A Survey of Open Source Processors for Fpgas
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Field Programmable Gate Arrays with Hardwired Networks on Chip
Field Programmable Gate Arrays with Hardwired Networks on Chip PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Technische Universiteit Delft, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. ir. K.C.A.M. Luyben, voorzitter van het College voor Promoties, in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 6 november 2012 om 15:00 uur door MUHAMMAD AQEEL WAHLAH Master of Science in Information Technology Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) geboren te Lahore, Pakistan. Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor: Prof. dr. K.G.W. Goossens Copromotor: Dr. ir. J.S.S.M. Wong Samenstelling promotiecommissie: Rector Magnificus voorzitter Prof. dr. K.G.W. Goossens Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, promotor Dr. ir. J.S.S.M. Wong Technische Universiteit Delft, copromotor Prof. dr. S. Pillement Technical University of Nantes, France Prof. dr.-Ing. M. Hubner Ruhr-Universitat-Bochum, Germany Prof. dr. D. Stroobandt University of Gent, Belgium Prof. dr. K.L.M. Bertels Technische Universiteit Delft Prof. dr.ir. A.J. van der Veen Technische Universiteit Delft, reservelid ISBN: 978-94-6186-066-8 Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Arrays, Hardwired, Networks on Chip Copyright ⃝c 2012 Muhammad Aqeel Wahlah All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission of the author. Printed in The Netherlands Acknowledgments oday when I look back, I find it a very interesting journey filled with different emotions, i.e., joy and frustration, hope and despair, and T laughter and sadness. -
ASIC Implemented Microblaze-Based Coprocessor for Data Stream
ASIC-IMPLEMENTED MICROBLAZE-BASED COPROCESSOR FOR DATA STREAM MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Linknath Surya Balasubramanian In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering May 2020 Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana ii THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF THESIS APPROVAL Dr. John J. Lee, Chair Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Lauren A. Christopher Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dr. Maher E. Rizkalla Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Approved by: Dr. Brian King Head of Graduate Program iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. John J. Lee and my thesis committee members Dr. Lauren A. Christopher and Dr. Maher E. Rizkalla for their patience, guidance, and support during this journey. I would also like to thank Mrs. Sherrie Tucker for her patience, help, and encouragement. Lastly, I must thank Dr. Pranav Vaidya and Mr. Tareq S. Alqaisi for all their support, technical guidance, and advice. Thank you all for taking time and helping me complete this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vi LIST OF FIGURES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: vii ABSTRACT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ix 1 INTRODUCTION :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.1 Previous Work ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 1.2 Motivation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 1.3 Thesis Outline :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (Built 15Th February 2018)
RTEMS CPU Supplement Documentation Release 4.11.3 ©Copyright 2016, RTEMS Project (built 15th February 2018) CONTENTS I RTEMS CPU Architecture Supplement1 1 Preface 5 2 Port Specific Information7 2.1 CPU Model Dependent Features...........................8 2.1.1 CPU Model Name...............................8 2.1.2 Floating Point Unit..............................8 2.2 Multilibs........................................9 2.3 Calling Conventions.................................. 10 2.3.1 Calling Mechanism.............................. 10 2.3.2 Register Usage................................. 10 2.3.3 Parameter Passing............................... 10 2.3.4 User-Provided Routines............................ 10 2.4 Memory Model..................................... 11 2.4.1 Flat Memory Model.............................. 11 2.5 Interrupt Processing.................................. 12 2.5.1 Vectoring of an Interrupt Handler...................... 12 2.5.2 Interrupt Levels................................ 12 2.5.3 Disabling of Interrupts by RTEMS...................... 12 2.6 Default Fatal Error Processing............................. 14 2.7 Symmetric Multiprocessing.............................. 15 2.8 Thread-Local Storage................................. 16 2.9 CPU counter...................................... 17 2.10 Interrupt Profiling................................... 18 2.11 Board Support Packages................................ 19 2.11.1 System Reset................................. 19 3 ARM Specific Information 21 3.1 CPU Model Dependent Features.......................... -
SH-1/SH-2/SH-DSP Programming Manual
Hitachi SuperH™ RISC Engine SH-1/SH-2/SH-DSP Programming Manual ADE-602-063C Rev. 4.0 5/13/99 Hitachi ,Ltd Cautions 1. Hitachi neither warrants nor grants licenses of any rights of Hitachi’s or any third party’s patent, copyright, trademark, or other intellectual property rights for information contained in this document. Hitachi bears no responsibility for problems that may arise with third party’s rights, including intellectual property rights, in connection with use of the information contained in this document. 2. Products and product specifications may be subject to change without notice. Confirm that you have received the latest product standards or specifications before final design, purchase or use. 3. Hitachi makes every attempt to ensure that its products are of high quality and reliability. However, contact Hitachi’s sales office before using the product in an application that demands especially high quality and reliability or where its failure or malfunction may directly threaten human life or cause risk of bodily injury, such as aerospace, aeronautics, nuclear power, combustion control, transportation, traffic, safety equipment or medical equipment for life support. 4. Design your application so that the product is used within the ranges guaranteed by Hitachi particularly for maximum rating, operating supply voltage range, heat radiation characteristics, installation conditions and other characteristics. Hitachi bears no responsibility for failure or damage when used beyond the guaranteed ranges. Even within the guaranteed ranges, consider normally foreseeable failure rates or failure modes in semiconductor devices and employ systemic measures such as fail-safes, so that the equipment incorporating Hitachi product does not cause bodily injury, fire or other consequential damage due to operation of the Hitachi product. -
Superh RISC Engine SH-1/SH-2
SuperH RISC Engine SH-1/SH-2 Programming Manual September 3, 1996 Hitachi America Ltd. Notice When using this document, keep the following in mind: 1. This document may, wholly or partially, be subject to change without notice. 2. All rights are reserved: No one is permitted to reproduce or duplicate, in any form, the whole or part of this document without Hitachi’s permission. 3. Hitachi will not be held responsible for any damage to the user that may result from accidents or any other reasons during operation of the user’s unit according to this document. 4. Circuitry and other examples described herein are meant merely to indicate the characteristics and performance of Hitachi’s semiconductor products. Hitachi assumes no responsibility for any intellectual property claims or other problems that may result from applications based on the examples described herein. 5. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patents or other rights of any third party or Hitachi, Ltd. 6. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS: Hitachi’s products are not authorized for use in MEDICAL APPLICATIONS without the written consent of the appropriate officer of Hitachi’s sales company. Such use includes, but is not limited to, use in life support systems. Buyers of Hitachi’s products are requested to notify the relevant Hitachi sales offices when planning to use the products in MEDICAL APPLICATIONS. Introduction The SuperH RISC engine family incorporates a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) type CPU. A basic instruction can be executed in one clock cycle, realizing high performance operation. A built-in multiplier can execute multiplication and addition as quickly as DSP. -
Superh Family Catalog 3A
SuperH® Family of Microcontrollers and Microprocessors ® 2006.4 Renesas Technology America SuperH® Family of Microcontrollers & Microprocessors 2006 Catalog Renesas — Your Best Decision for Microcontrollers and Microprocessors Choose for your next design; use for all your future ones. Renesas Technology, the leading global supplier of microcontrollers and microprocessors for embedded systems, especially flash microcomputers, makes it easy to select the right device for any application. The hundreds of devices in our H8®, M16C™ and SuperH® families, among others, have upwardly compatible architectures and standard platforms covering wide spans of performance, integration, power efficiency and price points. Your choices extend from cost-effective 8-bit microcontrollers to high-performance 16-bit and high-end 32-bit devices. These easy-to-use chips can enable your design innovations now and in the future. Our advanced silicon solutions simplify system optimizations, facilitate design enhancements and diversifications, and help you meet tight cost budgets. Key markets for Renesas microcontrollers and microprocessors include the mobile, automotive and PC/AV fields. For example, we are a leader in devices for car information systems, the technology forerunner in application processors for multimedia mobile phones, and an innovator in devices for power inverter applications. By choosing world-class Renesas solutions, you get highly reliable designs produced in high-quality fabrication facilities, and benefit from ongoing development defined by solid technology roadmaps. You can shorten your system design cycles and improve your time-to-market by taking advantage of our total system support, including software solutions, starter kits, reference platforms, reference designs, and middleware. Expert third-party support is available as well. -
IT Acronyms.Docx
List of computing and IT abbreviations /.—Slashdot 1GL—First-Generation Programming Language 1NF—First Normal Form 10B2—10BASE-2 10B5—10BASE-5 10B-F—10BASE-F 10B-FB—10BASE-FB 10B-FL—10BASE-FL 10B-FP—10BASE-FP 10B-T—10BASE-T 100B-FX—100BASE-FX 100B-T—100BASE-T 100B-TX—100BASE-TX 100BVG—100BASE-VG 286—Intel 80286 processor 2B1Q—2 Binary 1 Quaternary 2GL—Second-Generation Programming Language 2NF—Second Normal Form 3GL—Third-Generation Programming Language 3NF—Third Normal Form 386—Intel 80386 processor 1 486—Intel 80486 processor 4B5BLF—4 Byte 5 Byte Local Fiber 4GL—Fourth-Generation Programming Language 4NF—Fourth Normal Form 5GL—Fifth-Generation Programming Language 5NF—Fifth Normal Form 6NF—Sixth Normal Form 8B10BLF—8 Byte 10 Byte Local Fiber A AAT—Average Access Time AA—Anti-Aliasing AAA—Authentication Authorization, Accounting AABB—Axis Aligned Bounding Box AAC—Advanced Audio Coding AAL—ATM Adaptation Layer AALC—ATM Adaptation Layer Connection AARP—AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol ABCL—Actor-Based Concurrent Language ABI—Application Binary Interface ABM—Asynchronous Balanced Mode ABR—Area Border Router ABR—Auto Baud-Rate detection ABR—Available Bitrate 2 ABR—Average Bitrate AC—Acoustic Coupler AC—Alternating Current ACD—Automatic Call Distributor ACE—Advanced Computing Environment ACF NCP—Advanced Communications Function—Network Control Program ACID—Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability ACK—ACKnowledgement ACK—Amsterdam Compiler Kit ACL—Access Control List ACL—Active Current -
The Cortex-M Series: Hardware and Software
The Cortex-M Chapter Series: Hardware 2 and Software Introduction In this chapter the real-time DSP platform of primary focus for the course, the Cortex M4, will be introduced and explained. in terms of hardware, software, and development environments. Beginning topics include: • ARM Architectures and Processors – What is ARM Architecture – ARM Processor Families – ARM Cortex-M Series – Cortex-M4 Processor – ARM Processor vs. ARM Architectures • ARM Cortex-M4 Processor – Cortex-M4 Processor Overview – Cortex-M4 Block Diagram – Cortex-M4 Registers ECE 5655/4655 Real-Time DSP 2–1 Chapter 2 • The Cortex-M Series: Hardware and Software What is ARM Architecture • ARM architecture is a family of RISC-based processor archi- tectures – Well-known for its power efficiency; – Hence widely used in mobile devices, such as smart phones and tablets – Designed and licensed to a wide eco-system by ARM • ARM Holdings – The company designs ARM-based processors; – Does not manufacture, but licenses designs to semiconduc- tor partners who add their own Intellectual Property (IP) on top of ARM’s IP, fabricate and sell to customers; – Also offer other IP apart from processors, such as physical IPs, interconnect IPs, graphics cores, and development tools 2–2 ECE 5655/4655 Real-Time DSP ARM Processor Families ARM Processor Families • Cortex-A series (Application) Cortex-A57 Cortex-A53 – High performance processors Cortex-A15 Cortex-A9 Cortex-A Cortex-A8 capable of full Operating Sys- Cortex-A7 Cortex-A5 tem (OS) support; Cortex-R7 Cortex-R5 Cortex-R – Applications include smart- Cortex-R4 Cortex-M4 New!: Cortex-M7, Cortex-M33 phones, digital TV, smart Cortex-M3 Cortex-M1 Cortex-M Cortex-M0+ books, home gateways etc. -
A Soft Processor Microblaze-Based Embedded System for Cardiac Monitoring
(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 4, No. 9, 2013 A Soft Processor MicroBlaze-Based Embedded System for Cardiac Monitoring El Hassan El Mimouni Mohammed Karim University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Fès, Morocco Fès, Morocco Abstract—this paper aims to contribute to the efforts of recent years, and has become also an important way to assert design community to demonstrate the effectiveness of the state of the heart’s condition [5 - 9]. the art Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), in the embedded systems development, taking a case study in the II. SYSTEM OVERVIEW biomedical field. With this design approach, we have developed a We have designed and implemented a prototype of basic System on Chip (SoC) for cardiac monitoring based on the soft embedded system for cardiac monitoring, whose functional processor MicroBlaze and the Xilkernel Real Time Operating block diagram is shown in the figure 2; it exhibits a modular System (RTOS), both from Xilinx. The system permits the structure that facilitates the development and debugging. Thus, acquisition and the digitizing of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) analog signal, displaying heart rate on seven segments module it includes 2 main modules: and ECG on Video Graphics Adapter (VGA) screen, tracing the An analog module intended for acquiring and heart rate variability (HRV) tachogram, and communication conditioning of the analog ECG signal to make it with a Personal Computer (PC) via the serial port. We have used appropriate for use by the second digital module ; the MIT_BIH Database records to test and evaluate our implementation performance. -
Accelerated V2X Provisioning with Extensible Processor Platform
Accelerated V2X provisioning with Extensible Processor Platform Henrique S. Ogawa1, Thomas E. Luther1, Jefferson E. Ricardini1, Helmiton Cunha1, Marcos Simplicio Jr.2, Diego F. Aranha3, Ruud Derwig4 and Harsh Kupwade-Patil1 1 America R&D Center (ARC), LG Electronics US Inc. {henrique1.ogawa,thomas.luther,jefferson1.ricardini,helmiton1.cunha}@lge.com [email protected] 2 University of Sao Paulo, Brazil [email protected] 3 Aarhus University, Denmark [email protected] 4 Synopsys Inc., Netherlands [email protected] Abstract. With the burgeoning Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication, security and privacy concerns are paramount. Such concerns are usually mitigated by combining cryptographic mechanisms with a suitable key management architecture. However, cryptographic operations may be quite resource-intensive, placing a considerable burden on the vehicle’s V2X computing unit. To assuage this issue, it is reasonable to use hardware acceleration for common cryptographic primitives, such as block ciphers, digital signature schemes, and key exchange protocols. In this scenario, custom extension instructions can be a plausible option, since they achieve fine-tuned hardware acceleration with a low to moderate logic overhead, while also reducing code size. In this article, we apply this method along with dual-data memory banks for the hardware acceleration of the PRESENT block cipher, as well as for the F2255−19 finite field arithmetic employed in cryptographic primitives based on Curve25519 (e.g., EdDSA and X25519). As a result, when compared with a state-of-the-art software-optimized implementation, the performance of PRESENT is improved by a factor of 17 to 34 and code size is reduced by 70%, with only a 4.37% increase in FPGA logic overhead. -
Performance Evaluation of FPGA Based Embedded ARM Processor
10.1109/ULTSYM.2013.0135 Performance Evaluation of FPGA based Embedded ARM Processor for Ultrasonic Imaging Spenser Gilliland, Pramod Govindan, Thomas Gonnot and Jafar Saniie Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL, U.S.A. Abstract- This study evaluates the performance of an FPGA based embedded ARM processor system to implement signal processing for ultrasonic imaging and nondestructive testing applications. FPGA based embedded processors possess many advantages including a reduced overall development time, increased performance, and the ability to perform hardware- software (HW/SW) co-design. This study examines the execution performance of split spectrum processing, chirplet signal decomposition, Wigner-Ville distributions and short time Fourier transform implementations, on two embedded processing platforms: a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA with embedded MicroBlaze processor and a Xilinx Zynq FPGA with embedded ARM processor. Overall, the Xilinx Zynq FPGA significantly outperforms the Virtex-5 based system in software applications I. INTRODUCTION Figure 1. RUSH SoC setup Generally, ultrasonic imaging applications use personal computers or hand held devices. As these devices are not frequency diverse flaw detection [1], parametric echo specifically designed for efficiently executing estimation [2], and joint time-frequency distribution [3]) on computationally intensive ultrasonic signal processing the RUSH platform using a Xilinx Virtex-5 FPGA with an algorithms, the performance of these applications can be embedded soft-core MicroBlaze processor [4,5] and a improved by executing the algorithms using a dedicated Xilinx Zynq 7020 FPGA with an embedded ARM processor embedded system-on-chip (SoC) hardware. However, [6,7] as shown in Figure 2. porting these applications onto an embedded system requires deep knowledge of the processor architecture and RUSH embedded software development tools. -
ESC-470: ARM 9 Instruction Set Architecture with Performance
ARM 9 Instruction Set Architecture Introduction with Performance Perspective Joe-Ming Cheng, Ph.D. ARM-family processors are positioned among the leaders in key embedded applications. Many presentations and short lectures have already addressed the ARM’s applications and capabilities. In this introduction, we intend to discuss the ARM’s instruction set uniqueness from the performance prospective. This introduction is also trying to follow the approaches established by two outstanding textbooks of David Patterson and John Hennessey [PetHen00] [HenPet02]. 1.0 ARM Instruction Set Architecture Processor instruction set architecture (ISA) choices have evolved from accumulator, stack, register-to- memory, to register-register (load-store) organization. ARM 9 ISA is a load-store machine. ARM 9 ISA takes advantage of its smaller set of registers (16 vs. many 32-register processors) to incorporate more direct controls and achieve high encoding density. ARM’s load or store multiple register instruction, for example , allows enlisting of all possible registers and conditional execution in one instruction. The Thumb mode instruction set is another exa mple of how ARM ISA facilitates higher encode density. Rather than compressing the code, Thumb -mode instructions are two 16-bit instructions packed in a 32-bit ARM-mode instruction space. The Thumb -mode instructions are a subset of ARM instructions. When executing in Thumb mode, a single 32-bit instruction fetch cycle effectively brings in two instructions. Thumb code reduces access bandwidth, code size, and improves instruction cache hit rate. Another way ARM achieves cycle time reduction is by using Harvard architecture. The architecture facilitates independent data and instruction buses.