Journal Volume 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017
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Journal Volume 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 INDEX Sr. Page Name of the Research Paper Author No. No. Spatial Distribution Pattern of Rural Settlements in Bhiwani 1 Dr. Sushil Dalal 1-4 District of Haryana A Socio-Economic Study of the Elderly Population in India : 2 Dr. Moushumi Datta 5-9 A Case Study of Mumbai Dr. H. M. Pednekar, 3 Population and Sustainable Development in India D. J. Nahire, G.H. Pednekar, 10-12 Dr. B. B. Rahane Importance of Mangroves in Devbagh Coastal Area, Govardhan Ubale, 4 13-14 Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra. Dr. R. B. Patil 5 Eco Tourism and its Impact on Livelihood Dr. Amita Kumari 15-17 Land Uses in Haryana : A Temporal Analysis 6 Sandeep & Anita 18-21 (1966-67 To 2010-11) 7 Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Dr. Anju Bala 22-25 Dynamis of Population of Sohna Town of Haryana : 8 Apoorva Mathur 26-28 A Geographical Case Study Growth and Distribution of Population in Asansol City, 9 Basudeb Maji 29-37 West Bengal. 10 Urbanization and Environmental Degradation in India Mrs. Bindu 38-41 Present and Future Scenario of Water Resources of India : 11 Dharamjeet 42-46 an Evaluation Ms. Ekata, 12 Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 47-50 Ms. Deepak Malik Food Consumption and Physical Activity Pattern of Harprit Kaur, 13 51-54 Non Working Women of Rohtak District Dr. Shashi kala Yadav Kartik, Anil, 14 The Future Need : Sustainable Development 55-57 Aseem Suman Princy Katyal 15 Food Habits of Adolescent Girls in Rohtak District, Haryana 58-60 Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav Socio-Economic Analysis : 16 Kirpa Ram 61-66 (A Case Study of Village Chaudhariwali) Growth Dynamics of Manesar Gurgaon Urban Complex : 17 Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait 67-72 A case study of impacts on Land, Water and Air Spatio-temporal Investigation of Expansion: A Case Study of 18 Manju Sharma 73-78 Hisar City Health Complications and Socio- Economic Profile of Type-II Parminder Kaur, 19 79-82 Diabetic Patients from Rohtak District, Haryana Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav Assessment of Slums and its Effect on Urban Environment : Dr. Pinki Yadav 20 83-87 An Analysis Dr. Rajesh Kumar 1 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17 THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858 Spatial Distribution Pattern of Rural Settlements in Bhiwani District of Haryana Sushil Dalal Department of Geography, Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak Introduction The spatial distribution of settlement in a geographic area has different types of patterns. The settlements are neither distributed uniformly nor random on the earth surface. Different forces act and interact to form a particular pattern. The natural or environmental, behavioral factors such as physical, socio-economic, anthropogenic, historical determine the location and growth of settlement patterns and their spatial interaction. The various exogenous and endogenous factors form a kind of spatial pattern at local level in which different events and processes are involved. These processes changes over time with the dynamic nature of space and population. Quadrat Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) are the techniques to measure the distribution of spacing of settlement patterns. In the present paper, the Near Neighbour Analysis technique has been used to study the spatial pattern. The technique of NNA is used to identify the distribution of spacing of settlements patterns in one or more geographical regions. The pattern of spacing in the settlements would be uniform, random and clustered. NNA exhibits the spatial pattern of distribution of geographical phenomenon. Hartz (1909) introduced this method for the first time. Dice (1952) used it to find out the departure from randomness and Skellam (1952) used for the detection of non-randomness of spatial pattern who has given a derivation of the probability distribution of spatial distance. Kendall suggested a derivative of the mean expected distance between nearest neighbor in a random distribution of specified density. However, Clark and Evans (1954) used the ratio of the observed mean distance to the expected mean distance which serves as the measure of departure from randomness. Later on, Dacey (1965) and Butler (1972) modified this technique as a measure to study the spatial distribution. On the basis of measurement of actual nearest neighbour distances between settlements, this technique identifies uniform, random and clustered settlement patterns. Z values obtained from NNA are related to settlement distribution as follows: >= 2.15 Uniform or even, 1.5-2.15 approaching even, but more regular than random, 0.5 - 1.5 Random, 0.0-0.5 Semi-clustered and zero represents the clustered pattern. To correlate the spatial patterns of settlements in India, the Nearest Neighbour Analysis is commonly used to estimate the variability of the distance i.e. the departure of distance from randomness on the topographical sheets. In the modern era, the aerial photographs and satellite imageries are also being used. These aerial photographers and maps provide the basis for visual observations. The geographers measure the direction and distance between neighbouring settlements in the nearest neighbour technique. Objectives : Fig. 1 Location Map of Study Area The Nearest Neighbour Technique has been adopted to find out the variation in the pattern of the geographic spacing of rural settlements at micro level in Bhiwani district of Haryana state. Study Area: The variation in distribution of settlement patterns in two geographical identical regions in the district of Bhiwani in Haryana have been taken in the present study (Fig. 1). The two Community Development (CD) Blocks of Bhiwani district has been selected for a comparative and empirical analysis due to its semi-arid desert and hilly topography. Bawani Kheda Block represents the semi-arid 1 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17 and undulating Khadar plains while Badhra Block represents the undulating arid and hilly which consist of outcrop of Aravalli mountain range. Index of Nearest Neighbor Measure: The measure of spacing examines the degree of deviations of the distribution of settlement from a ‗random distribution‘ on a given area. The distance, irrespective of direction, from one settlement to its nearest neighbor provides the basis for measurement of the spacing. A series of such distances between nearest neighbor settlement is measured in a given area and the value of the mean distances to nearest neighbor is obtained. The expected mean distance in a random distribution is also calculated. The ratio of the ‗observed mean distance‘ to the ‗expected mean distance‘ determines the departure from randomness. Assuming the distribution of points as random and the probability distribution of the distance between points and their first nearest neighbour as normal the expected mean nearest neighbour distance Dr between the points in a given area is given by: 1 D r N 2 A where ‗N‘ is the number of settlements and ‗A‘ is the area of the place. The Index of Nearest Neighbour ‗R‘ is the ratio of the actual mean distance between nearest neighbour points in a given area (D0 ) to the mean expected distance of random distribution of the same number of points in the same area, i.e. Hence: DD N R00 2D DA1 N 0 r 2 A This ratio ‗R‘ ranges from ‗O‘, when there is maximum aggregation of all the points at one location, through1 which represents a random distribution up to 2.15 which represent even distribution. The standard error of the expected mean distance is calculated as: 0.26126 Dr N/A2 If the value of is significantly different from D0 and the value of ‗R‘ falls between 0 – 1 is explained as approaching cluster and 1 – 2.15 is explained as approaching uniform. Otherwise the pattern should be considered as random and the difference between and is attributed to the chance factors only. The statistic is a standard normal variate and is used to test the significance of the difference between and DD Z 0r Dr The departure from randomness can be calculated for two or more regions to find out the relative departure from random expectation and a significant test of relative departure from randomness can also be applied. Analysis: This is a comparative analysis of the settlements patterns of the two distinct geographical regions of Bhiwani district lying in the north and south part of the district respectively. 2 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17 Fig. 2: Settlements in Bawani Kheda Block Fig. 3: Settlements in Badhra Block There are 21 settlements covering an area of 384 square kilometers are identified in the Bawani Khera Block whereas 68 settlements are spread over 510 square kilometers in the Badhra CD Block. The location of the area is depicted in Fig 2 and 3. The result of the study indicates that the settlement pattern in both regions under study is different. The result of Bawani Khera Block is: Total distance between the nearest settlements = 53.58 Dₒ= ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------- = 2.55 Total number of pairs in the region 21 Dₒ= the actual mean distance between nearest neighbor points in a Bhwani Khera Block. DD N 1 R1 00 1 2D Dᵣ= ---------------------------- = ----------- DA = -----------1 N = 2.1380 2√no. of nearest pairs 2√21 r 0.46772 ------------------------------- --------- A Total area under study 384 and 0.26126 Dr N/A2 2.55 R = --------- = 1.1927 2.138 Since, the value of ‗R‘ is between 1 and 2.15. The test of significance Dᵣ is calculated as: .26136 = --------------- = 0.228 1.1484 And Dₒ- Dᵣ 2.55-2.138 0.412 Z = ----------- = --------------- = ---------- = 1.807 0.228 0.228 It is insignificant at 1 % level of significance. Hence the value of ‗R‘ shows a random distribution. The Result of Badhra Block is: Total distance between the nearest settlements = 112.04 Dₒ = ---------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- = 1.67 Total number of pairs in the region 67 3 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol.