most powerful men in Rome, influencing the civil wars that followed the death of Julius Caesar (textbook page 137). ◆ As you read, think about the actions people take to follow their ambitions. Then, on a separate sheet of paper, answer the questions that follow. Cleopatra VII (69–30 B.C.) leopatra was the last monarch of a Greek Octavian, but they later became rivals. Totally Cdynasty that ruled Egypt for nearly 300 years. charmed by Cleopatra, Antony moved to Alexandria Its rule had begun when Alexander the Great’s with her. They married (although he was still mar- empire was divided in 323 B.C., and Ptolemy, one of ried to Octavian’s sister in Rome) and had three chil- his generals, became the ruler of Egypt. dren—twins Alexander and Selene, and a son Cleopatra was born in Alexandria in 69 B.C. and Ptolemy. became queen (with her brother Ptolemy XIII) Egyptian gold paid for several of Antony’s mili- when she was 17. She was ambitious, charming, and tary campaigns. Although they failed, he and eager for power. She was the first of her family to Cleopatra held a victory celebration in Alexandria, learn to speak Egyptian (and several declaring themselves (and their children) other languages). -
The Ptolemies: an Unloved and Unknown Dynasty. Contributions to a Different Perspective and Approach
THE PTOLEMIES: AN UNLOVED AND UNKNOWN DYNASTY. CONTRIBUTIONS TO A DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE AND APPROACH JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES Universidade Aberta. Centro de História (University of Lisbon). Abstract: The fifteen Ptolemies that sat on the throne of Egypt between 305 B.C. (the date of assumption of basileia by Ptolemy I) and 30 B.C. (death of Cleopatra VII) are in most cases little known and, even in its most recognised bibliography, their work has been somewhat overlooked, unappreciated. Although boisterous and sometimes unloved, with the tumultuous and dissolute lives, their unbridled and unrepressed ambitions, the intrigues, the betrayals, the fratricides and the crimes that the members of this dynasty encouraged and practiced, the Ptolemies changed the Egyptian life in some aspects and were responsible for the last Pharaonic monuments which were left us, some of them still considered true masterpieces of Egyptian greatness. The Ptolemaic Period was indeed a paradoxical moment in the History of ancient Egypt, as it was with a genetically foreign dynasty (traditions, language, religion and culture) that the country, with its capital in Alexandria, met a considerable economic prosperity, a significant political and military power and an intense intellectual activity, and finally became part of the world and Mediterranean culture. The fifteen Ptolemies that succeeded to the throne of Egypt between 305 B.C. (date of assumption of basileia by Ptolemy I) and 30 B.C. (death of Cleopatra VII), after Alexander’s death and the division of his empire, are, in most cases, very poorly understood by the public and even in the literature on the topic. -
Fact Sheet by Elizabeth Jones
Well-behaved women seldom make history – Fact sheet By Elizabeth Jones Anne Bonny Job description: Professional pirate Born: March 8, 1702, Kinsale, Republic of Ireland Died: Unknown How she is unconventional: Anne Bonny was a woman living in a world where women were actively excluded. All sailors, not just pirates, believed allowing women onboard would bring bad luck because they distracted the men from their work and might become a cause for conflict. While men were in favor of excluding women from a life at sea, Anne wished she had more women fighting at her side as she made her final stand. “Dogs! If instead of these weaklings I only had some women with me,” she screamed at her crew. —Charles Johnson, A General History of the Pyrates Video Link: http://player.history.com/pservice/embed-player/?siteId=hist&tPid=21115861 Harriet Tubman Job description: Civil Rights Activist Birth: c. 1820 Death: March 10, 1913 How she is unconventional: Harriet Tubman escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist. She led hundreds of enslaved people to freedom along the route of the Underground Railroad. "I was the conductor of the Underground Railroad for eight years, and I can say what most conductors can't say; I never ran my train off the track and I never lost a passenger." – Harriet Tubman http://www.biography.com/people/harriet-tubman-9511430/videos/harriet-tubman-union-spy- 15036995841 Hypatia Job description: Scholar, Teacher, Philosopher, Mathematician and Astronomer Born: 350 CE, Alexandria, Egypt Died: March 8, 415 CE, Alexandria, Egypt How she is unconventional: In a time of religious strife at the intellectual center of the ancient world, Hypatia of Alexandria was the first woman in history recognized as a mathematician and scientist. -
Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult
ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period. -
The Antigonids and the Ruler Cult. Global and Local Perspectives?
The Antigonids and the Ruler Cult Global and Local Perspectives? 1 Franca Landucci DOI – 10.7358/erga-2016-002-land AbsTRACT – Demetrius Poliorketes is considered by modern scholars the true founder of ruler cult. In particular the Athenians attributed him several divine honors between 307 and 290 BC. The ancient authors in general consider these honors in a negative perspec- tive, while offering words of appreciation about an ideal sovereignty intended as a glorious form of servitude and embodied in Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius Poliorketes’ son and heir. An analysis of the epigraphic evidences referring to this king leads to the conclusion that Antigonus Gonatas did not officially encourage the worship towards himself. KEYWORDS – Antigonids, Antigonus Gonatas, Demetrius Poliorketes, Hellenism, ruler cult. Antigonidi, Antigono Gonata, culto del sovrano, Demetrio Poliorcete, ellenismo. Modern scholars consider Demetrius Poliorketes the true founder of ruler cult due to the impressively vast literary tradition on the divine honours bestowed upon this historical figure, especially by Athens, between the late fourth and the early third century BC 2. As evidenced also in modern bib- liography, these honours seem to climax in the celebration of Poliorketes as deus praesens in the well-known ithyphallus dedicated to him by the Athenians around 290 3. Documentation is however pervaded by a tone that is strongly hostile to the granting of such honours. Furthermore, despite the fact that it has been handed down to us through Roman Imperial writers like Diodorus, Plutarch and Athenaeus, the tradition reflects a tendency contemporary to the age of the Diadochi, since these same authors refer, often explicitly, to a 1 All dates are BC, unless otherwise stated. -
Depiction of Cleopatra III (Possibly Her Mother), Assimilated Into Isis
FRANCK GODDIO UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGIST PTOLEMAIC QUEEN One of the IEASM’s most beautiful finds in Thonis-Heracleion is this Greco-Egyptian-style statue from the Ptolemaic Period. The queen in dark stone is clad in the traditional gown identifying female rulers with Isis. The hair, its plaited strands modelled with exceptional care, is encircled by a dia- dem adorned with the uraeus of kings. The eye inlays, which personalized the face, have disappeared. Pharaonic style with different artistic influence The effigy, which is larger than life- sized, depicts a female figure standing, with arms down by her sides and the left foot slightly forward. This position respects the traditional Pharaonic style, but the modelling of the surface and of the physiognomy bears witness to a different artistic influence. In her left hand the queen is holding the ankh sign (the sign of life) and on her chest her garment bears the ‘Isis knot’. She is dressed in a fine chemise with a scooped neckline. Determined look of a middle-aged woman The ovoid face grows more slender towards the chin. The mouth, with its carefully modelled lips, is thin and tight, giving the individual a stern, determined look. The large, almond- shaped eyes are hollow. The creases at the neck emphasize that the woman is middle-aged. The hair, arranged into long, rolled-up curls, falls down the back and sides. Above the forehead, the locks are shorter, leaving an open triangle on the forehead above the nose. The hair is encircled by a broad, flat dia- dem. In the middle of the forehead is a uraeus, rearing-up. -
Timeline Notes
Timeline Notes 3100 - 2950 BCE Hieroglyphs – language of symbols – designed. Used for records – buying and selling Wrote on scrolls 2950 BCE Memphis – capital city of Egypt – 770 years - built 2950 - 2575 BCE First Egyptian pyramid – built 70ms tall – made limestone Still stands today 2575 - 2150 BCE Great pyramids of Giza – built Built for pharaohs Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure Built – western desert – 5 miles from banks of River Nile Seven wonders of the world 2125 - 1975 BCE Egypt is divided – North and South North – ruled by Memphis South – ruled by Thebes 1975 - 1640 BCE Egypt is reunited – under pharaoh Mentuhotep II Technology to smelt and cast bronze – statues designed and built. 1630 - 1520 BCE Hyksos Rulers invaded North-East Egypt Brought new technology, culture and customs Hykos Kings expelled – Pharaoh Ahmose I 1539 - 1075 BCE Great Pharaohs ruled 10 year rule – Tutankhamun – began 1332 BCE – died 18 1017 - 715 BCE Nubians conquered Egypt – built own dynasty of Pharaohs – Shabaka and Taharqa Built/restored temples and pyramids - Nile Valley 525 BCE Persians conquer Egypt Invaded and defeated Egyptian armies Constant rebellion – against Persian rule Many pharaohs – many overthrown/assassinated. 332 BCE Alexander the Great conquers Egypt Egyptian people delighted – freed from Persian rule 305 BCE Ptolemaic Era – After Alexander the Great died – Ptolemy – governor of Egypt. Defended Egypt from invasion Ptolemaic Dynasty – most famous in Ancient Egypt 196 BCE The Rosetta Stone is carved – key to translating hieroglyphics Text – written in three languages – Hieroglyphics, Egyptian Demotic and Ancient Greek. Discovered 1799 – display British Museum in London 51 - 30 BCE Cleopatra – Reigned 27 years.