UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA FACOLTÀ DI AGRARIA Dipartimento Di Scienze Animali TESI DI LAUREA in TECNOLOGIE FORESTALI

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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA FACOLTÀ DI AGRARIA Dipartimento Di Scienze Animali TESI DI LAUREA in TECNOLOGIE FORESTALI UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA FACOLTÀ DI AGRARIA Dipartimento di Scienze Animali TESI DI LAUREA IN TECNOLOGIE FORESTALI E AMBIENTALI LA TROTA MARMORATA (Salmo trutta marmoratus) E IL PROGETTO DI RIPOPOLAMENTO DELL’ALTO SARCA Relatore: Ch.mo Prof. GEROLAMO XICCATO Laureando: MAURO BUGANZA Matricola n. 534324 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2007 - 2008. INDICE RIASSUNTO ............................................................................................................................. 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 6 1. INTRODUZIONE GENERALE SUI PESCI DEL TRENTINO ........................................... 7 1.1. LA FORMA DEL CORPO ............................................................................................. 7 1.1.1. Pesci grandi e pesci piccoli ...................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Le parti del corpo ..................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3. Muoversi in acqua .................................................................................................... 8 1.2. IL CORPO DEL PESCE: COM’È FATTO E COME FUNZIONA ............................... 9 1.2.1. Il muco ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2. Le scaglie ................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.3. Colori e cromatofori ............................................................................................... 10 1.2.4. Lo scheletro ............................................................................................................ 11 1.2.5. La muscolatura ....................................................................................................... 11 1.2.6. La respirazione ....................................................................................................... 12 1.2.7. L’alimentazione ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2.8. L’apparato digerente .............................................................................................. 13 1.2.9. La vescica natatoria ................................................................................................ 14 1.2.10. Animali a “sangue freddo” ................................................................................... 15 1.3. I SENSI: FINESTRE SUL MONDO ............................................................................ 15 1.3.1. La vista ................................................................................................................... 15 1.3.2. L’udito .................................................................................................................... 16 1.3.3. Olfatto e gusto ........................................................................................................ 16 1.3.4. La linea laterale ...................................................................................................... 16 1.3.5. Il tatto ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.4. LA VITA DEI PESCI ................................................................................................... 17 1.4.1. Da soli o tutti assieme?........................................................................................... 17 1.4.2. Stanziali o migratori ............................................................................................... 17 1.4.3. Sesso e riproduzione............................................................................................... 18 1.4.4. Sano come un pesce? .............................................................................................. 19 1.5. I PESCI E L’AMBIENTE ............................................................................................. 19 1.5.1. Si fa presto a dire acqua ......................................................................................... 19 1.5.2. Le acque correnti .................................................................................................... 20 1.5.3. La catena alimentare nei corsi d’acqua .................................................................. 22 2. LE TROTE E LA LORO SISTEMATICA .......................................................................... 23 2.1. DIVERSITÀ GENETICA DEL GENERE TRUTTA .................................................. 23 2.2. DISTRIBUZIONE DEL GENERE SALMO ................................................................ 26 2.3. IL GRUPPO SALMO TRUTTA NEL TERRITORIO ITALIANO ............................. 28 2.4. LA SISTEMATICA DI SALMO TRUTTA MARMORATUS ........................................ 30 3. LA TROTA MARMORATA ............................................................................................... 35 3.1. DISTRIBUZIONE GEOGRAFICA .............................................................................. 35 3.2. CARATTERISTICHE MORFOLOGICHE E BIOLOGICHE ..................................... 36 3.3. ACCRESCIMENTI E RIPRODUZIONE ..................................................................... 37 3.4. EMBRIOLOGIA ........................................................................................................... 39 3.4.1. Lo sviluppo dell’uovo ............................................................................................ 39 3.4.2. Da uovo ad avannotto ............................................................................................. 42 4. CAUSE DEL DECREMENTO DELLA TROTA MARMORATA IN TRENTINO .......... 47 4.1. INQUINAMENTO ORGANICO E CHIMICO ............................................................ 47 3 4.2. ALTERAZIONI DELLA PORTATA IDRICA ............................................................ 47 4.3. ALTERAZIONE DELL’HABITAT ............................................................................. 48 4.4. IMMISSIONI DI PESCI NON AUTOCTONI E IBRIDAZIONE ............................... 50 4.5. METODI DI RIPOPOLAMENTO ............................................................................... 51 5. IL PROGETTO MARMORATA IN TRENTINO ............................................................... 53 5.1. I PIANI DI GESTIONE DELLA PESCA ..................................................................... 53 5.1.1. Popolazioni ittiche stanziali da proteggere ............................................................. 54 5.1.2. Protezione della marmorata: limitazioni alla pesca ................................................ 54 5.1.3. Conservazione dei processi naturali ....................................................................... 55 5.1.4. Immissione di materiale da pescicoltura ................................................................ 56 5.1.5. Miglioramento degli ambienti acquatici ................................................................ 57 5.2. INTERVENTI DI RINATURALIZZAZIONE ............................................................. 58 6. IL PROGETTO MARMORATA NELL’ ALTO SARCA .................................................. 60 6.1. INTRODUZIONE ......................................................................................................... 60 6.2. OBIETTIVI ................................................................................................................... 60 6.3. DA MARMORATA A UOVO… ................................................................................. 61 6.3.1. Il recupero dei riproduttori ..................................................................................... 61 6.3.2. La stabulazione dei riproduttori ............................................................................. 62 6.3.3. La spremitura .......................................................................................................... 63 6.4. DA UOVO A MARMORATA ..................................................................................... 65 6.4.1. La presa d’acqua ..................................................................................................... 66 6.4.2. Le vasche di incubazione ....................................................................................... 66 6.4.3. L’accrescimento e il passaggio da un nutrimento all’altro .................................... 67 6.5. LE IMMISSIONI IN ALVEO....................................................................................... 70 6.5.1. Immissione di uova embrionate ............................................................................. 70 6.5.2. Immissione di avannotti ......................................................................................... 73 6.6. I NUMERI DEL PROGETTO DAL 2003 A OGGI… ................................................. 73 7. PROPOSTE DI MIGLIORAMENTO E CONCLUSIONI .................................................. 76 7.1. PASSAGGI PER PESCI ............................................................................................... 76 7.2. E GLI ALTRI PESCI? .................................................................................................. 77 7.3. CONCLUSIONI ............................................................................................................ 78 BIBLIOGRAFIA .....................................................................................................................
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