Journal Volume 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017

INDEX

Sr. Page Name of the Research Paper Author No. No. Spatial Distribution Pattern of Rural Settlements in 1 Dr. Sushil Dalal 1-4 District of A Socio-Economic Study of the Elderly Population in : 2 Dr. Moushumi Datta 5-9 A Case Study of Mumbai Dr. H. M. Pednekar, 3 Population and Sustainable Development in India D. J. Nahire, G.H. Pednekar, 10-12 Dr. B. B. Rahane Importance of Mangroves in Devbagh Coastal Area, Govardhan Ubale, 4 13-14 Sindhudurg District, . Dr. R. B. Patil 5 Eco Tourism and its Impact on Livelihood Dr. Amita Kumari 15-17 Land Uses in Haryana : A Temporal Analysis 6 Sandeep & Anita 18-21 (1966-67 To 2010-11) 7 Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Dr. Anju Bala 22-25 Dynamis of Population of Town of Haryana : 8 Apoorva Mathur 26-28 A Geographical Case Study Growth and Distribution of Population in Asansol City, 9 Basudeb Maji 29-37 . 10 Urbanization and Environmental Degradation in India Mrs. Bindu 38-41 Present and Future Scenario of Water Resources of India : 11 Dharamjeet 42-46 an Evaluation Ms. Ekata, 12 Natural Resources and Environmental Issues 47-50 Ms. Deepak Malik Food Consumption and Physical Activity Pattern of Harprit Kaur, 13 51-54 Non Working Women of District Dr. Shashi kala Yadav Kartik, Anil, 14 The Future Need : Sustainable Development 55-57 Aseem Suman Princy Katyal 15 Food Habits of Adolescent Girls in , Haryana 58-60 Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav Socio-Economic Analysis : 16 Kirpa Ram 61-66 (A Case Study of Village Chaudhariwali) Growth Dynamics of Urban Complex : 17 Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait 67-72 A case study of impacts on Land, Water and Air Spatio-temporal Investigation of Expansion: A Case Study of 18 Manju Sharma 73-78 City Health Complications and Socio- Economic Profile of Type-II Parminder Kaur, 19 79-82 Diabetic Patients from Rohtak District, Haryana Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav Assessment of Slums and its Effect on Urban Environment : Dr. Pinki Yadav 20 83-87 An Analysis Dr. Rajesh Kumar 1 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Spatial Distribution Pattern of Rural Settlements in of Haryana

Sushil Dalal Department of Geography, Pt. NRS Govt. College, Rohtak

Introduction The spatial distribution of settlement in a geographic area has different types of patterns. The settlements are neither distributed uniformly nor random on the earth surface. Different forces act and interact to form a particular pattern. The natural or environmental, behavioral factors such as physical, socio-economic, anthropogenic, historical determine the location and growth of settlement patterns and their spatial interaction. The various exogenous and endogenous factors form a kind of spatial pattern at local level in which different events and processes are involved. These processes changes over time with the dynamic nature of space and population. Quadrat Analysis and Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) are the techniques to measure the distribution of spacing of settlement patterns. In the present paper, the Near Neighbour Analysis technique has been used to study the spatial pattern. The technique of NNA is used to identify the distribution of spacing of settlements patterns in one or more geographical regions. The pattern of spacing in the settlements would be uniform, random and clustered. NNA exhibits the spatial pattern of distribution of geographical phenomenon. Hartz (1909) introduced this method for the first time. Dice (1952) used it to find out the departure from randomness and Skellam (1952) used for the detection of non-randomness of spatial pattern who has given a derivation of the probability distribution of spatial distance. Kendall suggested a derivative of the mean expected distance between nearest neighbor in a random distribution of specified density. However, Clark and Evans (1954) used the ratio of the observed mean distance to the expected mean distance which serves as the measure of departure from randomness. Later on, Dacey (1965) and Butler (1972) modified this technique as a measure to study the spatial distribution. On the basis of measurement of actual nearest neighbour distances between settlements, this technique identifies uniform, random and clustered settlement patterns. Z values obtained from NNA are related to settlement distribution as follows: >= 2.15 Uniform or even, 1.5-2.15 approaching even, but more regular than random, 0.5 - 1.5 Random, 0.0-0.5 Semi-clustered and zero represents the clustered pattern. To correlate the spatial patterns of settlements in India, the Nearest Neighbour Analysis is commonly used to estimate the variability of the distance i.e. the departure of distance from randomness on the topographical sheets. In the modern era, the aerial photographs and satellite imageries are also being used. These aerial photographers and maps provide the basis for visual observations. The geographers measure the direction and distance between neighbouring settlements in the nearest neighbour technique. Objectives : Fig. 1 Location Map of Study Area The Nearest Neighbour Technique has been adopted to find out the variation in the pattern of the geographic spacing of rural settlements at micro level in Bhiwani district of Haryana state. Study Area: The variation in distribution of settlement patterns in two geographical identical regions in the district of Bhiwani in Haryana have been taken in the present study (Fig. 1). The two Community Development (CD) Blocks of Bhiwani district has been selected for a comparative and empirical analysis due to its semi-arid desert and hilly topography. Bawani Kheda Block represents the semi-arid

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and undulating Khadar plains while Badhra Block represents the undulating arid and hilly which consist of outcrop of Aravalli mountain range. Index of Nearest Neighbor Measure: The measure of spacing examines the degree of deviations of the distribution of settlement from a ‗random distribution‘ on a given area. The distance, irrespective of direction, from one settlement to its nearest neighbor provides the basis for measurement of the spacing. A series of such distances between nearest neighbor settlement is measured in a given area and the value of the mean distances to nearest neighbor is obtained. The expected mean distance in a random distribution is also calculated. The ratio of the ‗observed mean distance‘ to the ‗expected mean distance‘ determines the departure from randomness. Assuming the distribution of points as random and the probability distribution of the distance between points and their first nearest neighbour as normal the expected mean nearest neighbour distance Dr between the points in a given area is given by: 1 D  r N 2 A where ‗N‘ is the number of settlements and ‗A‘ is the area of the place. The Index of Nearest Neighbour ‗R‘ is the ratio of the actual mean distance between nearest neighbour points in a given area (D)0 to the mean expected distance of random distribution of the same number of points in the same area, i.e. . Hence:

DD N R00   2D DA1 N 0 r 2 A This ratio ‗R‘ ranges from ‗O‘, when there is maximum aggregation of all the points at one location, through1 which represents a random distribution up to 2.15 which represent even distribution. The standard error of the expected mean distance is calculated as: 0.26126 Dr N/A2

If the value of is significantly different from D0 and the value of ‗R‘ falls between 0 – 1 is explained as approaching cluster and 1 – 2.15 is explained as approaching uniform. Otherwise the pattern should be considered as random and the difference between and is attributed to the chance factors only. The statistic is a standard normal variate and is used to test the significance of the difference between and DD Z  0r Dr The departure from randomness can be calculated for two or more regions to find out the relative departure from random expectation and a significant test of relative departure from randomness can also be applied. Analysis: This is a comparative analysis of the settlements patterns of the two distinct geographical regions of Bhiwani district lying in the north and south part of the district respectively.

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Fig. 2: Settlements in Bawani Kheda Block Fig. 3: Settlements in Badhra Block There are 21 settlements covering an area of 384 square kilometers are identified in the Bawani Khera Block whereas 68 settlements are spread over 510 square kilometers in the Badhra CD Block. The location of the area is depicted in Fig 2 and 3. The result of the study indicates that the settlement pattern in both regions under study is different. The result of Bawani Khera Block is: Total distance between the nearest settlements = 53.58 Dₒ= ------= 2.55 Total number of pairs in the region 21 Dₒ= the actual mean distance between nearest neighbor points in a Bhwani Khera Block. 1 1 1 Dᵣ= ------= ------= ------= 2.138 2√no. of nearest pairs 2√21 0.4677 ------Total area under study 384 and DD N R00   2D DA1 N 0 r 2 A 2.55 R = ------= 1.1927 2.138 Since, the value of ‗R‘ is between 1 and 2.15. The test of significance Dᵣ is calculated as: 0.26126 D r 2 N/A .26136 = ------= 0.228 1.1484 And Dₒ- Dᵣ 2.55-2.138 0.412 Z = ------= ------= ------= 1.807 0.228 0.228 It is insignificant at 1 % level of significance. Hence the value of ‗R‘ shows a random distribution. The Result of Badhra Block is: Total distance between the nearest settlements = 112.04 Dₒ = ------= 1.67 Total number of pairs in the region 67 3 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

Dₒ = the actual mean distance between nearest neighbor points in a Bhwani Khera Block. 1 1 1 1 Dᵣ = ------= ------= ------= ------= 1.379 2√no. of nearest pairs 2√67 2√0.1314 0.7249 ……………….. ……… Total area under study 510 and DD N R00   2D DA1 N 0 r 2 A 1.67 R= ------=1.211 1.379 Since, the value of ‗R‘ is between 1 and 2.15, it shows an approaching uniform distribution only in case of Dᵣ is significantly different from Dₒ. The test of significance Dᵣ is calculated as: 0.26126 D r 2 N/A

.26126 .26126 = ------= ------= 0.088 √4489/510 2.9668

And Dₒ- Dᵣ 1.67-1.379 0.291 Z= ------= ------= ------= 3.3068 0.088 0.088 It is significant at 1 % level of significance. Hence the value of ‗R‘ shows a approaching uniform distribution. The following table summarizes the results of the both examples taken in the study: Sr. Name of Region ˉDₒ Dᵣ R S.E. Z Remarks Bawani Khera 1.807 1 2.55 2.138 1.19 0.228 Random (Khadar region) Insignificant at 1% Badhra 2 1.67 1.379 1.21 0.088 3.307 Significant at 1% Approaching Uniform (Bangar region) It is concluded that the settlement pattern in Bawani Khera community development is found random whereas it is approaching uniform in case of Badhra block. Reference : 1) Bartlett, M.S. (1978), ―Nearest Neighbour Models in the Analysis of Field Experiements‖, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series-B, Vol. 40, pp.147-174. 2) Besag, J.E. and Gleaves, J.T. (1973), ―On the Detection of Spatial Pattern in Plant Communities‖, Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, Vol 45, pp.153-158. 3) Byth, K. and Ripley, B.D. (1980), ―On Sampling Spatial Patterns by Distance Methods‖, Biometrics Vol. 36, pp. 279- 284. 4) Ceyhan, E. (2010), ―On the Use of Nearest Neighbour Contingency Tables for Testing Spatial Segrigation, Environmental and Ecological Statistics, Vol. 17, pp.247-282.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

A Socio-Economic Study of the Elderly Population in India : A Case Study of Mumbai

Dr. Moushumi Datta Associate Prof. & Geog. M.A. Coordinator, Dept. of Geog., Nagindas Khandwala College, Malad (West). Mumbai

Abstract : The word elderly is used to describe a person who is beyond middle age and approaching old age. In the present research, an attempt has been made to study the socio- economic profile of the elderly population in India with the help of a case study of Mumbai. The research objectives are to analyze the spatial pattern of elderly population in India, to analyze the socio- economic characteristic of elderly population in Mumbai, to identify the problem of the elderly population and provide recommendation for their socio-economic upliftment. The research methodology includes both primary and secondary sources. A questionnaire satisfying the required criteria is prepared using open ended and close ended questions. The study area for the survey was decided at Malad (W) and Borivali (W) area. It can be observed that the distribution of elderly people in the country is in accordance with the total population. The states which have higher total population have higher total elderly population and vice-versa. It is found out that 52% of respondents had major health issues like cancer, diabetes, heart disorders and some had biopsy done. 36% of respondents had minor health disorders. 62% of respondents do not have any major medical care or disorders, while 38% respondents said that they have diabetes, knee pain, breathing issues etc. 47% of respondents said that they get pension from government, as they worked in government sector. 53% of respondents said that they do not get any pension, which indicate that they either worked in private firms or had their own business. 65% of respondents said that the television is the major source to spend their time and also a mode of entertainment. It is recommended that awareness about pension plans must be spread to the old age. More medical facilities should be made available to them. Keywords : Elderly, spatial, disorders, awareness, medical Introduction : The word elderly is used to describe a person who is beyond middle age and approaching old age. According to the Census definition, ‗citizens who have attained the age of 60 years are said to be old‘. They are also called senior citizens with respect towards their age. A man's life is normally divided into five main stages namely infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age. In each of these stages an individual has to find himself in different situations and face different problems. The old age is not without problems. In old age physical strength deteriorates, mental stability diminishes; money power becomes bleak coupled with negligence from the younger generation. In the present research, an attempt has been made to study the socio- economic profile of the elderly population in India with the help of a case study of Mumbai. Review of Literature Mahadevan and Sumangala et.al (1992) have suggested that emerging problems of the elderly in modern society have created the need for change in the policies and better facility for elderly. He had put forward that there is a need for economic security for elders.Cavanaugh (1990) said that the concept of social aging emerged which referred to the individual‘s roles and habits in relation to the society. Rakowski, Julius et.al (1987) carried a sample of 172 communities residing older adults were interviewed four health practice grouping were used: information seeking, regular health routines, medical and self- examination and risk avoidance.Results indicated that the elderly women and elderly population with supportive family environment were having a good health practice. Ramamurthi (1996) explores the stress among elderly men and factors associated with it. The finding showed that main sources of stress included: Socio- economic and occupational stress (49%), physical condition (56%), psychological sources (61%) and Familial and social sources (59%). Sharma, Dak (1987) have edited a book on the process of aging in India and the socio-psychological problems attached to this process. The edition contains a total number of 23 short research papers on topics like aging

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and the changing society, socio-psychological problems of the aged and health and medical aspects of aging. Mallya (2001) revealed that there is a relationship between socio- economic status and health of the elderly. Research Objectives : 1. To analyze the spatial pattern of elderly population in India 2. To analyze the socio- economic characteristic of elderly population in Mumbai. 3. To identify the problem of the elderly population and provide recommendation for their socio-economic upliftment. Research Methodology Research methodology refers to the theoretical part, system of methods and principles in disciplines. It also refers to the behavior and instruments area in selecting and constructing to research techniques. It can be divided into three stages,  Pre- Field - In this stage extensive literature review has been under taken to understand the topic and frame the questionnaire. The sources of secondary data include books available from online sources, group discussion and research papers available online. A questionnaire satisfying the required criteria area prepared using open ended and close ended questions. The study area for the survey was decided at Malad (W) and Borivali (W) area. A map of India representing the total population in the elderly age group is prepared using data published by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation for the year 2016 using Q-GIS v. 2.14.0-Essen.  On- Field - A sample size of 100 was decided. Approach was at the survey as mentioned was conducted at two places using random sampling method and the method for data collection employed is personal interview method. Observation method is used to understand the living condition of the elderly population in the study area.  Post- Field - The primary data collected was tabulated, processed and analyzed using MS-excel. After that data was compiled using MS- word. Area of Study : Bhadran Nagar is an area in Malad West. It is located at 19°11'38"N and 72°50'54"E. Bhadran Nagar is a small settlement area comprised of low income group people in Malad West. It is situated very near to the Malad railway station. It is surrounded by S.V Road on its west and Daruwala Compound to its east, towards north of it is Kandivali and towards south is Goregaon. Since, it was established by a Patel of Native ‗Bhadran‘ village, it is called ―Bhadran Nagar‖. Borivali or Borivli is a suburban area located in the north-west section of Mumbai island of Maharashtra, India. It is located at 19° 13′ 48″ N and 72° 51′ 36″ E. It is surrounded by Dahisar in the North, Manori Creek to the West Kandivali to South, and Sanjay Gandhi National Park to West. The area comprises of mixed population of different caste, religion, and financial status. The estimated population of Borivali in 2010 was 513,077. Discussion The map of India represents the total population of elderly people in the country state wise. It can be observed that the distribution of elderly people in the country is in accordance with the total population. The states which have higher total population have higher total elderly population and vice-versa. Thus, has highest number of elderly people followed by Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and others. However, the number is the least in the Northern states and eastern states of India. This may be due to their out migration to their native places or relatively poorer health facilities. States which are at the upfront of health facilities like Maharashtra and southern states have higher elderly people. However, in state like Uttar Pradesh, the elderly population is bound to be highest due to the presence of a large number of religious places along the banks of eth sacred river Ganga. The state also beholds several old age homes i.e. ashramas where people go in search of salvation in their old age. The following data reveals the socio-economic profile of the elderly people in Mumbai: 56% is in the age group of 65-70 years, 25% is in the age group of 71-75 years and 19% is in the age group of 76 years and above. This implies that the life expectancy is mostly upto the age of 75-80 years.

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56% of the respondents are male and 44% are female. The sex ratio among the old age citizens is low too. 96% of the respondents belong to Hindu religion, 3 % of the respondents are Muslims and 1% of the respondents are Christians. This reveals the religious profile and that this is a random output, nothing in particular. 34% of the respondents are illiterate, 7% are educated below SSC, 18 % are educated till HSC and 34% are educated for HSC and above. The overall educational profile is low leading to lesser savings for old age as the occupation of the young age would not have been able to serve much for their living.

84% of the respondents live with their families, which is a good sign. Whereas, 13% of the respondents live alone as their children are either living in other cities or have settled in other countries. Since, the study was conducted in a residential area, all the elderly people who stayed alone were at their respective houses. The concept of ‗old age homes‘ could not be thus found. 64% of the respondents said that the finances at the end of the month are enough to meet their daily needs as they get financial support from their children and some get pension as well. 36% of the respondents say that the finances

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are insufficient for their needs as they have medical issues and major share of the money is spent on medicines. 50 % of the respondents are moderately poor, 23% of the respondents are poor, 21% of the total respondents are rich and only 6 % of the respondents are extremely poor. This shows that the overall poverty ratio is high. Hence old people are facing a financial crisis as they are neglected by their family members, are ineligible to take loans, have a huge expenditure on medical requirements and have lesser savings. 52% of the respondents have minor health issues like cough- cold, back pain etc. and 12% of them have major health issues like cancer, diabetes, heart disorder, Parkinson, Alzheimer etc. 36% have no health issues which indicate that the people are physically fit. 62% of the total respondents do not avail medical care facilities and 38% of the respondents avail the medical care facilities provided to them. This may be due to two reasons viz. lack of requirement and/or lack of financial assistance. 47% of the respondents said that they receive pension from the government which indicates that they were working in the government sector whereas 53% said that they do not get any pension as they either had their own business or worked in a private firm. Thus, find it all the more difficult to manage in the unemployed age. 45% of the respondents said that they spend their time watching television shows. 13% respondents said that they spend their time with the grandchildren. 8% respondents said that they look after family business (part time). 34% respondents said that they involve themselves in some social and recreational activities to spend their time. This implies that most of the elderly people do not feel much isolation and feel important in their families. However, those who watch Television for passing item may suffer from neglect, isolation and depression, due to which they do so. 65% of the respondents said that they watch television shows, movies and news on the television as a mode of entertainment. 5% of the respondents said that radio is a big source of entertainment media for them. 4% of the respondents said that they like to move around like going for pilgrimage, tours, short trips or simply going for walks. 26% respondents said that they have other means of entertainment. Some work for NGO‘s as well.

Major Findings :  Around 41% of respondents were either literate or educated below SSC.  Majorly 87% respondents live with their facilities which are a good sign.  64% respondents said that finance at end of the month is not enough for their expenses as a major portion of the income goes on the medical expenditure.  50% of respondents were moderately poor while 21% belong to rich class.  52% of respondents had major health issues like cancer, diabetes, heart disorders and some had biopsy done.  36% of respondents had minor health disorders.  62% of respondents do not have any major medical care or disorders , while 38% respondents said that they have diabetes , knee pain, breathing issues etc.  47% of respondents said that they get pension from government, as they worked in government sector.  53% of respondents said that they do not get any pension, which indicate that they either worked in private firms or had their own business  65% of respondents said that the television is the major source to spend their time and also a mode of entertainment.  34% respondents said that they partly take look into business in over to spend their time.  13% respondents said they spend their time with their grandchildren, caring and nurturing them.  5% said that radio is a source of entertainment for them.  26%respondents said that they work for animal welfare NGO‘S,etc. as a way to spend their time.

Conclusion : From the study, it can be concluded that majority of the elderly people live with their families with a sound economic base. Around 41% of respondents are not very much educated or are in particular, illiterate. 52% of respondents had minor healthy issues or where on some kind of medication. Few had major health issues like diabetes, knee pain and breathing issue.65% of respondents said that television is the major source. While many other work for NGO‘s and animal welfare organization. It can therefore be quoted that, ―elderly have a tough and a hard life. They seek various ways to spend their lives and seek happiness in doing part time work or playing with grandchildren. This is not a 8 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

healthy sign. The society is representing cases of isolation and depression among the elderly and it is the responsibility of the young population to take utmost care of their seniors‖

Recommendations :  There must be awareness about pension plans and be taken by the young population, so that they do not have to suffer in the old age.  The cultural values of treating old parents as important need to be imbibed in the future generations.  Giving residential medical assistance in case of very old people or people with difficult problems at a cheaper cost.  Legal provisions to safeguard the rights and lives of the elderly.

References : 1) Alam, M. (2006): Ageing in India – Socio-Economic and Health Dimensions, Academic Foundations, New . 2) Bharati, K. and C. Singh (2013):‗Ageing in India: Need for a Comprehensive Policy‘, IIMB WP421, IIM Bangalore

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Population and Sustainable Development in India

Dr. H. M. Pednekar, Principal, ACS College, Onde, Vikramgad, Dist Palghar (MS) D. J. Nahire, Dept. of Geography, ACS College, Onde, Vikramgad, Dist Palghar (MS) G. H. Pednekar, Tata Institute & Social Science Mumbai (MS) Dr. B. B. Rahane, Dept. of Geography, SDSM College, Palghat (MS)

―Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.‖ -Rio Declaration, Principle 1 (UN, 1992). Earth is the only planet having different forms of life including us. Though earth was formed about 4600 million years ago, almost all forms of life-plants, animals, insects etc. –appeared on the earth much before the emergence of man. Man appeared on the earth just two million years ago. Man being more intelligent developed science and technology and started using environmental elements and forces for his own benefit. With increase in population various problems like increase in the green house gases, global warming, pollution, environmental degradation are also increasing.

World population Increase in growth CO2

Fig No. 1 World Population Growth and Increase in CO2 The main reason for this situation is our selfish altitude. We have become more greedy and technology has added fuel. Gandhiji said- ‗Earth has sufficient resources to fulfill needs of everyone but not the greed of anyone.‘ Compared to any country in the world India is the most favored nation by the nature.The tropic of cancer divides India into two parts is in the temperate zone while the southern part is in the tropical zone. Hence we have wide range of climatic variations- Extreme cold in the north and warm in the south. Maximum rainfall in the world in the east of desert in the west. The most precious natural resource on the earth is water. Nature has designed special system to provide fresh water to India every year-which is known as monsoon.We have wide range of plants and animals-rich biodiversity. India is considered as a melting pot of many cultures and civilizations. India was much more developed in the past when European countries were involved in primary activities. India was famous for its knowledge and spices. People from all over the world –Europe, middle east, China reached India due to its attraction. What is the situation today? Why there are many serious problems in India? Who is responsible for that? Can we think about some of the problems and solutions to overcome them? One of the major problem in India is corruption. India ranks second in the Asia in corruption. It starts from the top level. Politicians of our country. A vegetable vender- poor man –become billionaire after becoming politician.

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These politicians are the custodians of the nation and society. Instead of taking care of all people in the society they take care of the selected people in their families. These politicians are so shameless that they give sanction to increase their honorarium in the parlment.

Fig. No. 2 India : Population growth 1901 -2011 Britishers ruled our country. Technology was not much developed at that time compared to the present level of technology. Still the roads, buildings and bridges which they had constructed have remained in good condition even after 100 years. Today we have good quality building material, advanced techniques and machinery for the construction of roads. Still we find the road which is constructed or required becomes worst within a period of 10 months, with large pot hole man have provided extra money to the government officers or politicians in the form of bribe to sanction sub- standard work, but environmental and other consequences of this pot holes are very serious. (1) Many people have died or seriously injured in the road accidents due to these pot holes. (2) Pot holes reduce speed of the traffic- i.e. wastage of time of millions of people who use these roads.

(3) Slow traffic with pot holes leads to traffic jams, with emission of CO and CO2- green house gases- poisoning atmosphere and contributing to the Global warming. (4) Engines of the vehicles trapped in the traffic jam are not shut down and so valuable resource – petrol and diesel is wasted. (5) Structure of the vehicles is damaged due to frequent jerks- due to uneven nature of the road. This involves additional expenditure for maintenance and repairs of these vehicles. Can we quantify all these problems in terms of money? The cost will be more than thousand times to the monkey obtained by the officer and politicians. Cleanliness is yet another problem. Mahatma Gandhiji, Gadge baba etc. were our role models still we took about 50 years to implement their messages. We keep our homes clean only we will have to extend the concept of our home to our society, region and country. Clean and green India will certainly boost up potential of tourism in our country tremendously.

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Our education system has become exam oriented.- many students copy information from Xerox notes without understanding concepts. Teachers copy material from internet and give presentation in the class with LCD projector. We are leading towards digital education. Students get distinction in the exam but they are not able to get jobs as they lack basic practical knowledge. The result is like- operation successful, patient died. British policy was divide and rule. It was easy for them to rule over this huge country as they diverted attention of the people to their selfish motives and created problems among them. The result was division of India and Pakistan. The same policy is still continued by our politicians. India is one country with many divisions and reservations among the people. Many communities are demanding for reservations. Which means we are selfish about our own community and not about all people in India. This also means powerful groups will force politicians to take decisions in their favor, while the poor, weak communities will remain undeveloped. Is this a good situation? John Kenedy told people of U.S.A. Do not ask what country can do for you. Tell us what you can do for our country. There were two major incidences of heavy flood in Mumbai. All people were helping each other- there were no barriers of religion, caste etc. Though it was disaster, people were united. This unity of people, feeling of brotherhood should remain forever among people. This should be our attitude. Only then India will emerge as super power or leader of peace in this world.

References : 1) http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter3.pdf 2) https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub- pdf/UNFPA%20Population%20matters%20for%20sustainable%20development_1.pdf 3) Basten, S., M. Herrmann and E. Lochinger (2011a). Population dynamics, poverty and employment challenges in the LDCs, report prepared for UNFPA by IIASA, Laxenburg. 4) Sachs, I. (2003). From poverty trap to inclusive development in LDCs, background paper prepared for UNCTAD‘s Least Developed Countries Report 2004, Geneva.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Importance of Mangroves in Devbagh Coastal Area, Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra

Govardhan S. Ubale, Asst Prof., Dept. of Geog., D.K.A.S.C.College, Ichalkaranji, Kolhapur (MS) Dr. R. B. Patil, Assistant Professor, HOD Geography, A & C College, Phondaghat, Sindhudurg

Abstract : There are in India the utilization of natural resources like land, soil, water and forest etc. India has experienced utilization pattern of natural resources varies from place to place as well as state to state. Mangrove is the most significant natural resource, coastal vegetation and also one of the most important part of wetlands. Mangroves are locally known as the plant or bushes in the various region. These mangroves significantly helps to protect from the high wind velocity, also protects from the natural hazards like floods, tidal waves and tsunami. Moreover helps in production of detritus, filtration and purification of water i.e. recycling of water and nutrients. Introduction: In recent year research on mangroves becomes more informative and analytical in view of human disturbances. It has observed that increasing population along the coast of Maharashtra have influence on mangrove environment. Mangroves have been cleared at an alarming scale, as these are the valuable and very important sources of fuel wood and fodder for animals. Increasing urbanization, agricultural activities, unplanned human activities, forest cutting, pollution is the major threats to mangroves. Hence, an attempt has been made to present paper highlighted that, study the detailed study of the mangroves and its relation to human and environment in the study area. Study Area : The Devbag, Sindhudurg district is a part of Western Ghats Maharashtra and extremely southern part of Maharashtra state is Devbag, Sindhudurg district lies between 16º 1' north latitude to 73º 31' east longitude. The Devbag, comprises 13.553sq. km area. The general height of the district is 10 mtrs. In general the physiographic arrangement of the district has Sahyadri hills in a north-south direction, plateau area situated to the east of the Sahyadri hills and eastern plain area and Belgum district of state in the south. The climate of Devbag, Sindhudurg is generally temperate. Minimum temperature of the district is 14º c and maximum is 36.9º c. The average annual rainfall is 2063.67 mm. In the study area also found variety of utilization of land due to the physical setting of the district and socio economic aspects also. Objectives :- The following objectives have been outlined for the present study. 1] To identify the different utilization patterns and significance of mangroves. 2] To formulate suggestions to protect the mangroves in the study area. Methodology:- For present study we have used questionnaire surveys methods. In the study area, the questionnaire was used to identify the various uses of mangroves from the local people and utilization patterns of the mangroves. The questionnaire contained questions on the opinion, and seriousness at the local people about the mangrove ecosystem and surrounding environment. As per the stratified sampling, in all 35 questionnaires were completed during the field survey. Results and Discussions:- The present study highlighted traditional knowledge of the local people about the mangroves and local resources, particularly in terms of vegetation and plants. Local peoples traditional knowledge about the surrounding environment and close contact with the mangroves, feeds to show the various uses of mangroves and its extraction sequence.

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The important species found in Devbagh are : Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia (Tivar, Chippi, Hura and Kandal are the local name of the various mangrove species). Fuel wood, Leaves of the mangroves, food products, stems etc are well known economic resources to the local people of the study area. There are fishing activities are found near the areas of mangroves, collecting plant and shell food products, and fuel woods. We have observed that species of mangroves are dense and hard. From questionnaire survey we have revealed that the mangrove vegetation is very important and use for the livelihood such as fuel 18.20 percent, construction – 11.00 percentage, medicinal use- 14.75 and fishing use is near about 4 percent of the all total 35 respondents. The total 21 % respondents of Devbagh answered that the main function of mangroves is wind break. The 11.55 % respondents answered that the main function of the mangroves is wave break and 50.11 respondents called it is the barrier. It has also observed that, the local people are ready to cut the mangroves in the ways of agricultural activities, fishing, excavation of wood and residential and hoteling purpose. The local people has positive attitude about mangroves conservation and management. Total 55.25 % respondents answered that in future most of the mangroves will be decreased by human intervention. Function of Mangroves Wind Break 21.00 Wave Break 11.55 Water break 21.11 Barrier 50.11 Perception Positive 40.11 Negative 18.50 Neutral 41.39 Main Use of Mangroves Fuel 18.20 Constructions 11.00 Medicinal 14.75 Fishing 3.70 Conservation & Management Scheme (Participate) Yes 48.50 No. 30.50 NA 21 Activity Affect the Mangroves Agriculture 10. 33 Fishing 51. 11 Excavation of Wood 16.80 Status of Mangroves after 5 to 10 years Increase 39.25 Decrease 55.25 NA 5.50 Conclusions and Suggestions:- Present study analyzed that most of the mangroves are affected by human intervention under the estuarial ecosystems. The areas with mangroves in Devbagh are very vulnerable to the effects of human activities. The use of mangroves for fishing, fuel wood and agricultural practices and residential purpose mangroves are decreased in nature. The study has highlighted that necessary to formulate and integrated strategy for ecological preservation and proper development of these valuable resources. The present study will also useful for the proper management of mangroves in the study area and also important for making concrete decisions and policies for its restoration. Some suggestions for the conservation of the mangroves in the study area are such as introducing various environmental awareness programmes in the study area. Formation of conservation committees under the government and started conservative activities and monitor this area. References : 1) Foot, R. B, (1976): The Geological features of the south Maharashtra Country and adjacent district, Mem. Geol. Surv. India. 2) Kremer, H, Pacyna, J, and Pirrone, N, (2002): Regimes of regional and global change. Journal of Reg. Environmental change 3: 2-4pp. 3) Soman, G. R. and Sarkar, P. K, (1984): Sedimentological and stratigraphic studies of the Precambrian rocks of Malvan, Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra, India, ‗Abstract‘, 27th International Geological Congress, 397pp. 4) Upadhayay, V. P. and Mishra, P. K, (2008): Population status of Mangrove species estuarine region of Orissa coast, Indian, Tropical Ecology 49 (2): 183-188pp 5) Ubale G. S., Patil A. N., Majalekar K. H.,(2013): `Study of Rainfall pattern in Sindhudurg District, Mahashtra, India‘ Young Researcher, ISSN-2277-7911, Vol.-II, No.3, pp 21-26. 6) G.S.Ubale,R.V.Hajare,A.N.Patil,V.P.Koli (2014):, Analysis of land use pattern in Sindhudurg District: A Geographical Analysis., Proceeding of National conferenceon Resource Management and Agricultural Development in India. ISBN 978-81-927211-4-9, pp55-58.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Eco Tourism and its Impact on Livelihood

Dr. Amita Kumari Assistant prof. Geography, Government P.G. College for Women, Rohtak

Abstract : Eco tourism is defined as “responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people.” (TIES, 1990). Eco tourism deals with the conservation and welfare activities along with recreation. Many tourists assume that merely travelling to natural areas is eco tourism. But in true sense eco tourism is uniting conservation, communities and sustainable travel. Generally, a visit to some ecological place like forests or conservation parks is not eco tourism unless that particular visit somehow benefits that environment and the people who live there. Eco tourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial tourism. This paper deals with the study of eco tourism and its impact on the livelihood of people. Eco tourism assesses changes in community needs facilitated by community participation in wildlife-based tourism in a protected area setting. The study assesses whether the introduction of community wildlife-based tourism in a protected area as a sustainable management tool has led to the spiraling up or down of community capitals. In assessing changes in community needs, the results indicate that participation in wildlife-based tourism has brought both positive and negative changes that have implications on both the status quo for community livelihoods and protected areas. Economic benefits must accrue to local communities through participation and management for ecotourism to result in conservation. Also, eco tourism purpose may be to generate funds for conservation of environment, to provide environmental education to the tourists to enable economic empowerment of the local dependent communities and to foster respect for various cultures. Introduction : The term "eco-tourism" was originally defined as "travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated areas with the specific objective of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery, its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestations found in these areas‖. However, since then different definitions have been put forward, some of which do not clearly demarcate between different forms of nature based tourism. The most appropriate appears to be the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's definition, which describes ecotourism as being "Environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed natural areas in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural features, both past and present); that promotes conservation; has low visitor impact; and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local populations" (Ceballos-Lascurclin, 1996). Ecotourism also to a great extent is a crisis discipline evolved to combat the ill effects of conventional tourism and protect the remaining destinations from its ill effects, but it can prove to be a long awaited answer to help the local communities while protecting the ecological and cultural treasure. In India, there are 96 national parks encompassing a combined area of 38,029.18 km² which further represent only 1.16% of India's total surface area. Surely there is larger area which requires protection but everything cannot be protected like National Parks and Sanctuaries due to lack of resources and individuals residing inside the boundaries of protected areas, here the sustainable coexistence of human and wildlife is the only the option left. Eco tourism is an innovative tool to bring holistic development to the destination and help locals in generating livelihoods and supporting conservation activities. It may not include a considerable number of people directly but surely will bring a change in the larger village context. Challenges & Principles : The biggest challenge lies in integrating conservation, community benefits and economic development which entails careful planning, execution, monitoring and regulations. Eco tourism is all about integrating conservation, communities and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement and participate in eco tourism activities should follow the following eco tourism principles:

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 Minimize impact on natural environment.  Build respect for environment and local and culture.  Provide positive experiences and education for both visitors and hosts.  Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.  Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people.  Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate.  Reducing and eliminating anthropogenic pressures. Eco tourism typically is travel to 4 destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Eco tourism is intended to offer tourists an insight into the wilderness and direct experience of natural environments and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats. By recognizing the importance of protecting and conserving biodiversity, eco tourism is enhancing appreciation for natural resources and leading to better conservation practices by people. True eco tourism is achieved when the answer to the question ―Is my trip helping in conserving and improving the place of visit‖ is a Yes. Eco tourism is increasingly gaining acceptance all over the world today with the emergence of the highly motivated, introspective, value conscious traveler in quest of educative value packed, adventure filled holidays. Eco Tourism encompasses an array of subjects like wildlife, heritage, ecosystems, environment and adventure packed with learning experience and is dependent on highly nature sensitive and environment conscious tourists with high willingness to pay. Thus, eco tourism is perceived as high value, low volume venture. Eco tourism must address the quality of tourists rather than the quantity. Objectives : While it is obvious that tourism should at least be harmless to nature and society, eco tourism needs to be proactive towards nature based activities such as nature camps; trekking, river cruise, nature walks and adventure camps enlighten tourists on the essentialities of responsible travel and contribute to the economic growth of the local community. Although it is best to keep mass tourism away from local communities to retain their cultural uniqueness, a balance could be struck between tourists inflow and retaining local culture. This can be achieved by careful planning and implementation. Strategies should be developed such that there is no foreign influence on the native culture. Also, it is essential to educate tourists and tour operators on their role in conservation of the environment and the consequences of their actions. Various communication strategies should be adopted to communicate the same. Conservation education must promote a sense of responsibility among all stakeholders in the eco tourism venture. Local Community plays a vital role in organizing eco tourism activities and conservation of environment. They serve as tour guides, local staff, security personnel, entrepreneurs of handicrafts, culinary traditions, agricultural produce and as hosts. This in turn will help them social economically. The purpose of eco tourism would be defeated if the local community is not involved and benefited from its activities. Community or peoples participation is pivotal to the development of eco tourism. Eco tourism has immense potential and a very important and useful tool for conservation of ecosystem from anthropogenic pressures by knitting together community participation and development and conservation of fragile ecosystems. The eco tourism activity must focus on interaction with natural resources and communities simultaneously improving the living standards of the dependent communities ultimately leading to the conservation and protection of fragile ecosystems and resources. Impact of Eco Tourism : In assessing changes in community needs, the results indicate that participation in wildlife-based tourism has brought both positive and negative changes that have implications on both the status quo for community livelihoods and protected areas namely; the influence of changes in community capitals dynamics, mechanization and commercialization of agriculture, government funded infrastructural development, income generation, and the co-modification of some of the community capitals. The increased livelihoods options and diversification dynamics, fragile wildlife-livestock co-existence, heightened human-wildlife conflicts, environmental education and awareness are the emerging themes that explain how the introduction of tourism in a protected area setting affect the spiraling up and down of the community capitals dynamics. Also, eco tourism has evolved to combat the negative impact and effects of tourism and protect the remaining pristine and natural areas from its ill effects by providing the long awaited solution to integrate conservation of natural environment and providing opportunities to improve livelihood of local dependent communities.

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Eco tourism must be properly regulated and implemented to protect against the negative environmental effects that can be the fallout of setting up of tourist facilities and concentration of floating populations around fragile ecosystems. Eco tourism, if properly implemented can benefit both the environment and local economic development. Innovative Livelihood Strategy : Since community conservation initiatives are initiated mostly with livelihood and conservation in focus, innovative livelihood strategy to include maximum number of people should be adopted. Let the locals decide: In case of even trivial issues let the communities find the solution. It will help in establishing democratic processes in decision making. Project staff should act as facilitators to take decision in the right direction. Eco tourism policy highlighting different conservation measures should be adopted to mitigate effects of tourism on local biodiversity. Community based tourism activities in Wildlife habitats should be initiated only if the local communities/ inhabitants advocates and practice the conservation activities in the area. Investment in infrastructure etc. should come second to investment in capacity building of local communities. This will help in sensitizing tourists to conservation practices. Conclusion : Eco tourism‘s greatest contribution to conservation is the degree by which it can change individual oriented unsustainable practices perceived as threats to opportunities for development of communities. Eco tourism can hence be seen as one way by which communities can strengthen their traditional stewardship role in natural areas converting their role from being destroyers of the fragile productive ecosystems to one of guarding , protecting and conserving the ecosystem through enhanced understanding of the ecosystem to sustainably manage the ecosystem by reducing their unsustainable practices affecting the ecosystem and minimizing their dependency by taking up alternate means of livelihood leading to improved living conditions. Therefore; Healthy community and ecosystems is defined as one seeking a steady balance and synergies among the community capitals; reaching or failing to reach this state defines the sustainability status quo of a community and its ecosystem. References : 1) De Groot, R.S., Stuip, M.A.M., Finlayson, C.M. & Davidson, N. 2006. Valuing wetlands: guidance for valuing the benefits derived from wetland ecosystem services, Ramsar Technical Report No. 3/CBD Technical Series No. 27. Ramsar Convention Secretariat, Gland, Switzerland & Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada. ISBN 2-940073-31-7. 2) Drumm A., Moore A., Soles A., Patterson C., Terborgh J. E. (2004): Eco tourism Development – A Manual for Conservation Planners and Managers. Volume II: The Business of Eco tourism Management and Development. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 3) Héctor Ceballos-Lascuráin (1996): "Tourism, Ecotourism, and Protected areas", Protected Areas Programme. IUCN. ISBN: 2-8317-0124-4 4) Agrawal, A., & Gibson, C. C. (1999). Enchantment and disenchantment: the role of community in natural resource conservation. World Development, 27, 629–649. 5) Dwyer, L., & Edwards, D. (2000). Nature-Based tourism on the edge of urban development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, (8)4, DOI: 10.1080/09669580008667364 6) Ecotourism & livelihoods by Shree A.K.Bhattacharya

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Land Uses in Haryana : A Temporal Analysis (1966-67 to 2010-11)

Sandeep (Extension Lecturer), Govt. P. G. Women College, Gohana Anita (Extension Lecturer), Govt. P.G. Women College, Gohana

Abstract : A temporal study has been conducted in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11, to find out the trend of land use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11, to find out the temporal change in land-use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11 and to know the pattern of land use in Haryana in 2010-11. The study has been carried out to obtain above mentioned objectives. This study based on secondary data, collected from Statistical Abstract Haryana 2011-12 and Census of India 2011. Data has been analyzed with the help of general statistical techniques and presented with the help of appropriate tables, graphs and maps. It is found that only land under non agriculture uses which includes human settlements, roads & railways and net area sown are increased in 1966-67 to 2010-11. Land under other categories are decreased from 1966- 67 to 2010-11. It is found that, in percent share highest area under forset is found in district followed by and Gurgaon in 2010-11. The study also explored that, in area under land not available, the highest percentage share is found in district, followed by . In 2010-11, highest percentage share of net sown area is found in district (92.74 percent) followed by Fateshabad (89.96 percent) and Krukshetra distrct (89.88 percent). Keywords : Land-use, ARC GIS 9.3, temporal analysis and pattern. Introduction : Land use means utilization of land in a particular area. It is found that land around us is put to different uses. Some land is occupied by rivers, some may have trees and on some parts roads and buildings have been built. Different types of lands are suited to different uses. Land use is a systematic arrangement of various classes of land such as forest land, net sown area, cultivable land, fallow land etc. So, land use is very important to understand the geographical adjustment of agricultural resources. Fertile land should be used for cultivation purposes and infertile land should be used for non-agricultural purposes. Thus, land use classification helps the planner to make land use planning for different purposes. Study Area : The Present study has been conducted in Map 1: Location Map of Haryana Haryana state. Map 1 shows the location of Haryana in India. Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is bounded on the north-west by the state of Punjab and the Union Territory of , on the north and north-east by the states of Himachal Pradesh and , on the east by the state of Uttar Pradesh and the Union Territory of Delhi, and on the south and south-west by the state of . It is located between 27°37' to 30°53' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The name of Haryana is derived from Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu) and ayana (home), means ―The Abode of God‖. The total geographical area of Haryana is 44,212 square kilometres. Haryana is a small State with 2.53 Lac (Census of India 2011) populations. For administrative purposes, the State has been divided into 21 Districts.

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Objective : The Present study has been conducted to fulfill the following objectives: 1. To find out the trend of land use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11. 2. To find out the temporal change in land-use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11. 3. To know the pattern of land use in Haryana in 2010-11. Data Source & Methodology : This study is based on secondary data, collected from Statistical Abstract Haryana 2011-12 and Census of India 2011. Data has taken from 1966-67 to 2010-11. A temporal analysis is made to fulfill above mentioned objectives. Data has been analyzed with the help of general statistical techniques and presented with the help of appropriate tables and graphs. Land Use in Haryana Form 1966-67 To 2010-11 : In a region, land-use is largely influenced by the nature of economic activities carried out on the region. While economic activities changed over time, land-use also changed with them. Haryana has undergone major changes within the economy over last five decades and this has influenced the land–use changes in the state. These changes within 1966-67 to 2010-11 have been shown in table 1. Table 1: Land-use in Haryana 1966-67 to 2010-2011 Area in Thousand Hectares Land not available for Other Uncultivated Land Fallow Land Cultivation Excluding Fallow Land Year/ Barren Permanent Land Culti- Fallow Area Land put to District and Pastures under vable Land other Net sown Non- Current Forest unculti- and other misc. tree but than Area more agriculture Fallows vable Grazing crops and barren Current Sown than uses land Lands groves land Fellows once 1966-67 91 257 232 46 4 87 — 259 3,423 1,176 1970-71 99 309 181 54 3 41 — 150 3,565 1,392 1975-76 104 374 99 44 @ 34 — 125 3,624 1,827 1980-81 132 369 65 30 @ 30 — 177 3,602 1,860 1985-86 166 236 156 28 1 23 — 168 3,613 1,988 1990-91 169 320 97 23 4 21 @ 169 3,575 2,344 1995-96 110 400 94 24 4 23 @ 156 3,586 2,388 2000-01 115 368 102 34 7 18 @ 232 3,526 2,589 2005-06 44 424 95 25 12 31 6 169 3,566 2,943 2009-10 40 470 104 28 13 29 5 133 3,550 2,801 2010-11(P) 39 522 102 27 11 27 3 122 3,518 2,987 Note: @= Area below 500 hectares; P=Figure are Provisional Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana Area under Forest Area under forests were 91 thousand hectares in 1966-67 than is continuously increased till 1990-91 and got 169 thousand hectares but after than it highly decreased and now in 2010-11, area under forest are 39 thousand hectares. Land not Available for Agriculture Land not available for agriculture includes, all lands occupied by human settlements, barren and uncultivable land, permanent pastures & gazing lands, land under miscellaneous trees, roads and railways or under water bodies, i.e., rivers, lakes, ponds, tanks, canals etc. Area under these land, are continuously decreased however area under human settlements is continuously increased form 1966-67 to 2010-11. Barren and Uncultivable Land Area under barren and uncultivated land was 232 thousand hectares in 1966-67 than it decreased year by year till 1980-81. Then it increased to 156 thousand hectares in 1985-86 respectively. After 1985-86 a decline is registered in area under barren and uncultivated land till 1995-06, and then it increased till 2000-01. The barren land got same position

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in 2000-01 and 2010-11. The lowest area under barren and uncultivated land was found in year 1980-81 i.e. 65 thousand hectares. Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land Other uncultivated land excluding fallow land included permanent pastures and other grazing lands, land under misc. tree crops and groves and cultivable but barren land. It is found that in 1966-67, area under permanent pastures and other grazing lands was 46 thousand hectares. It increased to 54 thousand hectares in 1970-01 than decreased to 44 thousand hectares in 1975-06, than it continuously decreased till 2010-11. It is also the area under misc. land, tree crops and groves continuously decreased from 1966-67 to 1985-86 to 1 thousand hectare, than is increased till 2009-10 to 13 thousand hectare, than it decreased in 2010-11 to 11 thousand hectare. On the side area under cultivable but barren land was 87 thousand hectare in 1966-67 than it continuously decreased till 2000-01. Then it increased till 2005-06 to 31 thousand hectare. Then a decline is registered in area under cultivable but barren land, and it remains 27 thousand hectare in 2010-11. Net Area Sown Net area sown in Haryana in 1966-67 is 3,423 thousand hectares, and it increased until 1975-76 and after that year by year it inverses or decreased and in 2010-11 it registered 3,518 thousand hectares area under it. Pattern of Land-Use in Haryana in 2010-11 Map 2: State-wise Pattern of Land-use in Haryana in 2010-11 Pattern of land use in Haryana (2010- 11) is represnted with the help of a map. Map is constructede with the help of ARC GIS 9.3 software. It is found that, in percent share highest area under forset is found in followed by Panchkula and Gurgaon in 2010-11. However, according to area under forest Yamunangar district stood at first position followed by Gurgaon and district. The study also explored that, in area under land not available, the highest percentage share is found in , followed by Panchkula district. Faridabad is basically an industrial area and Panchakula is basically an administrative and industrial area, so maximum population of this area involved in secondary and tritory activites. Table 2: Land Use in Haryana 2010-11 District Total Forest % LNA % Net Area Sown % Ambala 154 1 0.65 46 29.87 106 68.83 Panchkula 57 2 3.51 26 45.61 24 42.11 Yamunanagar 172 15 8.72 33 19.19 125 72.67 168 1 0.60 16.4 9.76 151 89.88 227 2 0.88 23.4 10.31 201 88.55 246 1 0.41 37 15.04 200 81.30 Panipat 130 3 2.31 24 18.46 96 73.85 213 0.4 0.19 68 31.92 144 67.61 Rohtak 167 0.4 0.24 23 13.77 140 83.83 Jhajjar 191 0 0.00 22 11.52 167 87.43 Faridabad 72 0.4 0.56 36.4 50.56 35 48.61

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Palwal 136 1 0.74 19 13.97 107 78.68 Gurgaon 120 3 2.50 34 28.33 82 68.33 Mewat 148 0 0.00 31 20.95 106 71.62 151 2 1.32 22 14.57 126 83.44 Mahendragarh 194 2 1.03 44 22.68 146 75.26 Bhiwani 466 2 0.43 48 10.30 371 79.61 278 1 0.36 40.4 14.53 238 85.61 Hisar 404 1 0.25 49 12.13 333 82.43 Fatehabad 249 1 0.40 25 10.04 224 89.96 Sirsa 427 1 0.23 23 5.39 396 92.74 Source: Director of Land Records, Haryana In 2010-11, highest percentage share of net sown area is found in (92.74 percent) followed by Fateshabad (89.96 percent) and Krukshetra distrct (89.88 percent). On the other side, in area-wise, highest new sown area is found in Sirsa district followed by Bhiwani district and Hissar district. Conclusion A temporal study has been conducted in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11, to find out the trend of land use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11, to find out the temporal change in land-use in Haryana from 1966-67 to 2010-11 and to know the pattern of land use in Haryana in 2010-11. It is found that only land under non agriculture uses which includes human settlements, roads & railways and net area sown are increased in 1966-67 to 2010-11. Land under other categories are decreased from 1966-67 to 2010-11. It is found that, in percent share highest area under forset is found in Yamunanagar district followed by Panchkula and Gurgaon in 2010-11. The study also explored that, in area under land not available, the highest percentage share is found in Faridabad district, followed by Panchkula district. In 2010-11, highest percentage share of net sown area is found in Sirsa district (92.74 percent) followed by Fateshabad (89.96 percent) and Krukshetra distrct (89.88 percent). References 1) Rimal, B. (2012). Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Biratnagar Sub- Metropolitan City, Nepal, IRACST, 2 (1). 2) Kaur, D. (1991). Changing Patterns of Agricultural Land use, Rawat Publications, Jaipur, pp- 50. 3) Noor, M. (1973). A Study in Agricultural Land use (1951- 1970), Geographical Review of India, XXXV (3), 277-288. 4) Census of India (2011), Primary Census Abstract, Haryana, Series 7, Tables - A5-A8, Directorate of Census Operations, Haryana Statistical Abstract of Haryana 2011-12

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Urbanization and Environmental Degradation

Dr. Anju Bala Assistant Professor in Geography, Govt. P.G. College for Women, Rohtak

Abstract. Urbanization is a process that leads to growth of cities due to industrialization and economic development and that leads to urban specific change in specialization of labour division and human behaviour. It is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. Urbanization is a process which reveals itself through temporal and spatial changes in the demographic, social, economic and technological and environmental aspects of a life in a given society According to 2011 census, among total population of 1210.2 million, about 377.1 million people live in urban areas constituting about 31.16 percent of total population of India. Due to uncontrolled urbanization in India, environmental degradation has been occurring rapidly and causing many problems like excessive air, water and noise pollution, dust and heat, problem of solid wastes etc .The present paper is an attempt to analyze the process of urbanization and how it effects environment. Key words : Urbanization, environment degradation, pollution, population Introduction : The process of society‘s transformation from a pre- dominantly rural to a predominantly urban population is called urbanization. It is progressive concentration of population in urban units. Reissman (1964) defined urbanization as the whole process of change and its consequences when a society gets transformed from an agrarian economy to an industrial economy and from a rural homogeneous society to a large heterogeneous mass. Urbanization is not one way process but it is a two way process. It involves not only movement from villages to cities and change from agricultural occupation to business, trade, service and professions but it involves change in the migrant‘s attitudes, beliefs, values and behaviour patterns(Anderson). Thus, the process of urbanization has many dimensions such as the proportion of population living in urban places, the absolute number of urban dandlers the growth of the proportion of people living in urban centers and the rate of growth of number of people living in urban places (Clark, 1972). Thus, urbanization is the function of socio-economic changes that take place through time. The determinants of urbanization include economic, social and demographic determinants. Economic factors includes the type of economy, the degree of commercialized agriculture, the extent of diversification of economy, the changing size of agricultural landholdings, the stage of economic advancement and the degree of development of means of transportation. The social factors are the social value system, the degree of socio-economic awakening, the stage of technological advancement etc. The demographic factors include the rate of population growth, magnitude of migration and pressure of population etc. (Chandna, 2011). Urban places have highly diversified economy, economically advanced stage, developed means of transportation and communication which facilitates the movement of people from countryside. Much of urban migration is driven by advantages including greater opportunities to receive education, health care and services such as entertainment. Census of India, 2011, defines two types of towns in India : 1. Statutory Towns: Places having municipality, municipal corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee. 2. Census Towns : Places having following Criteria (i) a minimum population of 5000. (ii) At least 75% of male working population engaged in non-agriculture pursuits. (iii) A density of population of at least 400 persons per square km.

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Urbanization in India According to 2011 census, among total population of 1210.2 million, about 377.1 million people live in urban areas constituting about 31.16 percent of total population (Table 1) However, India‘s urban population is low than other developing countries including China (48%) Indonesia (45%), Mexico (78%) and Brazil (87%) (Census of India,2011). The growth of urban population in the country has been fluctuating. In 1901, only 25 million people constituting 10.84% of people lived in urban areas in the India. The growth trend was sluggish and even negative in some decades (1911-21) due to out brake of epidemic (Plague) and natural calamities. After 1931, the urban population has been increased except decade 1951-61. During this decade, there has been a fall in urban population due to conceptual change in the definition of urban place. The decade (1961-71) observed a decennial growth of 46.14% with rehabilitation of refugees from Bengladesh into cities. During (1971-81) the growth of urban growth was highest (46.14%). A drop in the rate to 36.4% in the next decade (1981-91) prompted that urbanization was slower down. The growth rate was 29.2% in 1991-2001 and in last decade 2001-11, the urban growth has been 31.8 percent while growth rate in rural areas in 12.2 percent (Table 1). In the first 50 years (1900-51) of 20th century, total urban population increased about two & half times but in next 50 years (1951-2000), total urban population has increased five times. In 2011, 4041 are statutory towns and 3894 are census towns, 475 urban agglomeration and 984 are outgrowths. India‘s urban population is expected to go up from 377 million in 2001 to about 600 million in 2031, (UN Urbanization Prospects 2011). This implies an increase of over 200 million in 20 years. Table 1 India: Total Population and Urban Population, 1901-2011 Total Urban Decennial growth Census % of urban population Population rate in urban Year to total (in millions) (in Millions) population 1901 238.3 25.8 10.83 0.00 1911 252.1 25.9 10.27 0.35 1921 251.3 28.1 11.18 8.29 1931 278.9 33.5 12.01 19.12 1941 318.6 44.2 13.89 31.97 1951 361.0 62.4 17.29 41.42 1961 439.2 78.9 17.96 26.41 1971 548.1 109.1 19.91 38.23 1981 683.3 159.4 23.33 46.14 1991 846.3 217.6 25.71 36.4 2001 1027.1 285.4 27.78 29.2 2011 1210.2 377.1 31.16 31.8 Source: various census publications. Urbanization and environmental degradation Due to uncontrolled urbanization in India, environmental degradation has been occurring rapidly and causing many problems like excessive air, water and noise pollution, dust and heat, problem of solid wastes etc. 1. More Energy Consumption The consumption of fuels like coal, lignite, oil and nuclear are causing many serious problems. The combustion of these fuels in industries has been major source of pollution. The production of coal and lignite has increased from 32.2 million tons in 1950-51 to 313.70 million tons in 2011-12 with an increase of 10.74 times. The production of petroleum products has increased from 3.3 million tons in 1950-51 to 105.6 million tons in 2011-12. Coal and lignite cause serious gases in atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels has led to many ecological problems and associated with health problems like cancer, respiratory diseases . 2. Slums The most important problem in all cities has been housing the sudden and large scale influx of migrants from rural areas to urban areas especially the metropolises and state capitals. Due to lack of housing, slums are created on open spaces in the cities. They are very crowded. Being illegal colonies, they do not have any civic amenities like drinking water, sewage, electricity etc. Usually when a new slum comes up, it is first outside the city at that time but very soon, as the city grows, the slums become a part of the city itself. 23 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

3. Acid Deposition (Acid Rain) In urban areas, many activities especially the industrial activities are emitting a variety of pollutants in the atmosphere that cause problem of acid rain. These pollutants emit from fuel combustion, smelting of ores, petroleum refinery, chemical industrial plants etc. The acid rain affects the forests, buildings, and aquatic life .Evidences of acid rain is seen in cities like Agra, Allahabad, Amritsar and Lucknow etc. 4. Pollution (a) Air pollution One of the biggest causes of air pollution in India is from the transport system. Indian cities are polluted by vehicles and industry emissions. The main pollutants emitted from automobiles are hydrocarbon, lead, carbon monoxide, sulpher dioxide and particulate material that causes irritation of eyes, headache, various bronchial and visibility problems. Delhi‘s vehicular population increased from 2.17 lakhs in 1971 to 82 lakh in 2013-14. Thermal power plants use large amount of coal which produce smoke, ash and other pollutants in the air. (b) Water pollution Out of India's 3,119 towns and cities, just 209 have partial treatment facilities, and only 8 have full wastewater treatment facilities. About114 cities dump untreated sewage and partially cremated bodies directly into the Ganges River .Most Indian rivers are polluted by industrial wastes or effluents that are toxic to life forms .Industrial solid waste dumped in unfined pits are washed off during rainy season and pollute water sources. The untreated water is used for drinking, bathing, and washing .Fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture are washed into rivers during monsoon. (c) Noise pollution Noise pollution in India has increased with increase in urbanization and industrialization. In most Indian cities, early morning is shattered by automobiles, factory machines, loudspeakers from religious places. Marriages, festivals and cultural sources also add to noise pollution.. Big cities of India have noise level much higher than permissible limit of 60- 70 dB .Delhi(89 dB),Calcutta(87dB),Mumbai(85 dB), Chennai(82 dB) are some cases. Unnecessary honking of vehicles makes for a high decibel level of noise in cities. (d) Land pollution Maximum land pollution is caused by biocides (Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides) and fertilizers. In March 2009, Uranium poisoning in Punjab caused by fly ash ponds of thermal power stations, which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts. A fast growing population increased the rates of deforestation, which causes soil erosion which leads to Land Pollution. 5. Greenhouse gas emission Carbon dioxide, Methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluorocarbon are major greenhouse gases. India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China and the United States. With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission, compared to China's 24 percent share. On per capita basis, India emitted about 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide per person, in comparison to the United States 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person. 6. Waste Disposal Solid waste includes dust, ash, carcasses of dead animals, wastes from shops, and wastes from hospitals. Indian cities generate more than 100 million tons of solid waste a year .In a city like Bengaluru, the solid waste generated daily is estimated to be around 5000 tons. The collection, transportation and disposal of this huge quantity of solid waste are posing serious problems. Dumping this sort of waste has created serious problems of pollution, ill-health and stink to inhabitants even a kilometer away. Rivers and canals act as garbage dumps .A new type of hazardous waste has come up in recent years, namely electronic waste. Unserviceable cell phones, their accessories, other electronic goods, are being thrown away indiscriminately. Many of them contain toxic chemicals like mercury and other heavy metals and compounds and put harmful effects on living organism. About 25 percent diseases are associated with solid wastes. 7. Mining Mining in urban areas discharge some harmful pollutants as heavy metals, acids, mercury lead, copper, mineral fibres in the atmosphere and cause serious diseases. Radioactive materials like Uranium, Theorem are very harmful. 8. Increase in vehicles: The urbanization and industrial development have changed the consumption pattern. The number of registered motor vehicles in India is an indicator of consumption increase. More vehicles are producing more air pollution, fuel consumption, traffic jams and demand for road construction at the cost of agricultural land. The total number of registered 24 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

vehicles in India has increased from 3 million in 1950-51 to 105 million in 2011-12. It is estimated that population of India will be about 1.3 billion and there will be about 57 million vehicles in 2020. Increase in vehicles cause many environmental problems. Suggestions 1. Use alternative sources of energy: In spite of conventional source of energy such as coal and petroleum, non conventional sources of energy should be used such as solar and wind energy as they are non exhaustible and do not pollute our environment. 2. Harvesting of rainwater: Due to large consumption of water in factories, agriculture and household activities, water scarcity and water pollution problems are increasing. So, water wastes should be stopped and rainwater harvesting should be encouraged. In sacred rivers like Ganga, dead bodies should not be thrown. 3. Education: Public must be made aware and educated about different types of pollution through adequate news media, lectures and other programmes. 4. Control through law: Different laws such as Air pollution control act, Motor vehicle acts have been made for controlling of pollution but people do not follow rules .There should be strict law enforcing agency. 5. Social awareness programmes: People should be made aware about effects of different types of pollution through nukkad natak, T.V. programmes. 6. Factories and industries: Factories should be located far from residential areas to reduce harmful effects of released wastes and harmful gases. 7. Proper garbage disposal: In big cities, there should be proper management of garbage disposal. In many developed countries, the garbage is burnt in a well –engineered furnace. The heat from the fire is used to boil water and produce steam for industrial use. 8. Recycling: Plastic bottles, glass jars, rubber tyres, aluminium and bimetal cans are potential useful resources thrown away. These may be used by recycling as recycling is a process of processing waste materials into new products. Conclusion Urbanization refers to general increase in urban population and the amount of industrialization of a settlement. India, being the second most population country shows a high urbanization with 31.16 per cent people living in urban areas. The uncontrolled urbanization in India is causing environmental degradation and many other problems like land, insecurity, excessive air and water pollution and solid waste deposits. The overlapping jurisdiction for water, air, roads and housing and industrial development frustrate efficient governance of these vital resources. There should be a proper strategy for urbanization to accelerate development. References 1. Census of India (2011): Provisional population total paper vol. 1, of 2011, Rural-urban distribution, India series 1. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India 2. Chandna, R.C. (2011) Geography of population: Concepts, determinants and Patterns, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 3. Clark, John (1972) 1 (1972): Population Geography, Pergamon Press oxford. 4. Khullar, D .R (2014): India: A Comprehensive Geography, Kalyani publisher, New Delhi. 5. Riessman, L. (1964): The Urban process New York. 6. Trewartha (1969): A Geography of population: World patterns, John Wiley and Sons Inc. New York. 7. United Nations (2011): World Urbanization prospect, 2011.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Dynamis of Population of Sohna Town of Haryana : A Geographical Case Study

Apoorva Mathur M. A. Geography Final Year, Government College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram.

Abstract : Population dynamics is the branch of life sciences that studies the size and age composition of populations as dynamical systems, and the biological and environmental processes driving them (such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration). In population dynamics we study short term and long term changes in the size and age composition of the population and the biological and environmental processes influencing those changes. It is the study of how population changes over time. Failure to take advantage of the opportunities inherent in demographic change can lead to economic stagnation. In this research paper, author is concerned about human population dynamics in Sohna town of Gurugram District. The composition of the population, including birth and death rates, immigration, emigration and age and sex composition are the main components of population dynamics. Large Scale real estate development in or around Sohna town, starting of Kundali Manesar Expressway, improvements in medical, public health service, educational facilities and improved transport infrastructure helped people to attract to Sohna town. Keywords : Population, Dynamics, migration, , birth, death, immigration and emigration Rational of the Study : With Gurgaon fast reaching its saturation point, Haryana government has decided to fast-track the development plan of two adjoining regions - Mangar and Sohna. For Haryana, the Sohna axis is actually coming as the economic growth zone in the next couple of decades. The Sohna Draft Development Plan – 2031, proposed an increase in Area from 9 sq. Km to 65.01 sq. Km and projected population from 67,785 persons in 2011 to 6,40,000 in 2031. In November 15, 2012, The Sohna Draft Development Plan - 2031 was made public by the Department of Town & Country Planning, Haryana and had been finalized. However, prior to finalizing the Sohna development plan, the state government had invited recommendations and criticisms of the first draft from residents and environmentalists. The Sohna Draft Development Plan - 2031 was notified in the month of July last year, and by August, resident groups and independent activists from Gurgaon had made their objections to the draft more than clear. Location of the Study Area and Spatial Linkages : Sohna (Sonah2) Town in the District of Gurgaon, Haryana, situated in 28°15' N. and 77°4' E., situated 24 kilometres south ofGurgaon town. Imperial Gazetteer of India mentions about this town that it was of no commercialimportance, but claims considerable antiquity. It has been occupiedin succession by the Kambohs, the Khanzadas, and the Rajputs; andtraces of all three settlements are found in the extensive ruins whichsurround it. Sohna was taken in the eighteenth century by theJats of Bharatpur, who built a large fort, now in ruins.The municipality was created in 1885. In the backdrop of picturesque Aravali Ranges on its West, Sohna is an important old town. As viewed from the top of the hills, the town amalgamated with its green rural background presents a fascinating scenic beauty. The town is also famous for being blessed with boiling hot sulphur spring in the heart of the town with a temple complex around it. Because of their faith and belief, people having skin diseases visit this town to have a holy and clinical dip in the Kunds having spring water to get rid of their diseases. Geographical Setting : It lies between 28° 15‘ N and 28° 25‘ N latitude, and 77° 4‘ 12‘E and 77° 7‘0‖E longitude. The Sohna town is surrounded by Aravali ranges from three sides. In the north-west side, there exists three bundhs namely Sohna bundh, Mohmmadpur bundh and Ghamroj bundh not only protect the town from the run-off coming in the rainy season from western and north-western Aravali ranges but also check the run-off for recharging the underground water table. This

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run-off and run-off coming from north-eastern Aravali ranges flows through Nallah, namely Mehandwara Nadi upto Indri lake. In the south-west side of the town, there is forest land and low lying flood prone area. Spatial Linkages : Sohna town is situated at 24th km stone on Gurgaon-Sohna-Alwar road and is an important junction at Palwal- Sohna-Rewari (N.H.-71) road. Other important cities/towns in the region around Sohna are Delhi, (56 km.) Gurgaon (24 km.), Faridabad (35 km), Palwal (30 km), Nuh (20 km) and Rewari (45 km). The town is very well served by frequent bus services from all sides. The Kundli-Manesar-Palwal (KMP) Expressway which is under construction is passing by the southern side of the town. This is a major artery in western side of Delhi in the NCR portion of Haryana connecting Kundli to Palwal via Manesar. Two clover- leaf junctions are being developed on the KMP Expressway that will enhance accessibility of this region substantially. A 50 m wide strip of land has been reserved for Orbital Rail Corridor along KMP Expressway towards Delhi side. The Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) linking Delhi to Mumbai, is also passing by the south- eastern side of the town. The land for DFC has already acquired. Thus the Sohna Town is having high potential for development. Objectives : - Keeping above facts in mind an attempt has been made to study growth and density of population, the land– use proposals finalised by Department of Town & Country Planning, Haryana andto study the environmental impact of rapid urbanisation. Data Base :- The study entails the collection of both secondary and primary level data to analyse the size, functional character and regional interlinkages. Secondary data have been collected from the different census volumes and govt. publications. Primary Data: to support the secondary database, primary data has been collected from the field survey to study the spatial linkages. Methodology : Simple mathematical calculations have been used to calculate population growth rate and density. Secondary data have been used and literature was consulted through internet surfing. Population Dynamics of Sohna Town (1941-2031) : The population of Sohna town in 2011 is 67,785 persons and for the decade 2011-2021 the projected population is assumed to be 2,08,777 persons. Further it is envisaged that upto 2031 the population would be 6,40,000 persons. As is mentioned earlier, after the Gurgaon‘s saturation point, Haryana government decided to fast-track the development plan of two adjoining regions - Mangar and Sohna. It is expected that the town of Sohna axis is actually coming as the economic growth zone in the next couple of decades. Table 1 : Population Projection of Sohna Town: Year Population Growth Rate (In Percentage) Area (in Km2) Densiy 1941 5750 -- 3.47 1657 1951 5138 (-) 10.64 3.47 1481 1961 6887 (+) 34.04 3.47 1985 1971 8775 (+) 27.41 3.47 2529 1981 12688 (+) 44.59 3.47 3656 1991 16348 (+) 28.85 9.7 1685 2001 38115 (+) 133.15 9.7 3929 *2011 67785* (+) 77.85 65.01 1043 2021 208777 (+) 208.00 65.01 3211 2031 639382 (+) 206.25 65.01 9835  Stands for Projected population Source: Department of Town & Country Planning, Gurgaon, Haryana

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This exorbitant growth rate is to be induced by the following factors3:  Kundli-Manesar-Palwal (KMP) Expressway passing by the southern side of Sohna Town.  Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) passing by the south-eastern side of Sohna Town.  Haryana State Industrial & Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) has already acquired approximately 1500 acres land for development of an Industrial Model Township (IMT) between Sohna Town and KMP Expressway.  HSIIDC is further demanding additional 1500 acres for expansion of IMT.  Haryana Government envisaged development of theme hubs namely Leisure Hub, Sports Hub and Leather Hub along KMP Expressway in proximity of Sohna Town. Conclusions : The population and urban area spread is of utmost importance. Sohna will be very congested due to the KMP expressways and Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) passing by the south-eastern side of Sohna Town. With the acquisition of 1500 acres land further demand for additional 1500 acres for expansion of IMT by HSIIDC for development of an Industrial Model Township (IMT) between Sohna Town and KMP Expressway. Not only this the Haryana Government envisaged development of theme hubs namely Leisure Hub, Sports Hub and Leather Hub along KMP Expressway in proximity of Sohna Town. With the projection of such a high population from 67785 persons in 2011 to 6,40,000 persons and areal expansion from 9.7 to 65.01 sq. Km. will be really a great concern for environment of the town, as the density of population has been projected from 1043 to 9835 person per square kilometre. This density will create a lot of environmental problems in the form of decrease in air and water quality, loss of groundwater, farmland, wetlands, green space, wildlife habitat, increased air pollution, water overconsumption, gap of poor and rich, risk of obesity etcetera. Recommendations : • Ensure proper planning and maintenance of the existing and new roads and discourage encroachment of public places, water bodies by unauthorised persons. • Ensure proper water supply and sanitation for maintain and improvement in health conditions of population. • Ensure maintenance of proper water supply, rainwater harvesting should be made compulsory for all apartments. • Ensure GIS mapping for underground drainage and aquifers for ground water recharging. • Ensure protection of existing water bodies and banning of all types of encroachments. • Ensure proper disposal of Sewerage water and solid waste. • Planning of Rapid Metro and railway line connecting Alwar through Sohna and Nuh. References: - 1. Dash, Dipak K. (Nov 28, 2012), ―Government puts Mangar, Sohna growth plan on fast track‖, Times News Network. 2. http://voices.yahoo.com/the-environmental-impact-urban-sprawl-273173.html 3. Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, p. 72. 4. http://dsal.uchicago.edu/REFERENCE/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_078.gif 5. NCRPB, ―Report of the Study Group on Environment Management Group on Environment including Tourism, Heritage, Pollution & Disaster Management‖, Govt. of India, New Delhi (http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/SG6.pdf) 6. Planning Commission (2009),―Haryana Development Report‖, Govt. of India, New Delhi, Published by Academic Foundation, New Delhi (http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr/sdr_haryana1909.pdf) 7. Sahu, Honey & Kait, Kuldip Singh (March 2014), ―Urban Growth of Sohna Town : A Geographuical Perspective‖ Published in Geographical Zetetic, Issues -1, Volume -1 (Jan-March 2014) Firozabad (UP), India 8. Times News Network (May 18, 2012), ―Haryana Govt. prepares development plan for Sohna‖. 9. Times News Network (Nov 21, 2012), ―Aravali range around Sohna town marked natural conservation zone‖. th 10. Town and Country Planning Department, Haryana Govt., Notification No. The 25 July, 2012, No. CCP (NCR)/DDP- 2031/GGN-SHN/2012/2350 (http://tcpharyana.gov.in/DevelopmentPlan/Sohna/Sohna%20DDP%202031.pdf)

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Growth and Distribution of Population in Asansol City, West Bengal

Basudeb Maji M.A. in Geography, UGC NET-JRF.

Abstract : The growth of population, especially in the developing countries shows rapid increasing trend due to higher rate of fertility and declining trend of mortality rate. It reaches to an explosive situation if the province or the region experiences high influx of population from the outside. Such a trend of growth is common phenomenon in the countries like India. The rate and direction of the process of urbanization is derived by the process of Industrialization. The urbanization is the result (child) of Industrialization. Cities are always developed and transformed through the interaction between the different socio-cultural, political, economic, and technological forces. Hence, these forces create the population growth and its pattern in the city.The level of urbanization deals with the growing percentage of urban people in a spatial unit. This paper refers to analyse spatio- temporal dynamics of population growth in Asansol City, West Bengal. Asansol city is a coal mining and industrial metropolis as well as one of the busiest commercial centre in India.Booming trade, commerce and industries on both sides of its many main arteries, that characterize Asansol municipality and underline its locational advantage, have a formal and rapid population growth. The rapid population growth, high density and unbalanced sex ratio in any population are considered as the major impediments in the societal development. This study is based on the census data (1901-2011) and application of modern tools and techniques. Key Words : Urbanisation, Population growth, Population pressure, Sex-ratio, Work participation. Introduction : The growth of population, especially in the developing countries shows rapid increasing trend due to higher rate of fertility and declining trend of mortality rate. It reaches to an explosive situation if the province or the region experiences high influx of population from the outside. Such a trend of growth is common phenomenon in the countries like India, wherein rural to urban migration leads mushrooming of pocket based population growth. This nucleated effect of population growth later on associated with spill over effect intends to spread of suburbs around the main city (Guchhait, 2005).In India, after achieving Independence population increased rapidly, though growth rate shows a declining trend, especially for those regions wherein city population proceeds towards saturation level. This alienation of population growth and growth rate unfolds dynamic behaviour of growth process in terms of space and time (Khullar, 2006).The population growth is considered as the change in the size of population of a region over a given period of time (Barclay, 1958; Bogue, 1969).The growth of population weather positive or negative reflects the history of man‘s response to the environmental possibilities presenting the region (Sharma, 1978). The growth of population usually measured in absolute number and in percentage change in numbers of population. The urban expansion caused by rapid urbanization has posed great challenges for planning and policy making, especially in developing countries like India (Ramchandran, 2012). Even though India recognised the problem of rapid population growth soon after independence, it has had limited success in controlling its growth rate (International Institute for Population Sciences and ORC Macro, 2000). Pattern of population distribution is viewed as the product of the interplay of both geographical and cultural phenomena (Blumenstack and Thornwaite, 1941, pp.115). This study provides information on size, growth, distribution of population of Asansol city, and relates this information to various demographic characteristics (literacy, sex-ratio, occupational structure, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled tribe population, religion) of Barddhaman district and West Bengal State.The history of Asansol came into existence by John Summer and Grant Healthy of the East India Company in 1774. East India Railway Co. set up its Divisional Head Quarters at Asansol in 1904. In 1911, Asansol got Municipal status and provided a nucleus for the present urban agglomeration. The economy of the city mainly based on coal and steel industries. Being a central city for the coal belts, it is heavily industrialized and experienced rapid population growth since 1901.Concern for a better quality of life, reduction of poverty, gender equity and equality has led to several studies in human development, management. of human resources and sustainable development. The study of population dynamics and pattern of socio-economic well-

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being is thought to help unravel the demographic and socio-economic processes operating behind the prevailing population scenario in Asansol city.In recent years, remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques are widely used for interpretation of maps (to understand pattern), monitoring (to understand process) and modelling (to simulate) the population growth and distribution. The interrelationship of man and land resources play a significant role in urban space. The urban land is a base for the development of the modern society. Cities are distinctive spatial unit of the people, their activities and the institutions. Objectives : The main objective of the paper is to analyse the Spatio-temporal dynamics in population growth of Asansol city. The following aspects have been taken in to consideration: 1. To study the trend and pattern of population growth of Asansol city. 2. To compare the decadal growth of population of major cities in Barddhaman District. 3. To study the temporal patterns of literacy, sex-ratio, occupational structure, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled tribe population, religion. Data Base and Methodology : Research is a scientific and systematic search for knowledge. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiments. In short, the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. The present study is based on secondary data sources.The secondary data were collected through published/ unpublished records of Municipal Corporation, PWD, Census of India (2011), and minority town data from UIDSSMT, (2011). To fulfil the objectives data regarding decadal population growth, literacy, sex ratio, occupational structure, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population, and religion of Asansol city is obtained from census of India (2001 and 2011), primary census abstract of west Bengal (2001 and 2011).The maps are geo- referenced with the help of the toposheet no. 73 I/14 and 73 M/2 then digitized and exported to QGIS 2.8 software for creation of different layers. The analysis of data involved the preparation of various maps, charts and frequency tabulations. Study Area : Fig. 1. Location Map of Asansol Asansol city (860 53' 11'' E to 870 2' 40'' E and 230 45' 00'' N to 230 37' 56'' N)is located in the lateritic land of northern (left) bank of river Damodar (Biological Desert) in the heart of the triangle constituted by joining the rivers Damodar, Barakarand Ajoyin the Bardhhaman District of West Bengal. Asansol city is the second largesturbanized region in West Bengal after the KolkataMetropolitan Area (Master plan, 2025). According to a report released by International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental body, Asansol is among the 11 Indian cities in the list of 100 fastest growing cities in the world with a rank of 42. The Asansol city is a coal mining and industrial metropolis as well as one of the busiest commercial centre in India. The city has well developed transport network and is connected with roads and railways from different part of the country (Fig.1). It lies on the main urban axis of major iron and steel industry, coal mines as well as commercial hub on Howrah-Asansol-Mugalsarai-Delhi and Asansol-Adra- Kharagpur-Bhubaneswar-Chennai south-eastern railways and on the crossing point of NH-2 (Grand Trunk Road) and NH-60 (National Highway) roads. Asansol city covers an area of 127.273 sq. km, Population 5,64,491 persons of which male and female are 293,748 and 270,743 (Census 2011) respectively. It is typically significant to note that this city is dominated by 5,64,491 persons in 2011, which reached first in Asansol Municipal Corporation then after Kulti (313809persons),Jamuria (149220 persons) and Raniganj (129441 persons). It has a large workforce, moderately high per capita income, educational establishments, good transport connections, several housing complexes and land suitable 30 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

for industry, institutions, transport and commerce. Its hinterland is Bankura and Purulia districts and North Bengal, linked to parts of Orissa and states. Population Growth Population growth denotes the change of population during a given period of time. It is generally used to connote the negative or positive change in the number of inhabitants of a region during a specific period of time. The growth of population has a direct effect on per capita utilization of available resource, although Asansol has been an important town since past. Table 1: Population and Decadal Growth Rate (1891-2011) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth Class of Year Population (Persons) Rate (per cent) Town 1891 11000 - - IV 1901 14906 3906 35.51 IV 1911 21919 7013 47.05 III 1921 26499 4580 20.90 III 1931 31286 4787 18.06 III 1941 55797 24511 78.34 II 1951 76277 20480 36.70 II 1961 103405 27128 35.57 I 1971 155968 52563 50.83 I 1981 183375 27407 17.57 I 1991 262188 78813 42.98 I 2001 475439 213251 81.34 I 2011 563917 88478 18.61 I Source: Primary Census Abstract 1901-2011, Census of India, New Delhi. Population growth of Asansol city can be analysed conveniently with the help of census data available from 1891 onwards.The growth of population increased by 35.51 per cent since 1891 to 1901 (Table. 1); The population growthin Asansol was phenomenal, the development of the Railway works at Asansol consequent on the opening of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway and the increasing activity in the coal and iron fields having attracted a large immigrant population from Manbhum, Bankura and (Peterson,1997, p.54) The city was flourishing since the British period. In 1891-1901, the population of Asansol city increased from 11000 persons to 14906 persons, which gave the growth rate of population to 35.51 per cent and the city was class IV town. During 1901-1911, the population increased to 21919 persons recording the growth rate was 47.05 per cent. In 1911 witnessed a change in the class status of Asansol city from Class IV to class III town and this status continued for the next two decades.The 1921 and 1931 census figure shows a decline in population growth rate (20.90 and 18.06 per cent respectively) which might be due to the epidemic spread on a large scale. The first big jump in the Asansol's population came in the decade of the thirties. In the inter- censual period between 1931 and 1941, the population increased by 78.34 percent and total population was 55797 persons. This increase was the result of improvement in general conditions of health and sanitation and initiating a decline in mortality. Till 1931, the city was class III town and in 1941 witnessed a change in the class status of Asansol city from class III to class II town. Since 1941, the population began to increase and it continued steadily till 1971. In 1961, the city crossed one lakhpopulation. The city became class I town in 1961 with the population of 103405 persons with 35.57 per cent growth rate. Fig. 2. Decadal Population Growth Rate of Asansol City (1891-2011) Once again, in 1981, the population growth rate was decrease over the previous census, which was 17.57 per cent (Fig. 2). After 1981, the population growth has increased with a faster rate (47.64%) in the last three decades (1991, 2001, 2011) compared to previous phase.The 2001 census indicate an abrupt jump with a percentage increase of 81.34 31 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

per cent. The decadal growth rate during 1991-2001 was a record growth of population increase, 81.34 per cent as against 42.98 per cent during the previous decade (1981-1991). In the planning period, the extension of hospitals and medical facilities was undertaken on a large scale but there was a very small decrease in birth rate. Consequently, there was a population explosion during 1991-2001. These measures of death control resulted in a sharp decline of death rate. In 2011, the population become 563917 persons, which show the slow growth rate in population increase. This is a healthy and definite sign indicating the starting of a new era in the demographic history of Asansol. Population Density Population density is a quantitative measure that presents a ratio between the population of a region and its corresponding geographical area.It is considered as an important factor in understanding how cities function. Here, arithmetic population density is used. Arithmetic density shows a simple man-land ratio and is often used for comparative analysis of population distribution. The population density of Asansol city was only 596 persons/ km 2 in 1901, then the population density increases very rapidly, now become 3736 and 4431 persons/ km2 in 2001 and 2011 respectively. Unevenness in distribution of population is an important characteristic in India. In addition, high urban density causes in the form of congestion, noise and localized pollution. The spatial population density of Asansol city spreads from core area to peripheral area of the city (Fig.3). The core area of the main city has been basically the main commercial area consisting of Hutton Road, Raha Lane which have more than 35000 persons/ km2. Factors contributing to exceptionally very high population density includes, accessibility to bus stand, railway station and market areas, dominance of poor and middle class families. Seven wards come with high population density (20,000 – 30,000 persons/ km2) mostly occur in middle zone.Population density is low (< 10,000 persons/ km2) in the peripheral areas of the city, mainly in Dihika, Talkuri, Kalajharia, Kalla, Kankhaya, Kalipahari, Damra, etc. These wards are big in size and where dispersed settlement is found by agricultural, vacant or industrial areas. Comparative Population Growth of Adjacent cities in Barddhaman District Growth of population in Asansol city is higher than its adjacent cities of Barddhaman district. There exists intra district variation in population growth. Here, ten cities are taken, Kulti, Asansol, Jamuria, Raniganj, Durgapur from Western Barddhaman and Katwa, Dainhat, Guskara, Kalna, Memari from Eastern Barddhaman. In 1901, Raniganj (15841) has the higher population than Asansol (14906). But in 1911 Asansol has the highest population (21919 persons) with 47 per cent population growth rate; population of other cities like Raniganj (15497 persons), Katwa (6904 persons), Dainhat (5342 persons), Kalna (8603 persons) was lower than Asansol city (Table. 2). After independence, in the census year 1961, the population of Asansol cross one lakh population, and it became class- I city. In 2011, Durgapur city has the highest population (566517 persons) but the population growth rate of Asansol city (18.6 %) is higher than Durgapur city (14.8 %). Population growth rate of other cities are Kulti (8.2%), Jamuria (12.4%), Raniganj (5.4%), Katwa (14%), Dainhat (8%), Guskara (11%), Kalna (8.7%), Memari (14.5%) in 2011.

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Table 2: Decadal Growth of Municipal Areas in Barddhaman District (1901-2011) Population Growth (1901-2011) City Name 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 19181 1991 2001 2011 Kulti - - - 11574 29194 41803 48454 44289 75031 108518 289903 313809 Asansol 14906 21919 26499 31286 55797 76277 103405 155968 183375 262188 475439 563917 Jamuria ------17216 9632 18691 23368 132785 149220 Raniganj 15841 15497 14536 16373 22839 25939 30113 40104 51629 65517 122781 129441 Durgapur ------41696 206638 311798 425836 493405 566517 Katwa 7220 6904 6823 7772 11282 15533 20621 28832 44430 55541 71589 81615 Dainhat 5618 5342 4843 4845 5036 8149 10519 12906 15843 20349 22597 24397 Guskara ------7017 10046 12525 26995 31867 35388 Kalna 8121 8603 8424 9567 12562 17324 22603 28594 35023 47729 52182 56722 Memari - - - - - 5005 8386 11046 16275 20690 36207 41451 Source: Based on Data Available from Town Directory (1901-2011), Directorate of Census Operations,

Concentration of population has found high in the western part mainly in Asansol and Durgapur areas than the eastern part (Fig.4).

Fig. 4 The main cause behind the scenario is industrial developments. Asansol and Durgapur areas have already experienced large scale industrialisation and resulted in large scale immigration of the people from surrounding areas, like Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum districts. Durgapur Steel Plant, Alloy Steel Plant, IISCO, Eastern Coal Field Ltd., Aluminum industry at J.K nagar, Chaittaranjan Locomotive Works, Copper industry at Hindusthan Cables attract immigrants to settle in Kulti, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur region. On the other hand, the Eastern Barddhaman remained rural in character and based on agriculture. Whereas, development of some small scale agro-based industry leads to low concentration of population in Eastern Barddhaman. A sharp contrast in terms population growth rate can easily be recognised between eastern and western part of Barddhaman district since the independence.

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Population Projection Population projections is a method to estimate the future population and its growth in a region. Various techniques have been suggested by scholars to estimate the projected population as population projection is very useful for planning. It alert policymakers and planners to major trends that may affect social and economic development and help them craft appropriate policies and programs. The population projection for Asansol city has been calculated by the arithmetic method implying the formula of compound interest. Taking year 2011 as the base year, the population has been projected for next four decades, i.e., 2021, 2031, 2041 and 2051 A.D. The city is facing drastic decline in population growth from 2001 and it will witness the decline in coming decades too. During the last decade, there has been substantial decline in birth rate. The reasons for decline vary from society to society; urbanization, rising educational attainment, increasing employment among women, lower infant mortality are some major factors responsible for growing desire for smaller families; increasing awareness and improved access to contraception have made it possible for the majority of the couple to achieve the desired family size. Table3: Projected Population of Asansol City (2021- 2051) Year Projected Population 2021 668772 2031 793126 2041 940601 2051 1115499 Source: Calculated by the author Sex Composition of Population Sex structure is the most fundamental attribute in demography. It determines the reproductive potential, marital status, work force and socio- economic relationship. Change in its composition largely reflects underlying socio-economic and cultural pattern of a society in different ways. It is one of the important social indicators to measure the extent of prevailing equality between males and females at a given point of time (Khullar, 2006; p.391). Table 4: Sex Ratio in India and West Bengal State by Regions, 1991 - 2011 Sex Ratio (Number of females per 1000 males) India / Regions 1991 2001 2011 927 933 943 India 917 934 947 West Bengal 899 922 943 BarddhamanAsansol 832 895 929 Source: Computed from census data, 1991-2011 However, in the 2011 census the level of sex ratio has considerably improved in favour of females. West Bengal‘s sex ratio as recorded in the census of 2011 is 947, which is about 13 points higher than the one recorded in 2001. If we look at the time series of sex ratio from 1991 to 2011 in Asansol City, it has moved up from 832 to 929 (Table 4).Due to negligence towards girl child, diagnostic test for sex determination during pregnancy period and abortion the number of female people had reduced. In recent, Government of India have implemented some rules against diagnostic check-up during pregnancy for sex determination and abortion, as a result the number of female people per thousand males have increased the study area.There is minor significant improvement in the socio- economic status of women. In 2011only six wards have the sex ratio above 950 females per thousand males in Asansol city, viz.Kumarpur, Court More, Lower Chelidanga colony, SB Gorai road, Hutton Road, Mohisila colony.These six wards

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also have above 80 per cent female literacy rate. Here, condition of women is better than other areas. The ward no 15 has lowest sex ratio (865 females per thousand males).Child sex-ratio (0-6 Years) has been defined as the number of females in age-group 0-6 years per 1,000 males in the same age-group in the population.In 2011 census, the child sex ratio of Asansol city is 922 females per thousand males (Fig. 5), which is greater than the child sex ratio of India (919). The variation of in the sex ratio is mainly because of differential social and cultural influences on survival rates. Literacy Literacy is considered as a fairly reliable index of socio- cultural and economic advancement. ―Literacy is essential for eradicating poverty and mental isolation, for cultivating peaceful and friendly international relations and for permitting the free play of democratic processes‖ (Chandna and Sidhu, 1980, p.98).Differentials in the rate of literacy by place of residence as well as sex are the result of the interaction of a host of social, cultural, historical and economic determinants. One may therefore, look to the geography of traditional social structures and institutions for some parts of the explanation of spatial differences (Ali, 2009,p.100). Asansol‘s literacy profile is good. As per 2011 census literacy level in Asansol city is quite high (83.10 per cent) as compared to the state (76.26 per cent), as well as, national average also (73.0 per cent). Literacy rate have improved in the study area from80.5 percent (in 2001) to 83.1 percent (in 2011). From the year 2001 to 2011, male literacy rate has increased only 1.51 percent, where in India, West Bengal and Burdwan district‘s male literacy rate increased by 5.6, 4.67, 3.79 per centrespectively (Table.5). 23 wards have more than 80 per cent literate people in the study area in 2011. Ward no 14 has highest literacy rate (87.64 per cent) and ward no 35 has lowest literacy rate (57.78 per cent). Both male and female literacy is high with difference of 10.41 per cent in 2011. High literacy rate in these area is partly because of long tradition of education, awareness of people towards education andpartly because of consisting four general colleges, two engineering college, three polytechnic institutions and many Bengali and English medium schools, transport and communication facilities. There are relatively higher proportion of working population engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, which require literate, educated and trained workers. The improvement of literacy is by far the best means of social development of this area. Further the potential labour force becomes skilled that helps in industrialisation and service sector jobs. Table 5: Literacy Rate in India and West Bengal by regions, 2001-2011 Literacy Rate (in %) [Number of literates per 1000 population] (exclude 0-6 age group child population) India / Regions 2001 2011 Total Literacy Male Female Total Literacy Male Female India 64.8 75.3 53.7 73.0 80.9 64.6 West Bengal 68.64 77.02 59.61 76.26 81.69 70.54 Barddhaman District 70.18 78.63 60.95 76.21 82.42 69.63 Asansol 80.5 86.8 73.3 83.10 88.31 77.90 Source: Computed from census data, 2001- 2011 Religion Religion in India is characterised by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices. Religion is a symbol of group identity and a cultural rallying point. Religions strongly influences the economic, political and social activities of the people. Religious diversity and secularism in India have been helpful to promote multi-culturalism and social democracy (Maurya, 2014, p.231). Table 6: Religion wise Population of Asansol in 2011

Religious Hindu Muslim Christian Sikh Buddhist Jain Others Not Stated Group Male 220,269 61,932 2,778 3,223 150 126 2,688 1,221

Female 203,687 57,961 2,830 2,947 138 117 2,644 1,206

Total 423956 119,893 5,608 6,170 288 243 5,332 2,427 Source: Census of India, 2011

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The major religions of India include , Islam, Christianity, , and Jainism. contribute 75.18 per cent of the total population (Table.6) and are the largest religious community in Asansol city followed by Muslims which contribute 21.26 per cent of the total population and (1.09 per cent) are the third largest religious community here. Muslims have a majority in Kumarpur Muslim para (ward no. 2), Muslim Basti (ward no. 19). Among Muslim population Sunnis are more numerous than Shias. Working Population According to 1971 census, a worker is a person whose main activity is participation in any economically productive work by his physical or mental activity (Maurya, 2014, p.174). The occupation of an individual refers of to his trade, profession, types of work etc. Classification of workers is very important to reveal nature of economy of the area. It indicatesthe influence on socio-economic, cultural and demographic characteristics of the region and provides a background in formulating plans for socio-economic development. Table 7: Asansol City: Occupational Structure, 2001- 2011

Census Total Worker Main Worker Marginal Worker Non-Worker Sex Year (in per cent) (in per cent) (in per cent) (in per cent)

Male 24.73 (117592) 76.12 (102175) 11.48 (15417) 28.03 (133294) 2001 Female 3.49 (16633) 8.53 (11455) 3.86 (5178) 43.73 (207920) 2011 Male 27.52 (155189) 71.31 (131122) 13.08 (24067) 24.33 (137198) Female 5.08 (28688) 9.57 (17599) 6.03 (11089) 43.06 (242842) Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001 and 2011, Directorate of Census Operations, Burdwan District Work participation rate, [ which is defined, as the percentage of total workers (main and marginal) to the total population] of the city in 2011 is 32.60 per cent (Table. 7). During 2001-2011, the overall work participation rate is increased. The differences between the male and female work participation rates are quite striking. The female working population is only 3.49 per cent and 5.08 per cent of the total working population in 2001 and 2011 census respectively. The female work participation rate is considerably lower than the male for each group. In this context, Chandna (2009, p.318) refers, the patriarchal system of Indian society, prejudices against female‘s mobility, their education, their relatively low status in the society, frequent child births,limited job opportunities for them, and limited desire on the part of the females themselves to participate in the economic struggle are the factors that have contributed to poor female participation in work in India. Table 8: Types of Working Population in 2001 - 2011 2001 2011

Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Main Workers Marginal Workers Total Types Persons Percent Persons Percent (in %) Persons Percent Persons Percent (in %) Cultivators 1537 1.15 872 0.65 1.8 1794 0.97 1085 0.59 1.56 Agricultural 801 0.59 1430 1.06 1.65 1923 1.04 1679 0.91 1.95 Labourers Household 1725 1.29 790 0.59 1.88 3345 1.82 2107 1.14 2.96 Industries Other Workers 109567 81.63 17503 13.04 94.67 141659 77.04 30285 16.47 93.51 Source: Primary Census Abstract 2001 and 2011, Directorate of Census Operations, Burdwan District The 1981 census was the first, when workers were classified into only four broad occupational categories: cultivators, agricultural labourers, working in household industries and other workers. This system was maintained by 1991, 2001 and 2011 census. Table no.8 reveals that,1.56 per cent, 1.95 per cent, 2.96 per cent, 93.51 per cent of total workers are engaged in cultivators, agricultural labourers, household industries and other works respectively in 2011. Percentage of other worker is very high, which is 94.67 per cent 93.51 per cent in 2001 and 2011 respectively.In 2011, 26 wards in the study area have more than 80 per cent people are engaged in ‗other workers‘ category and these wards also have high literacy rate (above 75%).Since, the economy of the city is basically dependent on the secondary and tertiary activities. On the contrary, the proportion of cultivators, agricultural labourers are negligible. Cultivators and agricultural

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labourers are more significant in Kalajharia, Kalla, Khankaya, and Dhadka region, which are outside from the main city and also having low literacy rate (<60 %). Caste Group : Caste is the basic attribute of the Indian social structure.The term Scheduled Caste appeared for the first time in the government of India Act. 1935. Table 9: Percentage Distribution of Population by Social Groups in India and other Regions Percentage Distribution of Population by Social Groups 2001 2011 India/ regions Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes India 16.2 8.2 16.6 8.6 West Bengal 23.02 5.50 23.51 5.8 Barddhaman 26.98 6.41 27.41 6.34 Asansol 12.93 3.78 12.02 3.55 Source: Computed from census data, 2001-2011 The British government in the year 1936 listed these backward communities systematically in a particular schedule. Since these time people termed as Scheduled Caste.According to 2011 census, the total population of schedule castes and schedule tribes in India is roughly 16.6 and 8.6 per cent (Table. 9) of the total population, respectively. The Scheduled Caste population consists 12.02 percent of the total population in the study area, is close to national average of scheduled caste population, i.e. 16.6 percent (Census, 2011) but lower than the state and Barddhaman district‘s scheduled caste population.The Scheduled Tribes population in the city is quite typical and peculiar. Total population of scheduled tribes are20027 persons, which comprises of 10021 males and 10006 females(2011). The proportion of Scheduled Tribe population in the city is 3.78 per cent in 2001, which is decrease up to 3.55 per cent of the total population in Asansol municipal area (2011).The main tribes in the study area are Bagdi, Bauri, Sadgop, Goala, Aguri etc. Conclusion The population of Asansol city is a multifarious subject, which is undergoing dynamic change. To understand the population, it is very important to understand it‘s all characteristics.To sum up it may be remarked that the growth of population has been very rapid during the last fifty years on account of changing economic status of the city. Having large industrial area, high in-migration, rapid investment as well as high economic growth causes high population growth. The increased population has brought an overall change in the distribution and density pattern. The old areas have been over-crowded leading to the growth of slums. The peripheral areas show a fair distribution of population. Not only this, the structure of population, namely, sex composition, literacy condition, and occupational structure also show a marked progress during the last decade.Proper urban amenities, infrastructure and good governance are needed for the development of the area. On the whole the present demographic condition of the city needs attention so that the future urban life may be further improved. A planned demographic approach is necessary for aclass - I city like Asansol. References : 1) Ali, A. (2009). Literacy in Uttar Pradesh: Spatial Dimensions, National Geographical Journal of India, Varanasi, Vol.55, (1), pp.99-110. 2) Barclay, G.W. (1958). Techniques of Population Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3) Blumenstack and Thornwaite, (1941). Climate and World Pattern in Climate and Man, Year Book of Agriculture, Kegan Paul, London. 4) Bogue, D.L. (1969). Principles of Demography, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 32. 5) Census of India, (1891-2011). Primary Census Abstract. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. 6) Chandna, R.C. and Sidhu, M.S. (1980). Introduction to Population Geography, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 7) Chip, S.S. (1995). Demographic Dynamics in the Trans Himalaya Tribal Region of Kinnaur H.P: Perspective on Socio- Economic Implications, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 20-28. 8) Guchhait, S.K. (2005). Population Explosion in West Bengal: An Inquiry into Some Aspects of its Geographical Reality, doctoral diss., The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, M.Sc.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Urbanization and Environmental Degradation in India

Mrs. Bindu Assistant Professor of Geography, Govt. College for Women, Rohtak (Haryana)

Abstract : Population issues in the present day world are considered vital because most of us believe that the development in an area was intimately related with its population growth. Of the 1210 million people in India 377 million are living in urban areas. The rapid growth of urbanization in India is accompanied by a change in the urban structure. The large cities are increasing their share in the total population. According to Census 2011 there were 53 cities with more than 1 million population, against 35 in 2001. Population of these 53 cities was 166.5 million, which was about 44.1 percent of total urban population. Urban living poses environmental hazards, which affect the current population through immediate, local impacts on health and safety. Due to large-scale migration from rural areas and fast increasing urban population, environmental degradation has been occurring very rapidly and causing many problems like disposal of solid wastes , land shortage for housing, worsening water quality, sanitation, drainage, excessive air and noise pollution. The present study concentrate on some of the important environmental problems caused by rapid urbanization process in India. Therefore there is an urgent need to tackle the urban environment problem in a appropriate manner giving attention to the need for improving urban strategies. Keywords : Development, Urbanization, Environmental hazards, Migration, Management, Introduction : Urbanization is a form of social transformation from traditional rural societies to modern urban communities. It is long term continuous process. In India, the urban tradition continued throughout these centuries and during the ancient period of our history there were many well planned, big and beautiful cities in different parts of the country. In ancient and medieval times it was a cultural phenomena and many a times it happens due to political development because the rise and fall of new dynasties and kingdoms but in recent times, it is complementary of industrialization and socio-economic transformation, hence it becomes a socio- economic phenomenon. The four main componants of urban growth are natural increase, migration, boundary change and declassification. This analysis of urbanization leaves no doubt that Indian society is in a stage of massive urban transition. India‘s urban population is the second largest in the world, after China. There was a sharp increase in the urban population of these countries as well because of natural increase of population as a result of excess of births over deaths on the one hand, and migration from rural areas on the other hand. Both pull factors and push factors have operated together to swell the flow of people from rural areas to urban areas. As a result of all these mutually dependent and mutually reinforcing factors, the growth of population in urban areas has increased considerably putting severe pressure on urban facilities and resulting in environmental degradation in the form of water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, increased accumulation of solid wastes, garbage, polythene bags, chemicals, toxic elements, etc., in urban areas. Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Indeed, the acceleration of urbanization in recent decades has coincided with unprecedented environmental plunder. The process of urbanization is preceding a pace without commensurate growth in industrialization and the rise in the level of overall economic development. Unplanned urban growth, for instance causes growth of slums and squatter settlements, varying affects on environmental degradation and increased burden on existing infrastructure. The general problems which are the byproduct of certain kind of urbanization characteristic of low income countries are: shortage of houses, water pollution and water scarcity, critical inadequacies in public utilities viz, power, water, health facilities, sanitation etc, air pollution, Deteriorating urban environment, urban unemployment, congestion etc, solid and hazardous waste, acute poverty, soil degradation, Slums proliferation, deforestation, loss of biodiversity and atmospheric changes.

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Shortage of Houses : The problem that perhaps causes the most concern to a majority of urban dwellers is that of finding an appropriate place to live in. According to Tenth Five Year Plan the nation needed twenty two million additional houses. Inadequate housing that forces more than fifty percent of our population in some metropolis to live in slums, all these severely decrease the quality of life and lower the well being of urban population(Approach Paper for 11th Plan- Govt. of India). Water Pollution: Water quality has continued to deteriorate world over because of a number of factors. The most widespread contamination of water occurs from industrial waste. Where industry and mining are expanding, rivers become contaminated with toxic chemicals and with heavy metals such as lead and mercury. Not only surface water near towns and cities has become increasingly polluted over the years, even groundwater has been contaminated as a result of seepage from the improper use and disposal of heavy metals, synthetic chemicals and other hazards waste. Sometimes, industrial effluents are discharged directly into groundwater. Water pollution is the most serious environmental problem for large number of people in developing countries who lack access to clean water and sanitation. The direct impact of waterborne disease is huge, especially for the children and the poor. In fact, about 88 percent of diarrheal diseases globally are attributed to water, sanitation and hygiene (Maira and Puri, 2014). As far as India is concerned, 90 per cent of the diarrheal cases among children are attributable to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene (World Bank). Outdoor Urban Air Pollution Outdoor urban air pollution has significant negative impacts on public health and results in premature deaths, chronic bronchitis, and respiratory disorders. Particulate matter less than 10 micrometers --- officially called PM10, many times finer than a human hair -- is generally take as the primary measure of air pollution. These microscopic bibs and bobs of progress burrow deep into the respiratory system. Extra- fine particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers, or PM 2.5, can go further into the lungs and airway and carry more dangerous toxins, such as heavy metals. Other pollutants of concern are (SO2) and (NO2). Sulphur dioxide concentrations are serious in countries that rely on high-sulphur fuels. Nitrogen dioxide is a smelly, toxic gas, creating ozone on the ground -- a major component of smog - and acid in the air. Indoor Air Pollution WHO (2002) estimates that 1.6 million people die each year globally due to indoor smoke from the use of traditional fuels in the home. The most common is incomplete combustion of fuels such as wood, agricultural residuals, animal dung, charcoal and in some countries, coal. The strongest link between indoor smoke and health are for lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CODP), and for cancer of the respiratory system. According to Forest Survey of India (2011), firewood constitutes the major source of cooking energy in India and more than 853 million people use firewood for cooking in India. Solid and Hazardous Wastes Many cities generate more solid wastes than they can collect or dispose off. In many developing countries, open dumping and uncontrolled landfills are resorted to. Inadequate collection and unmanaged disposal present a number of problems for human health and productivity. As noted by World Development Report 1992, " Uncollected refuse dumped in public areas or into waterways contributes to the spread disease. In low- income neighborhoods that lack sanitation facilities, trash heaps become mixed with human excreta. Municipal solid waste sites often receive industrial and hazardous wastes, which may then seep into water supplied". Thus, in addition to spreading disease, solid and hazardous wastes pollute groundwater resources. Soil Degradation One of the chief forms of soil degradation is soil erosion. Soil erosion denudes the agricultural land of its top fertile layer and thus affects agricultural productivity adversely. It also harms productivity silt in dams, irrigation systems and river transport channels and by damaging fisheries. Stalinization and water logging are other serious forms of soil degradation. They reduce the productivity of agricultural lands and, if a threshold salinity level is exceeded, the land becomes unfit for cultivation. In India, for example, it has been estimated that about 13 million hectares of agricultural land cannot be cultivated, either because they are waterlogged or because they are highly saline (World Bank, 2013).

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Rangeland Degradation Land use reported in India suggests that the main cause of rangeland degradation in India are irrational land use management practices leading to denudation of vegetation from rangelands, which exacerbated by intermittent droughts, has resulted in many pockets of desertification. Deforestation Forest play a useful role in maintaining the biodiversity and ecosystems. However unmindful of these facts, deforestation has continued unabated and at a fast rate all over the world as man has cleared forests for extending agriculture and obtaining firewood, industrial wood, timber and construction materials. India's forest is about 21 per cent of total land area. Solid forest constitutes only 12 per cent of total forest cover area. What is a matter of serious concern is the fact that the North-Eastern mountainous States with the most dense forest, like Nagaland, , Tripura and , continue to experience deforestation due to the widespread practice of shifting cultivation. This loss is especially damaging for hilly areas where destructive agricultural practices can result in total destruction. Green House Gas Emissions: India was the third largest emitter of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, in 2009 at 1.65 Gt per year, after China and the United States. With 17 percent of world population, India contributed some 5 percent of human-sourced carbon dioxide emission; compared to China's 24 percent share. On per capita basis, India emitted about 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide per person, in comparison to the United States‘ 17 tons per person, and a world average of 5.3 tons per person. Poverty can be defined as a situation only when a section of peoples are unable to satisfy the basic needs of life. According to an expert group of Planning Commission, poverty lines in rural areas are drawn with an intake of 2400 calories in rural areas and 2100 calories in urban areas. In the cities people are suffering from acute poverty and the living conditions is so poor that in one small room all family members are staying and this is common feature of people who are living below poverty line. Though the percentage of population below poverty line declined during subsequent period but still large number of population are below poverty line. Chronic poverty is the general phenomenon of people in urban slums. Existence of mass poverty is a reality in India and it is included in thirty poorest nations of the world. Poverty is more visible in mega cities as compared to intermediate cities. The divide within the urban area is growing rapidly and inequality is more common in urban places. Slums Proliferation Rapid urbanizations with lack of adequate housing led to proliferation of slums across cities. The pace of urbanization is not matched by adequate housing and other basic facilities and this resulted in rapid proliferation of slums and slum population. Resulting emergence of uncountable slums and slum dwellers across the mega cities need utmost attention from the government and policy making bodies. Loss of Biodiversity Biological diversity --- a composite of genetic information, species, and ecosystems ---- provides material wealth in the form of food, fiber, medicine and inputs into industrial processes. It supplies the raw material that may assist human communities to adopt to future and unforeseen environmental stresses (World Development Report, 2009). Loss of biodiversity jeopardises all this. However, it is not possible to evaluate the loss of biodiversity at a global or national level. During the last century, the planet has lost 50 percent of its wetlands, 40 per cent of its forests, and 35 per cent of its mangroves. Around 60 per cent of global ecosystem services have been degraded in just 50 years (World Bank, 2013). In India, under the pressure of rapidly growing population and unplanned development of natural environment, the habitats of our species are being lost or modified. This has also resulted in the disappearance of certain species and ecosystem. As far as marine ecosystems are concerned, there is hardly any knowledge and understanding about them. Therefore, no protection measures have been undertaken to prevent exploitation and destruction of these resources. Critical Inadequacies in Public Utilities Massive problem have emerged due to rapid growth of urban population without a corresponding increase in urban infrastructure like safe drinking water, preventive health services, sanitation facility, adequate power supply and provisioning of basic amenities. Minimum basic facility is also not available for many cities. The existing urban health services are under tremendous pressure to meet the demands of all needy people. The quality of life for the bulk of urban

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population involves many avoidable hardships. Poor urban infrastructure, congested roads, poor public transport, improper treatment of sewage, uncollected solid waste are the general feature of urban settlements. According to Urbanization report of World Bank only fifty eight percent of urban population of India has access to improved sanitation facilities. Deteriorating Urban Environment India is the world's fifth-largest producer of global warming gas and emissions (USA leads the race). The problem of pollution is more severe in big cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. In India, urban areas are more developed and industrialized than the rural areas, and this attracts still more people to the urban areas. Thus there is more pressure on facilities like transport services, housing and drainage facilities, as well as more production of other goods required by the urban population, which in turn results in the release of large amounts of wastes and pollutants. The rapid growth in urban population, which affects patterns of production and consumption, is a principal source of pressure on the environment. The environment has to sustain the basic human needs for survival and also the conversion of raw materials into products and services. Urban centers and mega-cities in particular cause many environmental problems like the declining and contaminated water supplies, accelerating atmospheric pollution, severely inadequate sanitation facilities and enormous quantities of solid and liquid waste for disposal. A common and general instance that can be cited here is the contamination of water and rising level of toxins in almost all major rivers of India due to heavy disposal of sewage wastes, excreta and chemical wastes. Due to large migration of population to urban areas the threat to the environment becomes inevitable and it not only leads to environmental degradation but also the increasing vulnerability to infectious disease and congestion. Conclusion Many of the real problems of population arise not due to overall size, but from its concentration in urban areas as a result of accelerated rural-urban migration. Urban living poses environmental hazards, which affect the current population through immediate, local impacts on health and safety. It also causes environmental degradation, with longer term, wider area and intergenerational consequences. Urban consumption and production patterns are the root cause or main culprit of environmental deterioration. The major environmental problems are those arising out of waste disposal, that is problems of air and waste pollution and of disposal of highly toxic, industrial and nuclear wastes. Rapid environmental degradation that has been taking place all over the world in recent decades has alarmed economists and environmentalists alike. Most of the economists are now convinced that unless strong steps are taken to preserve environment, the future is doomed. The danger in developing countries is that communities may inadvertently as a result of ignorance or economic necessity, destroy or exhaust those very resources on which they depend for survival. We should ensure that the ecological and environmental limits are not violated -especially because we do not know the long- term implications of disturbing many natural systems. Environmental protection is one area in which government must maintain a central role. Environmental protection involves a huge expenditure and this expenditure is bound to strain the resources available with the developing countries considerably, yet these countries can afford to neglect environment only at their own peril. References : 1) Datt, G. and Mahajan, A. (2014), "Indian Economy" S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 2) Datt, G. and Mahajan, A. (2014), "Indian Economy" S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 3) Diwaker, A. (2014-15), "Economic Geography and Practical Geography" Jyoti Book Depot Pvt. Ltd., Karnal (Haryana). 4) Misra, S.K. and Puri, V.K. ( 2014), "Indian Economy" Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi. 5) Puri, V.K. and Misra, S.K. (2014), ""Indian Economy" Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi. 6) World Bank (June 2013), op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 22. 7) World Bank (June 2013), op. cit., Vol.iii, p. 3. 8) World Bank, India, "Diagnostic Assessment of Select Environmental Challenges", op. cit., Table 4.1, p. 14. 9) World Development Report (1992), op. cit., p. 54. 10) World Development Report (1992), op. cit., p. 59.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017

ISSN 2277 – 4858

Present and Future Scenario of Water Resources of India : An Evaluation Dharamjeet Research Scholar, M. D. University, Rohtak

Absract Water has a vital and great significance for human survival of not only for human being but every living creature of the world. The UN has proclaimed the year 2003, as a year of fresh water. The present paper has thrown an adequate light on the present situation of global scenario with special reference to Indian present and future scenario. In order to highlight the multi-dimensions of the gravity of the problem of water, various issues have been discussed in various perspectives. The multi-faceted problem of water has also been justified with justified with statistical figures for different regions of India. Lastly, there are some of suggestions which have been recommended for improving the future situations of water in India. In this context, the focus has been given to an active participation of the people, particularly in the rural areas, so that the water management strategies may be executed in accordance with the prevailing local conditions and the responsiveness to the needs of the people. All water harvesting techniques are to be executed to achieve the desired results. Keywords: problematic areas of water, water management strategies; people participation, recommendations for qualitative and quantitative improvement. Introduction : Human dynamism depends upon the water. It is also a base for socio –economic dynamism not only for human being, but also for animal life too. However, the water is what the ancients called the ‗Elixir of life‟; indeed; has a great significance for survival of not only human being, but every living creature on this earth, depend upon it. Earlier we believed that there is enough water for us to drink and spare, and even for squandering. Therefore no reason, we thought, to worry about its scarcity or unavailability any time in time future. The scientists have, however, told us now that what we have believed till now. Now is to say the least of towering absurdity. Our water resource reserve is limited and any misuse of it would cause scarcity and problem which might not be easy to handle (Varsheney, R.S.1990). The survivals of the earth‘s eco-system depend upon it. It is precisely for this reason that it is given pride of place almost everywhere on this earth. The religion, the oldest belief system of the world, has cared to give it a sort of godly place. It holds very significant position there. In Hinduism, the water has a special place, as a ‗spiritually cleansing power.‘ No religious ceremony, no Yajna, no rite or ritual can be performed without water (Rakesh Kumar, R.D.Singh, K.D.Sharma, 2010). The Buddhism also attaches great importance to it in spiritual terms. Many ceremonies are associated with it; even the last rites are performed with its help. As the practice, an over flowing water bowl is placed near the dead body. The monk in charge of the rite chants the Mantaras, which inter-alia reads thus when rendered in to English ; As the rains fill the rivers and over-flow in to ocean, so likewise may what is given her reach the departed (Satish Yadav, 2003). The Shintoism, a long-standing traditional religion in Japan, is based on the Kami, the innumerable deities, believed to inhabit the mountains, trees, Rock Springs and other natural phenomena. The water is considered immensely important ‗purifying agent‟ in Islam. The tradition; as an ancient as a religion itself; has it that a Muslim must be ritually pure with the help of water before approaching God in prayer. It is for this that every mosque has a pool (Hauz) of water is a ‗symbol of liberation‟ from the oppression of sin that separates mortals from God. Thus the water has been become an Omni-present phenomenon; as a symbol of purity for every religious faith practised by the people of every part of the world. No doubt, every religion has highlighted the value of water in their religious scripts. In the ancient period, there were no water crises. It is because of no chronic population pressure, as we feel today. There was an ample of water, as we have reviewed the various civilizations of India as well as the other parts of the world. There was enough water to operate the socio-economic dynamism of their contemporary societies, but today the water crisis has aggravated the problematic situation to many folds (Rakesh Kumar, R.D.Singh, K.D.Sharma, 2005).

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Presently, it has been observed that there are forty percent of the world population now faces chronic shortage of fresh water for daily needs. Half of world‘s wet lands have been lost and one fifth of 10,000 fresh water species is extinct. Contaminated water kills around 2.2 million people every year. As the human rights tribune highlights the water attributes in a different perspectives. In this context, various studies indicates that there is 70 per cent of all available fresh water is used in agriculture, but due to faulty irrigation system, 60 per cent of the water is wasted in agronomic practices by the farmers. It has also been observed that there is 97.5 per cent of the global water, only 2.5 per cent of fresh water is available in the glaciers, fresh water lakes and snow-fed rivers. The ground water is also available in all the developed and developing countries, but a considerable percentage of sub-surface water is either saline or become contaminated due to rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization. It has also been observed that there are over 6 billion people in this world, it least 1.2 million do not have access to safe drinking water. It has been projected that by 2025, nearly two third of the world population will live in the water stress region (Hand Book of Water Resources) In case of India, the situation of water is also far from satisfactory. In this context, as we observe from various texts that the chronic population pressure on water resources has given rise to develop the water crisis in the rural and urban areas of the country. Although India occupies only 3.29 million square KM geographical area which constitutes 2.4 per cent of the world area, she supports about 1/6th of world population, 1/50th of the world‘s land and 1/25th of the world water resources (Institution of Engineers, 2003) In this context, as we observe from various texts, that the chronic population pressure on water resources, steady growing population of rural and urban areas, rapid growth of agriculture and industries in India, miss-utilization of fresh water and absent of concrete policy on ‗water management‟ in the country are the of factors which have given rise to water crises particularly in Bundelkhand of U.P, Vidhabha region and Latur district of Maharashtra, most of the districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh have been severely affected by the problem of water crisis during this year. Subsequently, thanks for adequate rainfall which has been relieved to a considerable extent within these regions. Inadequacy of rainfall has been given rise to develop drought-like conditions over the above mentioned regions of India. It is therefore, it becomes imperative to carry-out such type of periodic regional study, so that the right strategy may be chalk out to combat the water stress in accordance with the prevailing local conditions in the states. Objectives of the Study : The present study is based on the objectives which are mentioned as follows:  The study is aimed at examine the present and future scenario of water resources in India;  To highlight the problematic areas of water in relation to changing demand and supply scenario;  To suggest some of recommendations to ameliorate the existing position of water in the country. Methods And Material The study is based on secondary sources of information, which has been collected from different sources. All these sources mainly include National Water Commission, World Water Council, Ministry of Agriculture and some of NGOs working on water management. In this context, some of religious scripts have also been consulted to justify the significance of water in different contemporary societies. In order to projecting the anticipating problems of water, different published statistical figures have also been reviewed. Apart from the publications, the reports of various seminars and conferences have also been reviewed to know the objective and subjective views on water crisis in some of pockets in India. Results And Discussion On the basis of some of statistical evidences, it has been observed that the global situation will face the ‗Grim- situation‟ in the coming years. In this context, the ‗World Water Council‘ has given a warning that-by the year 2025, much of world population will suffer water-scarcity,‘ and sadly bad omens have begun to manifest themselves right now. The Vice-President of the World-Bank had perhaps this in view when he said, ―The wars of this century will be about water.‖ It has been estimated that there is three fourth of the earth is water, but a very small part, just 2.5 per cent is fresh water which is found in our rivers, under the ground (30 per cent ) and in the form of snow and ice ( 60 per cent). Meaning thereby, that the total useable water supply to eco-system and humans from the river- systems; lakes; wetlands; soil moisture and shallow ground water is less than 1 per cent of all the fresh water (0.01 per cent of the total water on the earth) As per the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, only 0.007 per cent of water on the earth is readily available for human consumption globally.‖ Keeping in view this situation, it becomes an urgent need to have a periodic review of water availability in relation to changing scenario of its demand for human consumption and the demand generated by other sectors in the country. However, despite this; the per capita availability of fresh water is fast declining. 43 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

If the present consumption pattern continuous, says on official report, two out of every three persons on this earth will live in the water stress conditions-moderate or severe water shortage-by the year 2025, which is not far from today. In India, the per capita average annual fresh water availability has gone down from 5177 Cubic Meters in 1951 to about 1860 Cubic Meters in 2016. And is estimated to further come down to 1341 Cubic Meters in 2025 and 1140 Cubic Meters in 2050 ( Centre for Water Resources Development and Water Management, Kozhikode, 2016). The River System : There are two major river system which are snow and rain fed, and ii) the peninsular rivers system comprises the Indus, including its tributaries, the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej and Ganga-Brahamputa-Meghna (Barak) system. Peninsular river system comprises the west Mahanadi; Godavari; Krishna; Pennar and Cauvery. Besides these, there are numerous of several hundreds of coastal rivers which are, in most of the lases, small. Ground Water : It has been estimated that the Ganga-Brahampura- Meghana basin contribution is 60 per cent of the total water resources of India. The contribution of other river is only 11 per cent. The currently, the utilization of surface and sub- surface water resources is 63 per cent and 37 per cent respectively of the total utilized water resources. The actual picture in this regard is as follows: Disribution of Purpose-Wise Utilization of Water in India PURPOSE UTILIZATION (Billion Cu. M) Irrigation 501 (82.81) Domestic 30 (4.95) Industrial 20 (3.30) Energy 20 (3.30) Others 34 (5.62) Total 605 (100) Source : Ministry of Water Resources *Percentages are given in brakets Although irrigation will continue to be the major consumer of water in futur. The share of consumption in agriculture may produce, whereas the share of domestic, industrial and enegy water use may rise due to rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization. In this context, a tentative assessment for future requirement for consumption of various sectors, as assessed by the standing Sub-committee for assessing the availability and requirement of water uses for the purpose of domestic use, irrigation for agricultural activities, different types of industries, thermal power plants, hydro-power plants and other allied activities which requires huge quantity of water, available in various sources in India. All these resources can be summed up in the following table as follows: Periodic Distribution of Utilization of Water in India (1990-2025) (Billion Cubic Meters) USE 1990 2000 2010 2025 Domestic 32 30 56 73 Irrigation 437 501 688 910 Industry 20 12 23 Energy 2 5 15 Others 33 34 52 72 Total -- 605 764 1093 Source: Standing Sub-Committee, Ministry of Water Resources Keeping in view the projected figures of water of water utilization, it has been observed that there has been considerable deviation in projected figures of water consumption. However, it indicate a steadily growth after the year 2000 and on wards. It is obvious from the tabulated figures which indicate that the projected demands of water by 2025 only by exploiting almost all the 1093 Billion Cubic Meters of utilization of water by conventional means. Similarly, the trend of preceding years of population and per capita water availability is as follows:

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Periodic Per Capita Water Availability in India Population Per Capita YEAR (In Millions) Water Availability (In Cubic Meters) 1951 361 5177 1955 395 4732 1991 846 2209 2001 1027 1820 2025 1394 (Projected) 1341 2050 1640 (Projected) 1140 Source: Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India Keeping in view the decreasing trend of per capita water availability as well as the projected population growth in the country, the anticipated per capita availability of water in India, seems to be serious. And the probability of rising the problem of water crisis is seems to be very high. It is therefore, it becomes imperative to take up the problem seriously, so that we may meet this challenge in the coming years. Keeping in view the present trends of population growth, available sources of fresh water in the country in relation to demand of fresh water for different factors, the various planning and strategies may be formulated and implemented as follows:  Water sources development projects should be planned in accordance with demand to be created in future population growth, so that the per capita availability of fresh water may be estimated for the coming years.  There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning formulation as well as implementation. The other aspects like ecological aspects, rehabilitation of the affected people, command area development. The planning should be strictly in accordance with the regional character of the area, where the project is to be implemented.  There is an urgent need of revive the traditional practices of the water conservation in the rural and urban areas. The old and traditional water structure like Bawdi, the step well; the traditional agronomic practices by the farmers like Ausra-bandi, mulching of cultivable soils, contouring against the flow of water; making use of organic and green manure; recharging the ground water through old wells and soak pits in the rural areas are some of water harvesting and conservation techniques which should be implemented in accordance with the prevailing local conditions, so that the plans may become maximum responsive in accordance with the physiography of the areas.  In order to boosting up the irrigation facilities, Pradhan Mantari Krishi Sichai Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated to provide end-to-end solution in irrigation supply chain, viz. water sources, and distribution net work and farm level applications. The PMKSY programme will focus on: i) ensuring access of water to every agriculture farm (Har Khet KO Pani). All efforts are to be made to ensuring a holistic approach by the way of preparation of comprehensive district and state irrigation plans.  In order to managing the soils which have been affected by the flood irrigation system in the green revolution areas like Punjab; Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, a crop diversification programme has been started in these ‗Original Revolution States‟. It is because of these regions having been cultivated with rice dominant crop which require more water as compared with other grain and cash crops. As a result, million of hectare of land has been converted in to waste land and developed a water logging problem as well as ground water depletion problem within these ‗Green Revolution‟ regions of north western part of India. It is therefore, it become very essential to execute this programme  In an effective way, so that the further water-logging and ground water depletion may be prevented at its source.  Management of water sources for diverse uses should be incorporated with participatory approach by involving not only the government agencies but also the users and other stake-holders, in an effective and decisive manner; in various aspects of design, planning; development and management of water. It is very essential to take an active participation of the institutions like Gram-Panchayats and other local self governments for maintaining, operation and management of water infrastructure at the different levels.  On the front of science and technology, it become very essential to incorporate to various research institutions like Hydrometeorology; snow and lake hydrology; surface and ground water hydrology; river morphology and hydraulics; assessment of water resources; water harvesting; evaporation and seepage losses; recycling and reuse ; better water management practices and improvement in operational technology; crops and cropping systems; soil and material research; instrumentation advanced numerical analysis in structures and back analysis; seismology and seismic

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design of structures; the safety and longevity of water related structures; economical designs for water resources projects; risk analysis and disaster management; prevention of water logging & soil salinity. And reclamation of water logged and saline lands.  All the watershed management programme sponsored by the government of India or World Bank like ―Neerachal‖ for watershed component (Erstwhile Integrated Watershed Programme) of Pradhan mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana should be implemented strictly implemented with the guide line issued by the Ministry of Water Resources; Government of India; so that the funding for these projects may be utilized in a judicious way and the all efforts may achieve the desired results. It become imperative, when there is constant vigilance, fully transparency, responsiveness in accordance with the prevailing local conditions, cost-effective with active participation of the people, public representatives and an active support of the local self governments. Only then, water management ensures to lead the sustainable development for agriculture, drinking water, industrial and domestic need of water in India. Conclusions In view of the vital importance of water for human, animal and vegetation life, it become an imperative to conserve and harvest the water resource at the best level. Keeping in view the demand and supply of the water resources, it become very essential to review the water related problematic areas in accordance with the prevailing local conditions. Planning of water resources should be formulated and implemented strictly in accordance with different agro- ecological zones of the country. As far as it is possible the water management strategies should based on local resource- mobilizations, so that a ‗cost-effective‟ approach may be hold-good in the areas, where the water management projects are to be implemented. In order to formulate and implementation of water management policy, the people participatory approach with an active support of social institution, economic institution, political institution and religious institution is very essential for achieving the desired results of the water management. In addition, the role of local self governments, youths and considering the water management as a social responsibility by the corporate sectors may act as a value added strategy to execute the water management projects in an effective ways. Lastly, the role of NGOs, Voluntary organizations and like clean water Expo 2017, which was held in May this year, can play an active role to mobilize the local human resources in a better way, so that the water management projects may prove more effective and responsive in accordance with the prevailing local conditions. And it will ensure to get the water management results with more ‗Economic viability‟ as well ‗Ecological viability‘ in accordance with the regional character of the areas. By adopting the water management strategies will certainly ensure to lead to ‗sustainable development‘ of water-management programmes to be executed in different regions of the country. Only then we can we can ensure fresh water for everyone in accordance with changing ecological scenario. References 1) A.Vaidya Nathan (2003), ‗Inter-linking of rivers: Can it solve India‘s Water Problem, water Problem & Management‘ Hope India Publications Gurgaon-122017 (Haryana) 2) B. Zutshi and Vinod Kumari (2011), ‗Socio-econonomic Case study of Rainwater Harvesting and Water Conservation Measures in Jisalmer, Rajasthan.‘ Paper presented in 3rd International Geography Congress, held on May 2011, at Centre for Water Resource Development, Kozhikod-673571 () 3) Chawan Srivastava Vilassrao, Gangotri Nirbhavane & Sonia Varandani (2011), ‗Need for Re-storation of Ground Water Sources: Case study of Settlement in Ansoli Group Gram Panchayat of Thane District.‘ Paper presented in 3rd International Geography Congress, held on May 2011, at Centre for Water Resource Management, Kozhikode 4) Daviel P.Loocks & Eelco Van Beek (2005), ‗ Water Resources Systems Planning & Management- An Introduction to Methods, Models & Applications, UNESCO 5) Hooja, Rakesh; Arora Ramesh & Parnami, K.K (Eds) (2007), ‗Water Management‘ Rawat Publications, New Delhi. 6) Hand Book of Water Resources in India: Development, Management and Strategies.‘ The World Bank, Delhi Book Store, New Delhi. 7) Jain, Sharad. K, Agarwal, Pushpendra K. Singh, Vijay.P (2007), ‗Hydrology & Water Resources of India.‘ Water Science & Technology Library, New Delhi. 8) Kumar, Rakesh, R.D.Singh & K.D.Sharma (2011), ‗Water Resources of India.‘ National Institute of India.‘ National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee (UP) India. 9) Singh, Inder (2013), ‗Rising Water table and Water logging : A Threat to Sustainability of Agriculture in Rohtak District of Haryana.‘ Paper presented in 1st International Congress of Punjab Geographers on Disaster, Natural Resources Management & Socio-economic Development ‗ on Oct. 4-5, 2013 at Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana)

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Natural Resources and Environmental Issues

Ms. Ekata, Assistant Prof. (Extension), Dept. of Geography, Govt. College for Women, Rohtak Ms. Deepak Malik, Associate prof., Dept. of Geography, Govt. College for Women, Rohtak

Abstract Natural Resources and Environmental Concerns have been prevalent not only in India, but in all other countries of the world as well, but in most cases, India has been the major country that has experienced the depletion of Natural Resources and Environmental Degradation. In this Research Paper, our main focus has been laid upon India. India is the second most populous country in the world and with such an impact of population explosion, there is great exhaustion of Natural Resources which is leading to results in Environmental Degradation. The main areas that have been highlighted here in this paper are rural poverty and environmental degradation, effects of disasters and natural hazards, assessment of risks, impacts and opportunities from natural resources and the environment, precise insinuations for environment, sustainability and green development, greening rural development and economic growth and environmental sustainability. These all above issues have been taken into account and the measures also have been underscored that are essential in order to lead to preservation and sustenance of Natural Resources and the Environment. Keywords : Poverty; Environmental Degradation; Disasters; Natural Hazards; Sustainability; Green Development; Economic Growth. Introduction Environment and Natural Resources preservation is vital to the economic growth of any country or a region in many ways but also susceptible to the extent that their utilization, management and sustainability can be affected by performance and deeds of various actions within the society. Natural resources and environmental issues matters and apprehensions are cross-sectorial but also renders input in every sector in terms of reducing poverty and destitute conditions of people and therefore need to be accorded highest precedence within the overall framework of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) which intends at reducing the fraction of people living in unconditional poverty to a level below 10% by 2017. In view of the cross-cutting nature of environment and normal assets issues, actions to address them require involvement of all relevant sectors. It is from this background that during the PEAP revision in the year 2003, the environment and natural resources PEAP revision sub-committee under the auspices of the then Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment prepared principles for conventional environment and natural resources issues in the PEAP, and other government sectors and programs. The overall objective of these principles was to provide direction and leadership to different sectors on how they can integrate cross cutting environment and natural resources issues in their sectorial preparations and series. The purpose of this research therefore, was to assess the extent to which environment and natural resources issues have been integrated, and propose actions that can accelerate the mainstreaming of environment and natural resources issues in government sectors and programs. There have been identification of different issues that cause harm to the earth and regular assets; they have been named rustic neediness, populace blast, deforestation, industrialization, uncalled for waste administration, catastrophes and characteristic dangers. Rural Poverty And Environmental Degradation The thin layer of soil that covers the surface of the earth is the key to the well-being and survival of individuals, without proper environmental conditions there would be absence of crops, food, plants, animals, forests and even human beings; about 40% of the surface of the earth and more than one billion people are affected by land degradation; degraded lands are homes to the most poverty stricken sections of the rural people. In India, in rural areas, most of the individuals are living in the conditions of poverty; climatic factors, demographic factors, personal causes, economic causes and social causes are the main factors that lead to the conditions of poverty. Rural poverty-alleviation programs are located in ecologically frail and marginal environments. In these areas, the poor are often fastened into patterns of natural resource degradation by their lack of access to productive resources, institutional services, acknowledgment and technology. Without these resources, they are compelled to overload already eroding lands in order to survive. The increased pressure on the land, through deforestation, overgrazing and over cultivation causes a decline in soil fertility 47 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

and production, and thus aggravates poverty. This circular, cause-and-effect relationship between rural poverty and environmental degradation is apparent, unless degradation is addressed directly, the sustainability of rural development schemes will be destabilized and endeavors to lessen rural poverty will be endangered. Effects of Disasters And Natural Hazards The effects of disasters and natural hazards are destructive which lead to dire consequences. Four main kinds of effects have been identified. 1. Environmental Effects – The environmental effects can be destruction of lands, homes, buildings, and surroundings; there are huge losses caused in water supplies, food availability, as there is destruction of crops, immense loss of life is caused by natural calamities and there is presence of human bodies and animal carcasses which remain unburied. The environmental effects vary from disaster to disaster such as earthquakes may destroy buildings but not crops, on the other hand, a cyclone may cause destruction in both. 2. Effects On Health – Sudden natural disasters may cause not only widespread death but also massive social disruption such as famines, epidemic diseases; injuries are also caused by the natural disasters; when people get affected by disasters they tend to move to another place and this movement may lead to transmission of diseases, and there is prevalence of malnutrition, as the food and water supplies get destructed, there is scarcity of food and water quality and quantity. 3. Economic, Social And Political Effects – Disasters lead to destruction of economies, individuals have to leave their jobs and get involved in disaster related activities or they become jobless if their place of work gets affected by the disasters. There is loss of machinery and equipment as well; farmers, shopkeepers and fishermen are the individuals who are affected by the disasters in most cases. Huge monetary and financial losses are caused by disasters and economic, political and social conditions of the region get severely affected. 4. Administrative And Managerial Effects – Administrative problems become more complicated and tedious due to emergence of disasters. Loss of community leadership, when there is loss of leaders due to death or when they get injured then the leadership functions get affected; formal organizations are the ones that get most disordered by the occurrence of disasters, even though small community organizations can function without leaders but formal organizations cannot exist if there is no skilled personnel available, there is severe damage to critical facilities and lifelines such as electrical generating and transmission facilities, water storage, purification and pumping facilities, sewage treatment facilities, transportation facilities, police stations, hospitals and other private buildings. Assessment of Risks, Impacts And Opportunities From Natural Resources And The Environment In order to find solutions to the problems and issues concerning the environment and the natural resources, there have been the following questions that need to be answered : 1. How did natural resources and the environment throw in to the conflicting situations and how could they participate in conflict degeneration? 2. How were natural resources and the environment impacted by the incongruity and what are the suggestions for the welfare of human health, livelihoods, employment, education and security? 3. What opportunities are present for natural resources and the environment to concretely contribute to peace building? Precise Insinuations for Environment, Sustainability And Green Development When all the issues have been analyzed that affect the natural resources and the environment, then there have been precise insinuations for environment, sustainability and greenery development. Then the following domains of challenges need to be taken into account.  Climate And Energy Considerations – The climatic factors and the energy sources need to be taken under consideration, for example, the climatic factors are variable and the sources of energy, water, electricity have to be adequately preserved in order to lead to efficient environmental conditions, poverty alleviation and sustainability.  Natural Cycles And Their Connected Social Processes – Natural cycles including water, is meant for a number of purposes, there have been many social processes connected with water, as water is considered to be the main aspect for survival, it is used in agriculture for irrigation purposes, generating power, survival, in industries and factories and other purposes. These have to be taken care of in order to restrain the natural resources and the environmental issues.  The Urban-Rural Nexus – The rural individuals are migrating to urban areas in search for a better livelihood, job opportunities, education and well-being, this is causing a depletion in natural resources; such as urban areas are becoming more and more congested, there has been increase in deforestation in order to construct dwellings and houses for the people, roadways are getting diminished due to increase in vehicles and there has been a major increase in pollution of all kinds, air, water, sound and degradation of land and other surroundings. 48 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

 Urban Infrastructure And Transport Systems – With the impact of globalization, increase in industrialization, infrastructure, technology, vehicles and innovation methods; the urban areas are getting overcrowded and jam-packed. The rural individuals are migrating to the urban areas in search for better job opportunities in industries and other sectors, this has led to water pollution to a major extent and other depletion of natural resources; with the increase in the transportation, there has been an increase in air pollution and that is in turn causing many health problems to the urban dwellers. Under the point of urban infrastructure and transport systems, it has been understood that there has been a major increase in air pollution that has caused many health problems as there is lesser greenery due to increase in urban population and dwellings.  The Green Development In Future And Its Economic Impacts – Plantations, trees and other greenery is very essential in order to preserve natural resources and for the better livelihood of the individuals, animals, industries, agriculture, crops and forests. The economic impacts for green development are always positive, for instance, encouragement of greenery leads to a decrease in air pollution, the other factors such as water security, coastal communities, energy security, other infrastructural facilities, health related aspects, tourism, agriculture and forestry, food security, natural ecosystems, and above all sustainable development for all living things is implemented in an adequate and an effective manner. Greening Rural Development Greening provincial advancement alludes to the assortment of exercises that redevelop and ration the regular asset base, enhance and utilize cleaning materials, advances and procedures to make environment well-disposed items, employments, undertakings and occupations. There have been five extensive results of greening rural development.  Improved Resource Conservation - Rural development schemes especially MGNREGS and IWDP focus on restoration of natural resources. Conserving and regenerating land and water resources enhances their productivity, leading to increased agricultural outputs and improved livelihoods derived from agriculture, forests and pastures. These schemes can assist in reducing run-off and soil losses, recharge groundwater, increase vegetative cover and improve biodiversity, and thereby, expand the productivity of natural resources and ecosystems.  Improved Resource Efficiency – Rural development schemes aims to improve the efficiency of natural resources in rural livelihoods and essential services. Under IWDP, there is an opportunity to support farmers and agricultural workers to adopt practices to support irrigation water. This can be implemented by adopting appropriate crops, farming techniques, irrigation systems and improved field irrigation methods.  Reduced Negative Environmental Impacts – Greening rural development schemes can potentially reduce the negative environmental impacts of economic development such as pollution, waste generation etc. Solid and liquid waste management under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan scheme improves local sanitation and hygiene and in this manner the well-being and health of local residents.  Strengthened Climatic Resilience Of Communities – The resilience of local population can be enhanced by reducing the risk of climatic variations such as droughts, cyclones and floods. Afforestation, plantations, fodder management and vegetation belts in the coastal areas lead to livelihood resilience and enable the communities to cope with the climatic changes. Economic Growth And Environmental Sustainability India has been committed to economic growth and environmental sustainability. The first five year plan (1951- 1956) aimed at economic stabilization and investment in the agrarian sector. The plan supported community development taking into consideration the social and economic welfare of the rural sector. The second five year plan aimed at structural transformation with an emphasis on heavy industrialization. The first two plans laid the foundation for development planning in India. The development strategy of the country has mainly emphasized upon economic development. With the increase of velocity of economic growth, the works and the pressures to bring about changes and improvements began to strengthen and therefore the need to pay greater attention to the management of water, forests and land began to enlarge. These are largely associated with the development of the rural sectors not only in India but in other countries of the world as well. Environmental degradation has been expressed as loss of fertile soils, desertification, unsustainable forest management, reduction of freshwater availability and an extreme biodiversity loss rate. There has been a high correlation between economic growth, rural development and environmental sustainability. Sustainable use of environmental resources can contribute to augmentation and steadiness. It is essential to contribute to the environmental resources to increasing the productivity of investment in agriculture, infrastructure and natural capital. Success in achieving the conservation of the environment will contribute effectively towards rural development, water supply, land management and agricultural activities will 49 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

be fulfilled effectively. The Schemes of the Ministry of Rural Development are well organized to deliver green endings i.e., to restoring and enhancing the ecosystem services and natural capital. Natural capital is often esteemed and understood most excellent at the local level, and local knowledge is essential for useful solutions. Communities and societies need to be active supporters of the conversion to sustainable development, alleging their rights and also fulfilling their responsibilities in terms of sustainable management of natural resources. Rural development schemes provide a strong opportunity to cumulative small inventiveness in several locations to improve natural capital on a comprehensive scale. These self-governing institutions and their capacities will be answers to greater effectiveness of regulatory and market instruments in ecosystem rejuvenation and perfection of natural capital. Discussion And Summary The depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation are common and are prevalent worldwide, in India, there have been many reasons that lead to the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation, these are effects of natural calamities and disasters, population explosion, deforestation, increase in transportation, eviction of fumes and poisonous gases from the industries as well as vehicles cause air pollution, throwing of waste into the rivers and lakes cause water pollution and conditions of poverty; with the impact of urbanization and migration of rural individuals into the urban areas in search for better livelihood has led to an increase in all kinds of pollution and deforestation, in urban cities especially in the national capital of Delhi, trees and plantations have been cut down in order to construct residential areas for the urban dwellers and this has been the major source of environmental degradation. Delhi has been considered to be the most populous as well as the most polluted city in the world. Other dire consequences have been that as a result of environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources there has been an increase in the levels of paucity, individuals are getting more prone to living in destitute conditions in rural as well as urban areas. Deforestation has resulted in calamitous consequences, the rural people who are mostly dependent upon forests for their livelihood, when the forests and trees get chopped down their agricultural occupation suffers, they depend upon forests for their food and to obtain wood, hence undergo tough conditions as a result of deforestation. Natural calamities and disasters are natural as well as man-made; when they occur unexpectedly, they cause threatening consequences upon the lives of the individuals as well as plants and animals, the effects can be environmental, health, economic, social, political, administrative and managerial. In order to investigate the measures that would led to preservation and safeguarding of the environment and the natural resources, it is necessary to access the risks, impacts and the opportunities that are available from these two main aspects, how the life of the individuals would suffer threats, perils and be at jeopardy, what would be the impacts and what are the opportunities available have to be analyzed. For the environment, sustainability and green development, the specific suggestions have been concerning the climate and energy considerations, natural cycles and their connected social processes, the urban-rural nexus, urban infrastructure and the transport systems, and the green development in future and its economic impacts. The spread of greenery has been considered to be a crucial factor in order to curb weakening of natural resources and environmental degradation, there have been number of activities that are as a result of greening of rural development, improved resource conservation, improved resource efficiency, reduction in the negativities of environmental impacts, strengthening of the climatic resilience of communities and contribution to climate change mitigation. India is a developing nation, with the increase in industrialization and development of technology, innovation and other advancement, it is essential that measures and procedures should be implemented in order to curb all kinds of pollution, plant more trees, in other words, encourage greenery and follow particular waste management procedures; in order to preserve and safeguard natural resources, it is mandatory to follow appropriate measures and steps, as it is up to the human beings to curb man-made disasters such as industrial explosions to safeguard their lives. References 1. Keizire B B, Mugyenyi O (2006) Mainstreaming environment and natural resource issues in selected government sectors status, considerations and recommendations. ACODE, Kampala, Uganda. 2. Journal of Ecology and Ecography. 3. Schramm D, Dries R (1986) Natural hazards: causes and effects. 4. Study guide and course text. Disaster Management Center. 5. http://postconflict.unep.ch/humanitarianaction/documents/05_01-07.pdf. 6. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/citiesoftomorrow/citiesoftomorrow_environmental.pdf. 7. UNDP (2012) Greening Rural Development in India.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Food Consumption and Physical Activity Pattern of Non-Working Women of Rohtak District

Harprit Kaur, Home science Department, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Rajasthan, India

Dr. Shashi kala Yadav, Home science Dept., Govt. College for Women, Hisar, Haryana, India

Abstract : A House wife may also be called a stay-at-home mother (stay-at-home-mom). House wives often have less time available to maintain their health due to typical homemaking duties, which include maintenance of familial, dietary life and child care. The present study was conducted in Rohtak district of Haryana to assess the nutritional status of Non- working women of 25-40 years. A total of 300 Non-working women were selected from Rohtak district including Kalanaur block. In this study it was found that 64.67 per cent were having nuclear family and 88.33 per cent non working women were married. Forty four per cent of non working women were taking five meals daily and thirty seven per cent non working women were taking out side meal fortnightly. This paper also observed the physical activity pattern of non working women. Most of non working women played indoor games and did cooking at home. Keywords : food, physical activity, women Introduction: Non working women is a women whose occupation is running or managing her family‘s home- caring for her children; buying, preparing and storing food for the family; buying goods for family needs in everyday life; cleaning and maintaining the home, making clothes for the family etc and who is not employed outside the home. Women are the last person in family to eat whatever is left after feeding the whole family they consumed. Sometime it leaves to overeating or under eating. The physical exercises (asanas) may increase person‘s physical flexibility, coordination, and strength, while the breathing practices and meditation may calm and focus the mind to develop greater awareness and diminish anxiety [1], and thus result in higher quality of life. Other beneficial effects might involve a reduction of distress, blood pressure, and improvements in resilience, mood, and metabolic regulation [2]. Physical activity is a vital part of a comprehensive weight loss and weight control program. It can decrease abdominal fat, increase cardio respiratory fitness, and lead to weight loss in overweight and obese adults3). Lifestyle factors related to obesity such as eating behaviors and physical activity play a major role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes4) Review: Paterson and Warburton (2010) conducted a study on physical activity and functional limitation in older adults: a systematic review related to Canada‘s physical activity guidelines and reported that there is a consistency of findings across studies and a range of outcome measures related to functional independence; regular aerobic activity and short- term exercise programmers confer a reduced risk of functional limitations and disability in older age. Although a precise characterization of a minimal or effective physical activity dose to maintain functional independence is difficult, it appears moderate to higher levels of activity are effective and there may be a threshold of at least moderate activity for significant outcomes. Kane et al (2011) conducted a study on nutritional status of women and children in select areas of Jharkhand and reported that there was a significant relationship between family size and mother and child nutritional status. This paper showed a higher prevalence of malnutrition than the NFHS-3 India report. Result showed that there was a significant relationship between family size and woman‘s BMI. The relationships suggest that women who have larger families have a smaller BMI. The relationship is, that with increasing family size there is an increase in undernourished, stunted and wasted children. Garg (2012) conducted a study on effect of different methods of weight reduction on nutritional status of young adult women and reported that amongst the various methods for weight reduction self diet modification was seen in 56.7 %, walk 53.3%, aerobic 40%, slimming centers 30%, yoga 30%, sugar free tablet 30%, gyms 23.3%, medicines 33.3%, professional advice 16.7%, slimming powders 30% and surgery 3.3%. The average weight reduction was 20.9%. The

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reduction seen in BMI, WC, HC, and WHR were 20.9%, 7.7%, 7.1% and 0.7% respectively. Significant reduction (p≤ 0.005) was seen in intake of calories, fat and carbohydrates which was 35.6%, 63% and 32.8% respectively. Reduction in fried and sugary food products was also observed. Intake of calcium, iron, and zinc was improved by 29.3%, 32.7%, and 50.2% respectively. The mean increase in the hemoglobin was 4%, lipid parameters like LDL, triglycerides, serum cholesterol decreased while the HDL levels increased. It was concluded that using different methods of weight reduction and dietary modification has lead to an improvement in anthropometric and biochemical parameters. Material and method : The present study was conducted on non working women in the age group of 25-40 years of Rohtak district. There are five blocks in Rohtak district i.e Rohtak city, , Meham, Kalanaur, and Sampla. Out of these Rohtak city and Kalanaur were selected purposively. In Kalanaur, mainly seven colonies i.e Mahavir Mohalla, Chotta Panna, Bada panna, Jat Colony, Chamar Colony, Saini Pura, Railway Colony are there. Out of these two colonies were selected by chit method. In Rohtak city, list of colonies in north, west, south and east were prepared. One colony out of each direction was selected randomly. List of non pregnant & non working women in the age of 25-40 years will be prepared from each selected colony. Fifty non working women from each colony were randomly selected. Thus total samples of 300 non working women were taken as per the above detail given. A detailed questionnaire were developed and pre-tested and used to collect the information personally by the researcher related to the objectives of the present study. Meal pattern and fast food consumed was studied. On the basis of physical activity pattern 150 women were selected who were going for gym, yoga, brisk walk. Result and Discussion: Most of non working women (61%) were from 25-32 years age while 39% were in the age group of 32-40 years. Majority i.e. 88.33 per cent non working women were married whereas 11.67% were unmarried. Most of the women (64.67%) were having nuclear families while 35.33% were having joint families. Table 1: Socio- economic profile of non working women (n=300) Characteristics Frequency Percentage Age 25-32 years 183 61 32-40 years 117 39 Marital status Married 265 88.33 Unmarried 35 11.67 Type of family Nuclear 194 64.67 Joint 106 35.33 Fast food consumption pattern indicated that majority (43.33%) of the non working women were taking golgappe on weekly basis and 23.33% were taking fortnightly basis. Thirty nine per cent of the non working women were taking noodles on fortnightly basis whereas 24.33% were taking weekly basis. Most (36.66%) of the women were taking pakore on fortnightly basis while 18% weekly consumed. Most of non working women (47.33%) were consumed. Forty seven per cent women were taking sweet biscuit on weekly basis. Only 5% of the non working women were consumed fortnightly basis. Table 2: Fast Food Consumption of Non Working Women (n=300) Food Stuff Weekly Fortnightly 130 70 Golgappe (43.33%) (23.33%) 73 118 Noodles (24.33%) (39.33%) 55 110 Pakore (18.33%) (36.66%) 142 15 Sweet biscuit (47.33%) (5.0%) 95 118 Burger (31.66%) (39.33%)

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Most of non working women (44.33%) were consuming five meal and thirty five per cent of non working women consuming six meal. Only 20% were consuming four meals. Most (37.00%) of non working women were taking outside meal on fortnightly basis whereas 35.33% women were taking outside meal on weekly basis. Twenty five per cent non working women were taking outside meal on rarely bais. Twenty four per cent of non working women were consuming outside snacks/sweets daily while 22 % rarely consumed. Some of the non working women (18.33%) consumed outside snacks/sweets on fortnightly basis while 15.67% on weekly basis and thirteen per cent on alternate basis. Six per cent of the women did not consume any of the snacks/sweets. Table 3: Meal pattern of non working women (n=300) Characteristics Frequency Percentage Common dietary pattern 3 Meal - - 4 Meal 60 20 5 Meal 133 44.33 6 Meal 107 35.67 Eat outside Meal Daily 1 0.33 Alternatively - - Weekly 106 35.33 Fortnightly 111 37 Rarely 75 25 Not consumed 7 2.33 Outside snacks/ sweets Daily 73 24.33 Alternatively 39 13 Weekly 47 15.67 Fortnightly 55 18.33 Rarely 68 22.67 Not consumed 18 6 Non working women‘s were selected going for brisk walking, gym, and yoga. Most of them were getting up between 6-7 am. Majority were playing indoor games. Majority of women not doing utensil cleaning and clean of house on they have maids for working at home. Some of them 12% women who were doing brisk walking were also doing dusting their house. Majority of them irrespective of category were doing cooking for their families. Table 4: Physical activity pattern of non working women (n=150) Physical activity Brisk walk Gym Yoga (n=50) (n=50) (n=50) Getting up Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 4-5 am ------5-6 am 15 10.00 6 4.00 3 2.00 6-7 am 25 16.66 26 17.33 30 20.00 After 7 am 10 5.00 18 9.00 17 8.50 Playing game Indoor game 9 6.00 9 6.00 4 2.66 Outdoor game 1 0.66 - - - - None 40 26.66 41 27.33 46 30.66 House hold activity Utensil cleaning Yes 11 7.33 8 5.33 5 3.33 No 39 26.00 42 42.00 45 30.00

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Cleaning of house Yes 1 0.66 - - 1 0.66 No 49 32.66 50 33.33 49 32.66 Dusting Yes 18 12.00 24 16.00 29 19.33 No 32 21.33 26 17.33 21 14.00 Cooking Yes 45 30.00 49 32.66 49 32.66 No 5 3.33 1 0.66 1 0.66 All of above Yes 5 3.33 1 0.66 - - No 45 30.00 49 32.66 50 33.33

Conclusions: The study concluded that housewives were busy in their household activities along with other physical activities like brisk walking, yoga and gym. That indicated that they are aware of the importance of physical activity in daily life. They need to be educated about good food habits to maintain their health.

References : 1. G. Kirkwood, H. Rampes, V. Tuffrey, J. Richardson, and K. Pilkington, ―Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence,‖ British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 884–891, 2005.View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus 2. K. Yang, ―A review of yoga programs for four l Aeading risk factors of chronic diseases,‖ Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 487–491, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus 3. Arslan F: The effect of an eight-week step-aerobic dance exercise programme on body composition parameters in middle-aged sedentary obese women. Int Sport Med J, 2011, 12: 160–168. 4. Wing RR, Goldstein MG, Acton KJ, et al. : Behavioral science research in diabetes: lifestyle changes related to obesity, eating behavior, and physical activity. Diabetes Care, 2001, 24: 117–123. [PubMed] 5. Garg sandeep (2012) obesity & weight management. J obes wt loss ther, 2:9

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

The Future Need : Sustainable Development

Kartik Arora, Assistant Professor of Economics, Govt. College, Siwani, Bhiwani. Anil Yadav, Assistant Professor of Geography, Govt. College, Siwani, Bhiwani. Aseem Arora, Lecturer in Economics, Govt. Sen. Sec. School, Rawalwas Kalan, Hisar Suman Potlia, P.G.T. – Commerce, St. Francis Xavier School, Hisar

Abstract : Sustainable development is a common agenda for worldwide concern, but bringing this worldwide concern into public policies is a difficult task. The most accepted definition of sustainable development according to the Brundtland's report is, ―To meet the needs of present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs‖. It advocated the idea of ―sustainable growth‖. According to The World Conservation Strategy report (1980), by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), for development to be sustainable it must take into account the social and economic factors as well as the ecological ones. India is presently emerging as an economic superpower, but in contrast, there is another profile of India. We constitute around 17% of the world's population, which consist about 35% of the poor and 40% of the illiterates in the world. Experiences from the economic reform of 1991 indicate that while there have been improvements in economic growth, foreign exchange, IT revolution, export growth, and so on, inequality in income distribution has been growing simultaneously (ratio of urban to rural income is 4.5). Exclusion from benefits of economic revolution has been continued in terms of low agricultural growth (agriculture's share in GDP has been reduced to half, with no decrease in dependent population in the agricultural sector, low quality employment growth, concentration of poverty in certain groups (SC / ST), occupation (agricultural and casual labour), and region; and inadequate development of women and children. Our sex ratio continues to remain favourable to men. Studies based on hospital statistics in South Delhi indicate that sex-ratio at birth is as low as 500 females per 1000 males. All the above factors have resulted in the widening of economic and social disparity, which is a threat to sustainable development. The present economic growth helps to create more opportunities for the more educated section of the upper and middle class, with a „trickle-down‟ effect on a section of the poor. Key words: Sustainable development, Environment. Objectives of the Study: The main objectives of the study are as under: 1. To know the shortcomings of current economic development. 2. To know the requirement of future generation. 3. To know the need of sustainable development. Explanation of the Study: In India around 700 million people in the rural area are directly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors (agriculture, forests, and fisheries) and natural resources (such as water, biodiversity, mangroves, coastal zones, grasslands) for their subsistence and livelihoods. Climate change and its effects will further reduce the adaptive capacity of dry land farmers, forest dwellers, fisher folk and nomadic shepherds, which is already very low. Water, soil, and air, which are the vital environmental sources for maintaining life have been shrinking alarmingly. Annual per capita availability of renewable freshwater has been decreasing from 5,277 m3 in 1955 to 1,820 m3 in 2001. The main reasons for the water crisis are increasing demand, Regional disparity in distribution, lack of ethical framework for use, inadequate knowledge and resources, major land-use changes, long-term water level decline, and increase in salinity and pollution. India, with a large percentage of its land under agriculture, is also prone to the vagaries of weather conditions and climate

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change. About 228 MHa of its geographical area (nearly 69%) falls within the dry land (arid, semi-arid, and dry sub- humid) region and 142 MHa (68% of the total cultivated area) in the country is rain fed. To meet the challenging situation of widening economic and social disparity, inclusive growth is the best tool, but it is a dream without improvement in agricultural growth, employment generation, poverty reduction, and involvement of the social sector (health, education, and women empowerment). We must learn from China in this regard. Elements of the successful experience of the Chinese such as, high and labour-releasing agricultural growth, favourable income distribution through broad-based agricultural growth, availability of infrastructure, higher levels of literacy and skills, inducements for the location of enterprises in rural areas, and easy access to credit and inputs for the poor section of society, are extremely relevant for developing countries. Women empowerment through replacing the ―Life-Cycle Approach‖ of the girl child, which has a prime objective of marriage and motherhood by a ―Capability Approach‖ – as propagated by Amartya Sen, where the girl child's contributions both in economic and social terms are given due recognition. All Acts and Schemes related to the girl child, therefore, need to be thoroughly reviewed to raise the status of the girl child as an asset rather than burden, for example, conditional cash and non-cash transfer scheme, and so on. Measures of Sustainable Development: Concerted and sustained efforts are required to meet the challenges resulting from climate change and its effects. Ground water conservation practices like construction of khadin (popular in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, , Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Gujarat), check dams, farm ponds, recharge shafts, injection wells (in coastal region and to combat problems of heavily pumped out aquifers), and contour trenching, to arrest surface run-off at elevations, and similarly surface water conservation techniques, like construction of oranies (surface water collection ponds with improved catchments, commonly found in Tamil Nadu), are important measures to tackle problems of water scarcity and the decreasing ground water table. Generation of awareness and training among the masses for water conservation via roof top rain water harvesting and threshing floors can also be implemented. Involvement of the Gram Panchayat / Village Health and Sanitation Committee for operation, maintenance, and surveillance of water quality, as in the National Rural Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Project, can have a major impact. Other measures like recycling and reuse of water, using water-efficient household equipment such as low volume flushing cisterns, proper metering of water, rational tariff, and the concept of a water-efficient home, would reduce water demand and encourage conservation. Integrated development of drought-prone areas can be done by long-term preventive measures like forestation, pasture development, and livestock management, (by growing better top feed species, which can survive annual droughts and provide rich fodder). Contingency crop planning can be implemented by growing various combinations of crops, fruits, trees, and grasses, to minimize the risk of crop failure and to provide stability to farm income. Efficient land management and irrigation technologies like sprinklers and drip systems should be popularized, which aim at maximizing the production per unit of irrigation water. Other measures like human and livestock population management and generation of alternate ways of non-farm employment can go long way. A study titled, ―Comprehensive Assessment of Watershed Programmes in India‖ by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, has identified the reduction of wastelands by about 8.58 MHa during 2000 and 2005, by using various techniques of integrated development of the drought prone area. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) is presently one of the most credible programs that deal with chronic poverty and improving sustainable development in rural areas. Under NREGA, up to two-third of the activities are for water conservation (52%) and land development (14%), a step toward sustainable development For improving the present ecological conditions, India has taken a number of stringent steps, such as, (1) registration of the largest number of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects (31%) in the world. Carbon credits is a mechanism devised under the Kyoto Protocol to award encashable points to eco-friendly projects, on the basis of carbon emissions they control. (2) A Mumbai start-up, Sustainable Technologies and Environmental Projects Ltd (STEPS), has discovered a way to convert plastic, organic, and electronic waste into petroleum without the usual harmful residue. Such plants, which cost US$ 2 - 3 million each, can produce up to 25,000 liters of petroleum a day, at an operating cost of Rs. 12 per liter (excluding cost of raw materials). India is also trying to replace 10% of its transport fuels with environment friendly biofuels (mixing ethanol, doping diesel, and nonedible oil) in the next 10 years, to cut carbon emissions. (3) A new initiative of the US Green Building Council-Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (USGBC-LEED) – an organization that uses the 69-point criteria to award certificate at the platinum, gold, and other levels to buildings. 56 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

Today, our country has over 25 million square feet of registered green building expanse, which is all set to touch 100 million square feet by 2010-12. ITC Green Center in Gurgaon, is the world's largest green building, with a space of 170,000 square feet, and the first non-commercial complex in our country to be awarded a platinum rating by USGBC- LEED. (4) People participation in the form of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), as a means of reducing the social and economic disparity and improving ecological conditions through various activities via the corporate sector like health, education, natural resource management, infrastructure development, community support, non-farm and farm-based livelihood development. We have a path for sustainable development, but unless all our methods are directed toward it, we cannot achieve sustainable development. References: 1. United Nations. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. General Assembly Resolution 42/187. 1987 Dec 11; 2. Kurian NJ. Widening economic and social disparity: Implication for India. Indian J Med Res. 2007;126:374–80. 3. CMAI, 2007. Available from: http://www.cmai.org/activities/policy_advocacy/sexselection2.htm [last accessed on 2008 Jun 20] 4. Sathaye J, Shukla PR, Ravindranathan NH. Climate change, Sustainable development and India: Global and national concern. Curr Sci. 2006; 90:314–25. 5. Sharma S. India's water future: Dry day ahead. Infochange News and feature. 2005 Oct 6. Bhandari P, Bhadwal S, Kelkar U. Examining adaptation and mitigation opportunities in the context of the integrated watershed management programme of the Government of India. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2007; 12:919–93. 7. MRD. Annual report 2007-08. Ministry of Rural Development 8. Available from: http://www.cdm.unfccc.int/EB [last accessed on 2008 Jun 27]

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Food Habits of Adolescent Girls in Rohtak District, Haryana

Princy Katyal, Ph. D. Research Scholar, Singhania University, Rajasthan Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav, Assistant Professor, Govt. College for Women, Hisar

Abstract Adolescent is a transitional stage of human lifecycle where they face different kind of physiological change and that demands extra nutrients and energy-rich food for rapid growth and maturation. Adolescence are threshold of adulthood. Food habits acquired during this age may persist into adulthood. The dietary practices of adolescents have been described as not the best , mainly as a result of their busy schedule, peer pressure and the independent nature of their behaviour. The consumption of fast food has increased worldwide. Fast food meet the need of many adolescents because they are quick, reasonably priced and readily available. The present study was conducted in Rohtak district of Haryana to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls of 16-18 years. A total of 300 adolescent girls were selected from two different colleges in the study area and find out the socio-economic status and food habits of adolescent girls. Majority of the girls belonged to 17-18 years of age and middle category. Majority (84.67%) of girls were vegetarian and 47.67% girls were taking four meals a day. Regarding eating food outside the home 31.33% of girls were taking alternately. Keywords : Adolescent girls, Food habits, socio-economic. Introduction : Adolescent is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. Inadequate diet and unfavourable environmental condition in developing nations like India may adversely affect the growth and nutrition of adolescents. Malnutrition both under nutrition and over nutrition refers to an impairment of health, resulting from a deficiency or from an excess or imbalance of nutrients. In present India due to increase urbanization and various other factors, there is a drastic change in the dietary pattern of college going students and young adults. Poor eating habit is a major public health concern among college students who experience transition into university life, during which they are exposed to stress and lack of time (Ganasegeran et al, 2013). Diet plays an important role in growth and development of adolescents, during which the development of healthy eating habits is of supreme importance. There is a dual burden of under nutrition and over nutrition in this age group. Consumption of fast foods has become almost a global phenomenon. India‘s fast-food industry is expanding at the rate of 40% every year. India ranks 10th in the fast food per capita spending figures with 2.1% of expenditure in annual total spending (Ashakiran, 2012). Food is essential for growth and development of a child. A child cannot live without food. ‗Good food means the right kind of food for good health; it is nutritious. It contains natural substances that body needs to grow properly and stay healthy. We must choose the right food in daily diet for good health of our child (Hoque,2012) Review Of Literature Bhattacharya and Barua (2013) conducted a community based cross sectional study of 284 adolescent girls in age group of 10-19 years in urban slums of Dibrugarh, Assam and it was found that a significant association b/w the nutritional status of adolescents and the mother‘s literacy level and family size. Kotecha et al (2013) conducted a study on Dietary Pattern of School going Adolescents in Urban Baroda, India and reported that nearly 50% of adolescents had consumed chocolates, and about one-third consumed fast foods. Singla and Dhillon (2013) assessed the meal pattern and food intake for 60 adolescent girls aged 16-18 years of working mothers and reported that majority of subjects were in the habit of skipping at least one meal daily as they were not following healthy eating patterns and dietary habits. The daily intake of cereals, pulses and roots and tubers was marginally inadequate so there is a great need to impart nutritional counselling for longer duration to improve the

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nutritional status of adolescent girls by including high fibre foods like whole grain cereals, whole pulses, fruits and vegetables in their diet. A study on nutritional knowledge and dietary habits of adolescent girls of Haryana was carried out by Latesh and Garg (2015). They reported that more than 50% of adolescent girls had adequate nutritional knowledge about balanced and therapeutic nutrition. Skipping of meal and eating junk foods were observed. Adolescents were more figure conscious this in turn led to under nutrition in them. Material And Methods The present study was conducted on adolescent girls in the age group of 16-18 years. Total 300 adolescent girls i.e.150 from govt college and 150 from private college were selected proportionately for the study from the Rohtak district, Haryana. Socio-economic status and dietary information of the girls were assessed by a well structured interview schedule. Results Socio-economic profile of adolescent girls (16-18 years) has been presented in Table-1. Out of 300 respondents surveyed, 50 per cent were from Govt. College and 50 percent were from Private college. One hundred sixteen girls were in age group of 16 to 17 years and 184 in age group of 17 to 18 years. Majority of girls (87.33%) were from middle category followed by 10 and 2.67 per cent were from lower and high category, respectively. 57.33% of the subjects belonged to medium sized families while 24 and 18.67 per cent belonged to large and small families, respectively. Table-1 Socio-economic Status of Adolescent girls (n=300) Characteristics Frequency Percentage Colleges Govt. College 150 50.00 Private College 150 50.00 Age 16-17 years 116 38.67 17-18 years 184 61.33 Category Low 30 10 Middle 262 87.33 High 8 2.67 Family size Small (Up to 4 members) 56 18.67 Medium (5-8 members) 172 57.33 Large (9 & above) 72 24.00 Regarding dietary information the data in Table-2 revealed that majority of families (84.67%) were vegetarian. Majority of girls (47.67%) were taken four meals followed by 46.33, 5.33 and 0.67 per cent were taken three meals, five meals and two meals, respectively. Only five per cent girls carried lunch box. Ninty four girls were eating food outside the home on alternately basis followed by weekly, daily, fortnightly, rarely and not consumed, respectively Table-2 Dietary Information of Adolescent girls (n=300) Characteristics Frequency Percentage Eating habits Vegetarian 254 84.67 Non-vegetarian 17 5.67 Ova-vegetarian 29 9.67 Common Dietary Pattern Two meal 2 0.67 Three meal 139 46.33 Four meal 143 47.67 Five meal 16 5.33

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Packed Lunch Yes 15 5.00 No 285 95.00 Eating food outside the home Daily 55 18.33 Alternately 94 31.33 Weekly 78 26.00 Fortnightly 43 14.33 Rarely 22 7.33 Not consumed 8 2.67 Conclusion The present study was conducted to determine nutritional status of adolescent girls (16-18 years). For this study, a total of three hundred adolescent girls in the age group of 16-18 years i.e. 150 girls from govt college and 150 girls from private college were drawn proportionately from the Rohtak district. The study indicated that majority were taking vegetarian foods and following three meal pattern and carrying no lunch with them and were consuming food outside. The adolescent need to be educated the importance of food and good food habits as they are the future generation. References : 1) Ashakiran, R Deepthi. Fast foods and their impact on health. Journal of Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences University. 2012; 1:7–15. 2) Bhattacharyya Himashree and Barua Alak. 2013. Nutritional status and factor affecting nutrition among adolescent girls in urban slums of Dibrugarh, Assam. Open Access Article. 3) Ganasegeran kurubaran, Sami AR Al-Dubai, Ahmad M Qureshi, Al-abed AA Al-abed, Rizal AM and Syed M Alijunid.― Social and psychological factors affecting eating habits among university students in a Malaysian medical school: a cross-sectional study ―. Nutrition Journal 2013;11 (48). 4) Hoque MS, Banu Y, Majumder SR , Razzaque MA, and Shahzadi N. 2012. Food and nutrition. In. Subhan A, (eds) English for Today, trial ed. Dhaka. National curriculum and text book board 21. 5) Kotecha. P.V, Patel. V. Sangita., R.K. Baxi., V.S. Mazumdar., Misra. Shobha., K.G. Mehta., Diwanji Mansi., and Modi Ekta. 2013. Dietary pattern of school going adolescents in Urban Baroda, India. J.Health Popul Nutr 31(4):490-496. 6) Latesh and Garg Veena. 2015. A study on nutritional knowledge and dietary habits of adolescent girls of Haryana. Indian Streams Research .5(6) 7) Singla Priya and Dhillon Piverjeet Kaur. 2013. Study on dietary practices among adolescent girls of working mothers. Asian J.Dairy & Food Res, 32(4):305-311.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Socio-Economic Analysis : A Case Study of Village Chaudhariwali

Kirpa Ram, Astt. Prof. in Geography, F.G.M. Govt College, Adampur

Abstract : Disparity on the basis of caste has been common in social, economic and political spheres as well as settlement for generations in India. Social restrictions and degree of discrimination on castes may be attributable, at least in part, to cultural and historical factors and hence could differ from one social group to another. Though, education has been valued as a vehicle of social change but only a few selected sections of the society generally pursued formal education. Some sections were explicitly prohibited from receiving education thereby preventing equality in education. This naturally led to wide variations in education, occupation and other economic conditions among population belonging to various social groups. These are most acute in between the „caste Hindus‟ and the castes that were treated as „untouchable‟ now grouped as scheduled castes (Kulkerni, 2002:5). In the changing situation of modern India, democratic institutions are giving way to new social patterns and space articulation. Therefore, it would be a matter of great academic interest to conduct a socio-economic survey at village level. Key words : social problem, economic condition, literacy etc. Study Area: The village ―Chaudhariwali‖ a typical village in semi-arid region of of Haryana and inhabited by eight heterogeneous castes / communities professing mainly Bishnoi and Hindu religions is selected for the present socio-economic survey. Geographically, it is located at 29˚5‘‘‘ North latitude and 75˚45‘‘‘ East longitude (fig.1). It is the remotely located village of the region, situated 40 KM west of Hisar city along Rajasthan boarder, connecting through village road from Hisar-Badhra via Balsamand and Hisar-Badhra via Ghurshal i.e. state highway. The village ―Chaudhariwali‖ came in to existence about 180 years before as a nucleus settlement of 48 families belonging to Bishnoi community who came from Bikaner and Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Accordingly, Bishnoi of the village as per needs of their social and economic functions invited the other castes‘ people to reside in the village such as Brahmin, Suthar, Khati, Nai, Nayak, Chamar and Balmiki etc. and they resided in their respective social space in the village. In 2011, a total of 535 families of different social groups are residing in the village. Total population of the village is 2269 persons. As per survey, Out of 346 families, 65.23 percent families are nucleated followed by joint (27.87 percent) and extended (6.90 percent). Objectives of Study : The objective of the present study is; to evaluate the social and economic structure at household level. Research Methodology: The present work involves the use of various natures of data and maps collected from different sources from both published and unpublished categories. Secondary information is gathered from census of India, literatures, historical records, etc. The primary data has been generated through a census household survey of 346 households carried on September, 2015 in the village. The data has been collected through canvassing of structured questionnaires. The data relating to the socio-economic structure has been recorded at the household level on the basis of their availability and consent. Historical informations are analysed and synthesised. The literacy rate has been computed excluding age group 0-6 year‘s population. Literacy rate is calculated with the help of under mentioned formula: literates divided by population and multiplying by hundred. Further, literate‘s population are divided into formal and primary, middle, matric, senior secondary, J.B.T., ITI /Polytechnique and higher education. Sopher‘s disparity index, modified by Kundu and Rao (1985) has been used to assess the gender disparity in

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 X2   200  X1  level of literacy with the help of under mentioned formula: DS = Log    Log   Where,  X1   200  X2  DS is gender disparity index, X1 is percentage of literate females to total female population and X2 is percentage of literate males to total male population. On the basis of age and sex, the population is divided into three categories such as below 15 years, 15-59 years and above 60 years. The map of age and sex pyramid has been prepared to highlights the age and sex attribute of the village. Sex ratio is calculated as number of females per thousand males. Dependency ratios have been computed P14  P60 with the help of under mentioned formula: DR = * K Where, DR is dependency ratio, P 14, P 60 and P 15  59 P15-59 denote the population in the age groups 0-14, 60 and above and 15-59 respectively, K = 100. Mean age at marriage for males and females are calculated by average (mean) method. Literacy rate of married male and female has been calculated with the formula; married male and female literates are divided by total married male and female respectively and then, multiplying by 100. Literate married male and female are classified into formal, primary, middle, matric, higher secondary and higher education level of education. Further, married male and female are grouped on the basis of their present age into following categories such as below 25 years, 25 to 40 years, 40 – 55 years and above 55 years. Then, on the basis of age at marriage, these groups are also classified into following stages of age at marriage such as up to 15 (child age stage), 15 to 18 (adolescent age), 18 to 21 (legal age at marriage for female), and 21 and above (legal age at marriage for male). The work force in the present study includes both the main and marginal workers. According to Census of India, 2001, the main worker is one who has worked for 183 days or more in a year in one or more than one economic activity. On the basis of their economic activities (workers‘ occupation), the workers are classified into following categories i.e. Cultivator, Labourer, Govt. Job, Private Job, shopkeeper and others. Monthly income has been calculated at household level. In order to assess variations in monthly income by household within village, it has been categorised into ten categories. The variation in size of landholdings is also viewed in six categories. Result and Discussion: Social structure and composition of population in the village ―Chaudhariwali‖. The survey carried out to identify social characteristics of the household has identified eight castes in the village. Brahmin, traditionally a priest caste, accounts numerically only 1.16 percent households in the village. Bishnoi is the dominating caste in the village accounting for 73.41 percent of total households. Bishnoi caste, traditionally agricultural community, plays a significant role on the economic structure and function in the village. Bishnoi is a sectarian caste which came in to existence as a congregation of people belonging to different occupational castes on the basis of 29 rules framed / teaches by Guru Jambeshwar ji. Chamar, a scheduled caste, registers second numerically important social groups in the village. Traditionally, they are working as an agricultural labourer in the village. Suthar, Khati, Nai and Nayak, traditionally, socially and economically backward artisan communities are observed collectively 8.09 percent households. Balmiki another scheduled caste accounts only 1.73 percent households in the village. Table 1 reveals the level of literacy and gender disparity index in the village. It is evident that in 2011, the literacy rate is 64.92 percent in the village with significant gender disparity index (.31). During 1991 – 2011, the study area made a significant progress in literacy rate i.e. 21.27 percentage points with reducing gender disparity but sill observed lagging behind as compare to rural Haryana.

Table 1 Village: Chaudhariwali Level of Literacy (in percentage) Caste Total Male Female Disparity Index 1991 43.65 63.51 19.14 0.64 2011 64.92 78.91 48.72 0.31 Ru. Hary. in 2011 71.42 81.55 60.02 .21 Source: Census of India

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Table 2 Village: Chaudhariwali Level of Educational Development Sept. 2015 (in percentage) Total Male Female Disparity Index Formal & Primary 25.39 18.94 37.02 -0.34 Middle 20.99 18.42 25.63 -0.16 Matric 27.87 29.64 24.68 0.09 10+2 18.73 21.92 12.97 0.25 J.B.T. 1.12 0.35 2.53 -0.86 I.T.I./Poltech 1.91 2.45 0.94 0.42 Higher Education 12.07 9.99 4.95 0.32 Source: Primary Survey

Table 3 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Population by Age And Sex Groups Sept. 2015 (In Percentage) Below 15 years 15-59 years Above 60 years TP M F TP M F TP M F Village 22.62 22.45 22.81 67.25 67.57 66.92 10.11 9.98 10.27 Level Source: Primary Survey

Table 3 indicates the age specific distribution of population in the village. The population has grouped into three age group categories i.e. below 15 years, 15-59 years above 60 years. About 67.25 percent of total population of the village is observed in the age group 15-59 years. The proportion of males and female are about 67.57 and 66.92 percent respectively. The age group below 15 years comprises about 22.62 percent of total population in the mohalla in which the proportions of males and females are 22.62 and 22.45 percent respectively. Comparatively, the proportion of above 60 years population is very low i.e. only 10.11 percent in which the share of females (10.27 percent) are more. Fig. 1 reflects the various characteristics of age and sex attributes in the village. The number of dependent in children age group is much more than older dependent age group. In near future, it is very good sign for the village

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society because population below 25 years entering in to working categories are in significant proportion of the total population than those who will retire from working category. Concluding by the age and sex pyramid shows that birth rate have started to decreasing with balance in sex, yet will have to necessary to reduce it more by family planning in near future. Table 4 Village: Chaudhariwali Pattern of Sex Ratio Oct. 2014 (In Percentage) Years Female Per Thousands Males Over all 1991 820 2011 878 Sept. 2015 880 Table 4 reveals increasing trend of sex ratio in the village during 1991 to September 2015. There are 880 females per thousand males in the village at the time of field survey which is very near to rural sex ratio (882) of Haryana in 2011 but far away from balanced sex ratio. It is observed from table 6 that the mean age at first marriage for males and females are about 21.40 and 17.80 years in the Village. It is a good indication for the village society that the legal age at marriage in India i.e. 21 years for male and 18 years for female has been touched. Table also reveals that in young age group (below 25 years), the trend of mean age at marriage for male has been observed with slightly declined as compare to older age groups in spite of increasing trend of literacy rate and in proportion of higher education in respective age groups but in case of female, it is slightly improved in spite of significant improvement in literacy rate. Table 5 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Ever Married Persons by Age at Marriage among different Age Groups Sept. 2015 (In Percentage) Age Groups <25 25 – 40 40- 55 >55 M F M F M F < 15 6.45 11.11 2.59 18.75 5.26 13.04 5.50 21.90 15 - 18 29.03 33.33 17.10 35.80 14.04 37.39 14.68 31.43 18 - 21 38.71 45.68 36.27 28.41 39.47 39.13 30.28 30.48 21 > 25.81 9.88 44.04 17.05 41.23 10.43 49.54 16.19 Distribution of Ever Married Persons by Educational Development among different Age Groups Educational <25 25 - 40 40- 55 >55 Level M F M F M F M F Literacy Rate 100.00 92.59 96.89 49.15 70.18 33.04 65.14 100.00 without 0.00 8.00 3.74 13.56 8.75 36.84 11.27 59.46 educational level Primary 12.90 22.67 13.90 40.68 28.75 36.84 25.35 37.84 Middle 12.90 18.67 13.37 17.80 15.00 10.53 25.35 0.00 Matric 9.68 25.33 27.27 15.25 30.00 7.89 23.94 0.00 10+2 41.94 14.67 21.93 8.47 13.75 7.89 2.82 2.70 Higher 22.58 10.67 19.79 4.24 3.75 0.00 11.27 0.00 education Table 5 presents the distribution of ever-married persons by their age at first marriage and present age groups in the village. It is good indication that the proportion of married females after attaining the legal age at marriage has

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continuously increased significantly, but, it is a matter of concern that married males after attaining the legal age at marriage have shown declining share with the passage of time (from old to young age group). Again, it is a matter of concern that the practice of child marriage (below 15 years) with the passage of time is still observed in significant proportion both in case of male (6.45 percent) and female (11.11 percent). This situation is observed in spite of significant improvement in literacy rate and proportion of matric and onwards level of education in this age group. Table 6 displays that about 44.10 percent persons are engaged in gainful employment with gender difference i.e. 25.93 percent point. It is good to reveal that there are noticed increasing trend of the work participation rate during 1991 to field survey 2015 with as well as twice increased in female work participation rate.

Table 6 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Workers by Work Participation Rate (In Percentage) Years Total Male Female 1991 36.11 52.91 15.63 September 2015 44.10 56.35 30.42 On the basis of field survey, occupational structure in the village has been categorized into following types such as Cultivator, Labourer, Government job, private job, shopkeeper and others.

Table 7 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Workers by Occupational Structure Sept. 2015 (In Percentage) Types of Occupation Total

Cultivator 48.94

Labourer 36.77

Govt. Job 5.47

Private Job 4.35 Shopkeeper 2.48 Others 1.99

Source: Primary Survey

Table 7 exhibits that about 85.71 percent workers in the village are engaged in primary economic activities. Majority of them are cultivators (48.94 percent) followed by labourer. Remaining 14.29 percent workers are engaged in tertiary activities including Govt. servants (5.47 percent) private jobs (2.48 percent) and others (1.99 percent). The analysis of data reveals that about 48.70 percent of total population is dependent on working age population in the village. Table 8 shows the pattern of per household monthly income in the village. The average monthly income per household in the village is Rs.12, 503. A majority of (69.70 percent) households are observed below average monthly income.

Table 8 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Households by Monthly Income (Sept. 2015) Per Household Monthly Number of Households In Cumulative percentage of Income (Rs.) household percentage households below 5000 88 25.43 25.43 5000-10000 97 28.03 53.47 10000-15000 59 17.05 70.52 15000-20000 33 9.54 80.06 65 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

20000 – 25000 18 5.20 85.26

25000 – 30000 13 3.76 89.02

30000 – 35000 17 4.91 93.93 35000 – 40000 3 0.87 94.80

40000 – 45000 8 2.31 97.11

45000 and above 10 2.89 100 Source: Primary Survey

Table 11 exhibits the size of landholdings in the village. The average size of landholdings in the village is 4.44 ha per household. A majority of (68.50 percent) households are identified as below average size of landholding in which more than one fifth (20.81 percent) households are identified as landless.

Table 9 Village: Chaudhariwali Distribution of Households by Landholdings (Sept. 2015) Number of Households In Cumulative percentage of Size of Landholdings household percentage households Landless 72 20.81 20.81 1-2 57 16.47 37.28 2-5 113 32.66 69.94 5 – 10 59 17.05 86.99 10 -20 36 10.40 97.40 20 and above 09 2.60 100 Source: Primary Survey

Conclusions : Concluding, the study answer the research question that village society can be observed as comparatively good economic condition with lagging behind in social and gender conditions. Reference : 1) Kulkarni, P. M., 2002. Interstate Variations in Human Development Differential AmongSocial Group in India. National Council of Applied Economics Research, New Delhi. 2) Kundu, A. and Rao, J. M., 1985.Inequality in Educational Development: Issues in Measurement Changing Structure and its Socio-Economic Correlates with Special Reference to India .In Educational Planning: A Long Term Perspective, ed. Moonish Raja, New Delhi. 3) Singh Jasbir and Dhillion, (1994). Agricultural Geography.McGrow-Hill, New Delhi, 4) King T. (1953) Water miracle of Nature, McGrow-Hill, New Delhi, 501p 5) Bhalla, G. S. and Singh, G. (1997). Recent Development in Indian Agriculture: A State Level Analysis‘ Economic and Political Weekly 32(13). 6) Shafi, M. (1960). Measurement of Agricultural Efficiency in Uttar Pradesh, Economic Geography, Vol. 36, pp. 296- 305.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Growth Dynamics of Manesar Gurgaon Urban Complex : A Case Study of Impacts on Land, Water and Air

Dr. Kuldip Singh Kait Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Govt. College for Girls, Sector-14, Gurugram

Abstract : Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas. In 2007, for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population, and the world population has remained predominantly urban thereafter. The planet has gone through a process of rapid urbanization over the past six decades. In 1950, more than two thirds (70 per cent) of people worldwide lived in rural settlements and less than one-third (30 per cent) in urban settlements. In 2014, 54 per cent of the world‟s population is urban. The urban population is expected to continue to grow, so that by 2050, the world will be one third rural (34 per cent) and two-thirds urban (66 per cent), roughly the reverse of the global rural-urban population distribution of the mid-twentieth century. In 2014, high levels of urbanization, at or above 80 per cent, characterized Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern America. Europe, with 73 per cent of its population living in urban areas, is expected to be over 80 per cent urban by 2050. Africa and Asia, in contrast, remain mostly rural, with 40 per cent and 48 per cent of their respective populations living in urban areas. Over the coming decades, the level of urbanization is expected to increase in all regions, with Africa and Asia urbanizing faster than the rest. Nevertheless, these two regions, which are projected to reach 56 and 64 per cent urban by mid-century, respectively, are still expected to be less urbanized than other regions of the world. India has the largest rural population (857 million), followed by China (635 million). Together, these two countries account for 45 per cent of the world‟s rural population. India is no exception to this process of urbanisation. Though our rate of urbanisation was comparatively low, the size of our urban population is very large. In our country, big cities and metropolitan areas have been growing very rapidly, especially after independence, whereas small and medium towns have either been stagnating or growing very slowly. This is because of more economic opportunities and better urban environment, which allure people flock towards big cities. A significant portion of the growth of urban population in our country had been on account of the migration from rural areas to the towns. On an average, this has accounted for one-third of urban growth. The figure is much higher in case of larger cities, like Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. Perhaps, no other aspect of urbanisation has received so much attention in recent times as the trend towards the concentration of population in larger cities. Growing Population and consequent demand for housing and other construction, services etc have altered land- use practices and severely degraded Manesar Gurgaon Urban Complex‟s environment. On the one hand green space and net sown area of Gurgaon is constantly shrinking Water supply is mainly based on groundwater through tube wells, both for irrigation and drinking purposes. 24% of the urban population is dependent on tubewell / borewell for drinking water. The water table is declining. Ground water is not suitable for drinking as it is alkaline in nature and is moderately to highly saline. Waste generated by industrial units is dumped untreated either on land or into the city sewage drains. Poor Quality of air is a concern for Gurgaon and requires strict monitoring for industries and construction sites. According to the latest report, among the 28 cities and towns surveyed for air quality index by Central Pollution Control Board, Gurgaon was „SEVERE‟. The finer particulate matter (PM 2.5) level was recorded at 434 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³) against the permissible limit of 60 µg/m³. Keywords : Urbanization, Global, Population Change, Migration, Water Table, Air Quality, Environmental Problems Introduction : Globally, more people live in urban areas than in rural areas. In 2007, for the first time in history, the global urban population exceeded the global rural population, and the world population has remained predominantly urban thereafter. The planet has gone through a process of rapid urbanization over the past six decades. In 1950, more than two thirds (70 per cent) of people worldwide lived in rural settlements and less than one-third (30 per cent) in urban settlements. In 2014, 54 per cent of the world‘s population is urban. The urban population is expected to continue to grow, so that by 2050, the world will be one third rural (34 per cent) and two-thirds urban (66 per cent), roughly the

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reverse of the global rural-urban population distribution of the mid-twentieth century. In 2014, high levels of urbanization, at or above 80 per cent, characterized Latin America and the Caribbean and Northern America. Europe, with 73 per cent of its population living in urban areas, is expected to be over 80 per cent urban by 2050. Africa and Asia, in contrast, remain mostly rural, with 40 per cent and 48 per cent of their respective populations living in urban areas. Over the coming decades, the level of urbanization is expected to increase in all regions, with Africa and Asia urbanizing faster than the rest. India is no exception to this process of urbanisation. Though our rate of urbanisation was comparatively low, the size of our urban population is very large. In our country, big cities and metropolitan areas have been growing very rapidly, especially after independence, whereas small and medium towns have either been stagnating or growing very slowly. This is because of more economic opportunities and better urban environment, which allure people flock towards big cities. A significant portion of the growth of urban population in our country had been on account of the migration from rural areas to the towns. On an average, this has accounted for one-third of urban growth. The figure is much higher in case of larger cities, like Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta and Madras. Perhaps, no other aspect of urbanisation has received so much attention in recent times as the trend towards the concentration of population in larger cities. Objectives of the Study :  To study urban growth of Manesar –Gurgaon Urban Complex from 1971-2011  To study impact of urban growth on landuse, water resources and air quality. Data base and Methodology of the Study : Data Base -  The main source for the collection of secondary data is the Census. The following Census of India pertaining to data on towns and cities (1961 to 1991), are consulted for collection of data. 1. Table A-IV Towns and Urban Agglomerations classified by population in 1971 with variation since 1901, Census of India 1971, Haryana, series No.6, District Census Handbooks, Part X-C. 2. Table A-4 Towns and Urban Agglomerations classified by population in 1981 with variation since 1901, Census of India, 1981, General population Table and Primary Census Abstract, Haryana, series No.6, Part II A & B, pp.95-108. 3. Statement-1 Status of growth history, census of India, 1991, series 8, Haryana, Part XII A & B, District Census Handbooks. 4. Table B-II Workers and Non-workers in cities and non-city urban areas according to main activity classified by sex and age-group, census of India, 1971, Haryana, series. No.6, D.C.H., District Census Tables, Part X-C. 5. District Primary Census Abstract, District Census Handbooks, series 8, Haryana, Part XII A & B, Census of India, 1991. 6. Newspapers dailies and other published materials on air quality etc. secondary source used in this study. The source of primary data is the field-work related to drinking water and sanitation in a number of urban villages and other areas and occasional visit since 1999 to study the impact of urban growth on the existing wetland of Sultanpur Lake, lake, Damdama-Sohna Lake, other wetlands and natural drainage or rainy season rivulets and encroachment on the these water bodies by the builders, developers and vested interest. Methodology To study urban growth of Gurgaon Manesar Urban Complex, published and unpublished Census data have been computed. District Draft Development Plan of Town and Country Planning, Govt. of Haryana has been thoroughly studied to understand the projected land use and land change in study area. Introduction to the study area : The town of Gurgaon emerged in 1972 with setting up of Maruti industry. Over the years became a industrial town & an important automobile centre of Haryana. The availability of high level infrastructure of Airways, Railways, Highways, world famed medical and educational institutions in its close proximity at National Capital of Delhi have become the main factors of attraction for international companies for setting up their business at Gurgaon. In order to meet the demands of foreign investors and also to set up hi-tech non-polluting industrial units, the Haryana Government initially with the collaboration of Japanese entrepreneurs started setting up Industrial Model Township at Manesar in 1992 through Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation. The said Corporation has developed about

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700 hectares land at Manesar and now the developed land is being made available to all entrepreneurs of the world including India. The International Centre for Automotive Technology (ICAT), Manesar provided consolidation of the study area. has shown highest urban population growth of between 2001 and 2011, i. e. 236.45 per cent. This highest population growth of urban population is mainly due to the merging of 33 villages in Gurgaon Municipal Corporation between 2001 and 2011 (District Census Handbooks). Total Population of Gurgaon Municipal Corporation (GMC) and Out Growth (OG) is 886,519 (2011) and the area is 184.59 square kilometers ((District Census Handbooks). There are 3,86,254 total workers in the district and out of total workers of the district 87.38 per cent workers (337, 517) lives in Gurgaon Municipal Corporation plus Out Growth. Map 1 : Location Map1 Source : Haryana Government Town and Country Planning Deaprtment https://tcpharyana.gov.in/Development_Plan/Gurgaon/Gurgaon/FDP_2031/FDP_2031_GMUC.pdf

Map 2 : Draft Master Plan 2031 Source : Haryana Government Town and Country Planning Deaprtment https://tcpharyana.gov.in/Development_Plan/Gurgaon/Gurgaon/FDP_2031/FDP_2031_GMUC.pdf

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Table 1 : Population Growth in Gurgaon-Manesar Urban Complex Percentage Population Literacy Years Total Population Area Sex Ratio Growth Density Rate 1971 197614 --- 580 341 ------1981 273979 39 580 472 1153 51 1991 373330 36 580 644 1158 72 2001 560365 50 580 966 1208 82 2011 2025000 261 ------2021 3700000 Proposed in the Master Plan 2021 2025 4000000 Proposed in the Master Plan 2025 2031 4250000 Proposed in the Master Plan 2030 Source : Gurgaon-Manesar Urban Complex Master Plans -2021, 2025 & 2031 In this research paper an attempt is also made to study the growth of Gurgaon and its impact on environment, pressure on land, water pollution, soil degradation, air pollution and habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity. Map 3 : Gurgaon-Manesar Keyplan Source : Haryana Government Town and Country Planning Deaprtment https://tcpharyana.gov.in/Development_Plan/Gurgaon/Gurgaon/FDP_2031/FDP_2031_GMUC.pdf

Pressure on land Growing Population and consequent demand for housing and other construction, services etc have altered land-use practices and severely degraded Gurgaon‘s environment. Gurgaon‘s green space is constantly shrinking. Net sown area which refers to that part of the cultivated land on which sowing is actually done at least once during a year has decreased from 84,000 ha in 2007-08. Which declined forest cover which is a meager 2,381.55 Hacatres. 70 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

Table 2 : Land use Transformation in Gurgaon between 1991 to 2010

Land Use (in %) 1991 2003 2010 Continuous Urban Fabric 0.12 0.54 1.28 High dense Fabric 1.86 3.26 4.13 Low dense urban 5.74 6.6 8.01 Industrial, commercial and transport 0.51 1.34 3.25 Construction sites 1.62 4.21 2.29 Sub Total Urban 9.86 15.95 18.96 Urban greenery 0.89 1.18 1.37 Agriculture 74.78 69.74 -- Wetlands 13.61 12.94 13.45 Forest 0.312 0.312 0.319 Total 99.455 100.122 99.409

Source : http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/HAR3-Gurgaon-30-06-11.pdf

Inadequate and Poor Quality Water: Water supply is mainly based on groundwater through tube wells, both for irrigation and drinking purposes. Stage of Ground Water Development & Categorization of Blocks as on 31-3- 2011 and there are 24 per cent of the urban population, which is dependent on tubewell / borewell for drinking water (DCHB). The water table is declining at an average rate of 1.12 metre every year according to CSE study (Source: Lohani). Ground water is not suitable for drinking as it is alkaline in nature (pH 7.25 to 8.13) and is moderately to highly saline. Gurgaon has a number of mechanical, electrical, textile, electroplating and chemical industries. Waste generated by these units is dumped untreated either on land or into the city sewage drains. Air Pollution : Poor Quality of air is a concern for Gurgaon and requires strict monitoring for industries and construction sites. According to the latest report, among the 28 cities and towns surveyed for air quality index by Central Pollution Control Board, Gurgaon was ‗SEVERE‘. The finer particulate matter (PM 2.5) level was recorded at 434 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m³) against the permissible limit of 60 µg/m³. Conclusions : The location of the study area is very significant, as it lies adjacent to the NCT of Delhi and all 120 settlements are unique with their own characteristics in the complex. Planning for rural development is an integral part of regional economic development and as a service centre Gurgaon city provides services to all 119 rural settlements. The establishment of Maruti industry and emergence of IT sector it started to develop and growth is centered along the NCT of Delhi boarder now it is extended along the NH-8. This is in the demand as people like to migrate to this place due to easy connectivity by NH-8. The complex is also famous for the religious place of Mata Shitla and Maa Kali. Settlements along the corridors Manesar, Bar Gujjar, , Sakatpur, , Mohammadpur and Narsinghpur had high population growth. The complex is developed as an IT sector in Gurgaon city, Gurgaon (Rural) O.G., Jharsa O.G., Silokhara O.G., C.T., Cartarpur Alias Daultpur, Inayatpur, Manesar, Naharpur Kasaro, Khoh, Bar Gujjar Giaratpur and Molhera. It could be stated that there is a progressive change in all the four decades and number of settlements are increasing with high population size. Thus, the study shows polarized development in the context of urban influence and functional hierarchy in the study area and the rural development over the years has been developed since 1981 to 2001.

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The Way Forward :  A balanced approach, which duly recognizes the existing and potential economic and social role of towns and attaches greater importance to them for policy, investment, and enterprise development interventions.  Rainwater harvesting should be made compulsory for one and all.  GIS mapping should be done for underground water channels and aquifer recharging zone.  None should be allowed to encroach on public land and water bodies.  There should be a time bound approach to decongest already congested areas of this complex to settling off in new industrial town to other remote areas

References : 1. Census of India, 1971. District Census Handbook, Gurgaon district, Haryana. New Delhi: Government of India. 2. Census of India, 1981. District Census Handbook, Gurgaon district, Haryana. New Delhi: Government of India. 3. Census of India, 2001. District Census Handbook, Gurgaon district, Haryana. New Delhi: Government of India. 4. Census of India. 1991. District Census Handbook, Gurgaon district, Haryana. New Delhi: Government of India. 5. https://www.tcpharyana.gov.in/Development_Plan/Gurgaon/Gurgaon/FDP_2031/FDP_2031_GMUC.pdf 6. Regional Plan 2001. 1989. National Capital Region, National Capital Region Planning Board, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. 7. Regional Plan 2021. 2005. National Capital Region, National Capital Region Planning Board, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. 8. Town & Country Planning Department, Govt. of Haryana, Notification, dated 15 November, 2012. 9. Town and Country Planning Organization. 2007. Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region (NCR). Ministry of Urban Development: Government of India.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Spatio -temporal Investigation of Expansion: A Case Study of Hisar City

Manju Sharma Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Dayanand College, Hisar, Haryana

Abstract: The physical growth of the cities and towns are depending on the adjoining land. Subsequently, the peripheral land provides a base to this expansion. The present study is based on secondary sources, years 1965 Topographical sheet (Survey of India), 1989 (LANDSAT TM) image downloaded from www.glovis.usgs.gov/, 2002 and 2011 LISS-III data acquired from Haryana Space Application Center (HARSAC), Hisar, Haryana. The slum's data has been composed from Slum Primary Census Abstract, 2001 and 2011 whereas the information regarding unauthorized colonies has been obtained from MC, office, Hisar. A topographical sheet of the study area has been used for the geo-referencing of M.C. map of the city. ERDAS 9.0 is used for image processing and image classification and ArcGIS 9.3 software is applied for map making. Result also shows that maximum expansion has been observed towards Delhi road in the southeast and other major transport routes, intruding peripheral fertile farming land and vegetation. The peripheral land of the city is being regularly transformed into amusement, industrial sector, commercial segment, residential (planned and unplanned) sectors and others use. The liberal industrial policies of the Government have also worked as a pulling factor for the establishment of industries in and around the city. This emergence of employment opportunities and better facilities in industrial and commercial sectors is also responsible for physical growth as well as population augmentation in and around the main and largest urban center of western Haryana. Keywords : Expansion, Satellite Data, Educational Institutes, Unauthorized Colonies and GIS Introduction Urbanization has become a universally observable fact (Davis & Heartz, 1957). In 2008, approximate fifty percent of the world's population was dwelling in cities and towns. Besides this, the majority of the urban residents have been arisen in the developing nations like India (UN, 2009) and according to an estimation it will be reached to eighty percent by 2030 (UNFPA, 2007). Over the last some decades, India has witnessed rapid and uncontrolled urban expansion on account of phenomenal progress in industries, trade, and population growth. The expectation of better services and opportunities in cities fuels this growth (Sulochana, 2005). The rapid growth in urban population is an issue of concern for the local governments because it causes for various environmental tribulations (Mandal, 2000). As cities and towns most often develop on the surrounding prime agricultural land, and, therefore, the physical expansion of urban areas invariably makes inroads on the country's agriculturally productive land. So, contiguous land of the cities and towns provides a base for urban expansion. It has pessimistic impact on peripheral fertile farming land in and around of urban areas. In this regard the food scarcity as a result of waning food production and increasing loss of agricultural land has become a matter of apprehension at local, regional, national and international level. Undeniably, the land is one of the critical natural resources generating most of the developmental activities in a state (Kumar, 2014). It has always been an area of interest for geographers and other scholars interested in the analysis of spatial phenomena. Changes in land use have been taking place continuously but the recent rapid urbanization has impacted it at a much faster and uneven rate (Bhardwaj & Kalkal, 2013). The mapping and monitoring of urban expansion and its land operation are the prime call for urban studies to determine the size and direction of augmentation and micro level planning as well as to evade the related impediments (Kumar, 2014). It is determined by both economic and non- economic factors (Njungbwen and Njungbwen, 2011). The spatial and up to date information from the satellite images give a more valuable elucidation for sustainable growth of cities and space technology within GIS offers for comparative analysis of urban expansion and land use changes of a locale (Kumar and Sharma, 2016). Study Area The existing literature reveals that Hisar city was founded by Feroze Shah Tuglak and contemporarily known as Hisar-E-Feroza an organic word meaning fort. It is the administrative headquarter of the district of the same name and located at 290 10'North and 750 45' East longitudes (Figure: 1). It is one of the important cities of western Haryana and 73 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

has attained an excellent eminence in the field of education, research and development institutes and industrial progression during last two decades.

Figure: 1 Objectives The study aims to find out the following objectives: 1. To examine the pattern of urban expansion in Hisar city. 2. To investigate the causes and consequences of the physical growth of the city. 3. To analysis the slum population and unauthorized colonies in the study area. Material and Methods The study is based on secondary sources related to satellite data for the years 1965 Topographical sheet (Survey of India), 1989 (LANDSAT TM) image downloaded from www.glovis.usgs.gov/, 2002 and 2011 LISS-III figures acquired from Haryana Space Application Center (HARSAC), Hisar, Haryana. The slum's data have been composed from Slum Primary Census Abstract, 2001 and 2011 whereas the information regarding unauthorized colonies has been obtained from MC, office, Hisar. A topographical sheet of the study area has been used for the geo-referencing of M.C. map of the city. ERDAS 9.0 is used for image processing and image classification and ArcGIS 9.3 software is applied to support the making of the map. The growth rate of population and built up area has been calculated from the following method:

Results and Discussion Expansion of Hisar City Hisar is a word of language which means ‗fort' and it was the part of Delhi in 14th century. In 1965, the city was extended in 7.54 sq. km. areas between bus stand and railway station with a population size of 71908 people. It grows rapidly when Agriculture University, was set up in south west and west of railway station as an extension of Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana. Some industries like Hisar textile mill, United Textile Mill, Jindal Industries Ltd., and others industries for manufacturing the G.I. and M.S. pipes, strips, angles/channels and guarders of different segments and a number of cotton ginning industrial units, yarn makes units and flour mills have been set up outside the city. But more of them were setup 5 to 10 km. distance from the city and presently they have termed as a part of the town. The 74 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

rising of population due to natural growth and migration from peripheral village and neighbouring state of Rajasthan and Punjab in search of better job facilities, good health and medical services as well as superior education have generated a pressure in the city and consequently the unplanned development has been occurred in the central eastern part and nearby the bus stand in form of Mahavir colony, 12 quarter, Mohalla Dogran, Rishi Nagar, New Rishi Nagar. During the phase of 1965 to 1989, the built up area was reached 25.44 sq. km. from 7.54 sq. km. in 1965. The built up area has been observed as a form of unintentional inhabited colonies surrounding to the HTM mill area also known as Mill gate area in present time. Some planned area has been also developed as Cloth Market near bus stand, Rajguru Market opposite of Gujjri Mahal and Guru Jambheshwar mandir and Red Square Market at old anaj mandi and old government college ground, Vidyut Nagar on the Delhi road and New grain market between Sirsa road and Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology. The residential planned area has also emerged as Defense Colony, Housing Board Colony, Green Park area and Sector-15A between Delhi road to Delhi bypass road in southern side of city and between Rajgarh-Kaimari road and M.C. Colony, D.C. Colony, Model Town and Jawahar Nagar on Delhi road which passes through the city from east to west and joined Sirsa road in northern side. The auto market and cloth market near the bus stand and Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology have been established during the phase of 1965 to 1989. A base control center of South Western Command of Indian Army was raised on 1982 and it has been changed into a fully Armored Division of Indian Army in December 1993 as a form of Cantonment board. In 2002, the city was expanded on an area of 41.54 sq. km. with an expansion of 16.10 sq. km area as compared to 1989. The maximum expansion has been observed in southern, northern and eastern direction whereas in western side it was restricted by the existence of CCS Haryana Agriculture University. The Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) developed the planned residential sector towards southern side. The establishment of Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology in 1995 has also augmented the built up area of the city in northern side. The appearance of vast patch of the planned structure, Sector-14, was recorded along with Sirsa road whereas the small scraps were also seen both sides of the transport routes of Sirsa and Kaithal. The city also registered an expansion towards south western side along with Rajgarh road and railway in form of Quarter Colony, Saket Extension, Azad Nagar, Navdeep Colony, Sastri Colony and Aadarsh Colony. In 2011, the built-up area of the city was observed 68.05 sq. km. within and out of municipal limits. The growth of the city was detected mainly along the main transport routes i.e. National Highway-10 (Delhi-Sirsa) and further it merged with Hisar cantonment which was developed approximate 10 km. from the central part of the city for strategic purpose. A nonstop strip of a built up area has appeared towards Satrod Khas and Badi Satrod villages. During the phase of 2002 to 2011, it has been evidently reflected that the maximum expansion has transpired in the eastern direction along with Delhi transport network while in remaining two sides the increase is less and almost equal (Fig. 2). The development of the city on the way to the western side was restricted by the existence of CCS Haryana Agriculture University. Table 1 shows the relation between population growths and built up area for a period of forty-six years of 1965 to 2011. There is an increase of 104958 persons in the population from 1965 to 1989 whereas the physical expansion has been enumerated 17.90 sq. km. in the same period. The growth rate of built-up area was higher as compare to the population. In 2002, the population was specified 267570 persons which reached 307024 persons in 2011 with an addition of 39654 people during these nine years whereas the spreading out of the city has an adding of 26.51 sq. km in its area during the similar instance. The main factor of this mass expansion is the amalgamation of cantonment board and its nearby parish in the city. Table: 1 Growth Rates of Population and Physical Expansion in Hisar City Built up Area Growth Rate in Growth Rate in Year Population (in sq. km) Percent Percent 1965* 7.54 ----- 71908 ----- 1989* 25.44 237.44 176866 145.96 2002* 41.54 63.29 267570 51.28 2011 68.05 63.82 307024 14.75 Source: Statistical Abstract of Haryana, 2014. Expansion of city computed by Researcher, based on 1965 (SOI, Toposheet), 1989 (LANDSAT TM), 2002 and 2011 LISS-III satellite images. Note: * Estimated Population 75 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

Figure: 2 Expansion of Hisar City

Source: Based on Topographical Sheet 1965, LANDSAT TM image 1989 and LISS-III images 2002 and 2011. The establishments of Government Institute of Engineering and Technology, Post Graduate Government College, Dayanand Post Graduate College, Fathe Chand College for Women and Chhaju Ram College of Education, and Industrial Training Institute have also worked as a magnet for the populace of peripheral villages, district, and states. The existence of a number of research institutions like Military Equine Farm (Stud Farm), Sheep and Piggery center, Hatchery Centre, Fish Farm, Goat Breeding Centre, Buffalo Research Centre, Livestock Farm and Seed Production Farm and Tractor Training Farm also provide a sound base to city extension. The establishment of a new Judicial complex and District Administrative Complex in the south-western part of the city and shifting of Haryana State Electricity Board offices, setting up the cantonment and development of residential sectors to accommodate the migrated people in the city also led to a boost in its precincts. Apart from, the laissez-faire industrial policies of the Government have too engrossed a large number of industrialists for the establishment of industries in and around the city. Status of Unauthorized Colonies and Slum Population Urban centers are the hub of infrastructures, service, good education, health and medical conveniences which magnetize the surrounding population in and around the city confines and the periphery of the city strongly supports to the illegal construction/ unauthorized colonies due to the low price as well as trouble-free availability of land (Singh, 1990). Table: 2 Unauthorized Colonies in Hisar City Sr. No. Name of Colony Sr. No. Name of Colony 1 Rajender Enclane Colony 10 Devilal Colony 2 Vidya Nagar 11 Choudhary Colony 3 Satya Nagar 12 Model Town Extension-II 4 Baba Harsukhpuri Colony 13 Mahabir Colony Extension-I

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5 Shaheed Bhagat Singh Colony 14 Mahabir Colony Extension-II 6 Master Colony 15 Dev Vatika 7 Tower Colony 16 Kaushik Nagar 8 Hanuman Colony 17 Krishna Nagar Extension Colony 9 University Vihar Colony, 18 Aggarwal Colony Extension Source: Municipal Office, Hisar 2016 Unauthorized colonies/ construction are defined as the structure that has been developed and intruded without the permission of the concerned city development authority and municipal corporations (Srirangan, 1997) and later such structure becomes an integral part of the city and create a barrier for sustainable development of city (Ahmad, 2011). The eighteen unauthorized colonies have been identified in Hisar city by administration which is usually developed in the outer city part along with transport routes (Table 2). Now, these unsanctioned settlements demands to sanction as authorized colonies for basic facilities like fresh drinking water, good streets light, well sewerage system and other amenities. Table: 3 Slum Population in Hisar city, 2001-2011

Ward No. Slum Population Slum Population in Slum Population Slum Population in (2001) Percent (2001) (2011) Percent (2011) 1 1503 1.93 1518 1.49 2 2228 2.86 1190 1.17 3 ------2702 2.65 4 ------5 ------6 ------4264 4.18 7 ------4733 4.64 8 1072 1.38 ------9 5609 7.21 6505 6.38 10 7507 9.65 13810 13.54 11 2823 3.63 5971 5.86 12 3395 4.36 10504 10.30 13 8010 10.30 5704 5.59 14 8612 11.07 4614 4.53 15 9753 12.54 9484 9.30 16 4608 5.92 10596 10.39 17 ------3766 3.69 18 ------617 0.61 19 ------20 ------21 ------2198 2.16 22 859 1.10 1410 1.38 23 ------822 0.81

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24 3110 4.00 ------25 ------1961 1.92 26 12427 15.97 ------27 ------7158 7.02 28 2191 2.82 ------29 1322 1.70 2435 2.39 30 2764 3.55 ------31 ------Total 77793 100.00 101962 100.00 Source: Slum PCA, Census of India, 2001 and 2011 The emergence of slums is a result of rapid and unplanned urbanization in developing nation like India. A slum is a dense area characterized by congested inhabitants, weakly dwelling conditions, and unhealthy milieu usually lack appropriate sanitary and drinking water conveniences (Goswami and Manna, 2013). Most of the slum residents are usually engaged in unskilled labour and work as sweepers, cleaners, street hawkers, momentary rehri and riksha pullers, small shopkeepers, the collection of waste garbage and so many such other activities (Kumar, 2016). Table 3 reveals the ward wise information of slum population of the Hisar city. According to census 2001, the high slum population has been observed in ward no. 9, 10,13,14,15 and 26 of the city. These wards are unplanned and placed near the old vegetable market, railway station and tangential part of the industrial area and have nearly 7 percent to 16 percent of total slum population of the city with high density. There are no any slums in ward no. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27 and 31. There is also an increase of 24169 persons in total slum population of the city in census 2011 as compared to 2001. The high slum population has been detected in ward no. 9, 10,12,15,16 and 27 during 2011 enumeration whereas ward no. 4, 5, 8, 19, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 31 have no slum population as these are planned inhabited sectors (through Haryana Urban Development Authority and Private Builders), carrying good living standard and low density of population. Conclusion Hisar city is one of the important and fast growing urban centers of western Haryana which fulfill the requirements of not only the population of peripheral part but also to the adjacent districts of Punjab and Rajasthan state. The whole analysis shows that the superb education centers, health and medical points, large and small scale industries and research institutes have played a significant role in physical and population expansion of city. The results also show that maximum growth has been observed along with transport network including Delhi road in the southeast and others, intruding peripheral fertile farming land and vegetation cover. The generous approach of administration for industrialists has also played an important role in economic development in and around the city which further leads to expansion in its margins by creating a center of attention for the people of contiguous areas. This aspect is continuously leading to the transformation of periphery of the city into amusement and recreational hub, industrial sector, commercial segment, residential (planned and unplanned) sectors and other uses to provide a space and facilities to city gathering plus to resolve the dilemma of rapid urbanization which coerces the residents to compromise with quality of life. References: 1) Ahmad, S. (2011). Characteristics of Uncontrolled Urban Settlements and Housing Market in Delhi. Ph.D. Thesis, Graduate School of Environmental Studies. Seoul National University, Seoul. 2) Bhardwaj, P., & Kalkal, S. (2013). Monitoring urban sprawl of Rohtak using open source satellite data. Eastern Geographer, Vol. XIX(1), pp. 9–18. 3) Davis, K. and Heartz, H. (1957). Patterns of world urbanization for 1850-1950. In Report on the World Social Situation (p.114) United Nations: New York. 4) Goswami, S. and Manna, S. (2013). Urban Poor Living in Slums: A Case Study of Raipur City in India, Global Journal of Human Social Science, Vol. 13 (4), pp.14-22. 5) Jain, A.K., Hooda, R.S., Nath, J. and Manchanda, M.L. (1991). Mapping and Monitoring of Urban Land Use of Hisar Town, Haryana using Remote Sensing Techniques. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vol. 19 (20), pp. 125-134.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Health Complications and Socio- Economic Profile of Type-II Diabetic Patients from Rohtak District, Haryana

Parminder Kaur, Research Scholar, School of Humanities and Education, Singhania University, Rajasthan. Dr. Shashi Kala Yadav, Assistant Prof., Dept. of Home Science, Govt. College for Women, Hisar, Haryana.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous disorder of carbohydrates, fat, protein, water and electrolyte metabolism, characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia with or without glucosuria, due to deficiency or diminished effectiveness of insulin in the body. It is not a disease, but a whole spectrum of disorders, all of which have one thing common, namely, too much sugar in the blood. The present study was conducted in Rohtak District, Haryana to assess the Complications and Socio Economics status of Diabetic Patients. A total of 300 Diabetic patients (40-60 Years) were prepared by gathering information from patients coming to various hospitals and also through personal contacts. Majority of patients 85 percent were sedentary workers. 60 percent showed no sign of diabetic coma while 40 percent observed symptoms of diabetic coma. Various symptoms like poly urea, sweating, and excessive thirst were observed in most of the patients. Keywords : Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, Patients, Complications, Hospitals. Introduction Diabetes- the word comes from the Greek language – means ―to pass through, to flow through‖, and mellitus means ―sweet‖. Hence, this is merely a description of what is happening in your body: a fluid containing sugar passes through body. Diabetes mellitus is a complex set of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. (WHO, 2006). Type II diabetes (formerly called Non-insulin-dependent or adult onset diabetes) results from the body‘s ineffective use of insulin. It accounts for over 85% of all diabetes cases. Far from being a disease of affluence, the major burden of type 2 diabetes is borne by the developing world, where it is increasingly affecting poor people (Goldstein J et al.2000). Due to the worldwide epidemic of obesity and sedentary lifestyle, type 2 diabetes has become one of the fastest-growing public health five problems in both developed and developing countries (Colagiuri et al.2005). The frequency of type 2 diabetes increases dramatically with age and as populations live longer this contributes to the rising prevalence of diabetes. At the same time, there is an increasing prevalence in younger, economically active individuals in developing countries linked to increasing obesity rates (Colagiuri et al 2005; Wild et al.2004). Type II diabetes can be prevented or delayed in adults at high risk through modest weight loss with diet and exercise or through use of hypoglycemic drugs metformin. It is estimated that 285 million people have diabetes in 2010, and about 70% of them live in developing countries. The burden of diabetes is well illustrated by the fact that while 3% of a total population is treated for diabetes and its complications, the disease consumes around 10–15% of the entire health care budget (International Diabetes Federation, 2009). Material and Methods The present study was conducted on Diabetic patients in the age group of 40-60 years. Total 300 patients i.e. 150 Male and 150 Female were selected proportionality for the study from patients coming to various hospitals like Civil Hospital, P.G.I and Private Nursing Homes at O.P.D time of Rohtak District., Haryana and also through personal contacts. Socio Economic status and complications of Diabetic Patients assessed by a well structured interview schedule was prepared in accordance with the methodological procedure keeping in view the objectives of the investigation. The interview schedule will be pretested initially, based on the responses obtained and difficulties realized, suitable amendments will be made to make it more functional. Result and Discussion The information regarding Age, Sex, Education qualification, Marital Status, Occupation, Income and Activity presented in Table – I. 46 percent of the patients were in the age group of 40-50 years, followed by 53 percent in 51-60 years of age. 50 percent patients were male and 50 percent were female.

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Table 1: Socio- Economic profile of Diabetic Patients (n=300) Characteristics Frequency Percentage Age 40-50 years 139 46.33 51-60 years 161 53.66 Sex Male 150 50.00 Female 150 50.00 Education Qualification Uneducated 37 12.33 Primary 42 14.00 Middle 36 12.00 Metric 69 23.00 Sr. Secondary 34 11.33 Graduate 56 18.66 Post Graduate 26 8.66 Marital Status Single 11 3.66 Married 228 76.00 Widow 39 13.00 Divorced 18 6.00 Separated 4 1.33 Occupation Private Service 68 22.66 Govt. Service 62 20.66 Business 55 18.33 Agriculture 11 3.66 House Wife 84 28.00 Retire 20 6.66 Income Up to 50,000 114 38.00 50,000 to 1 lac 126 42.00 1 lac to 1.5 lac 37 12.33 1.5 lac to 2 lac 17 5.67 2 lac to 2.5 lac 6 2.00 Activity Sedentary 225 85.00 Moderate 38 12.66 Heavy 7 2.33 Maximum patients (23%) were having Metric education followed by Graduate (18%) and 14 per cent up to Primary, while 12 per cent with middle and almost similar percentage (12%) were illiterate and 11 per cent were educated upto Sr. Secondary and 8 per cent of patients were Post Graduate. Majority of patients (76%) were married followed by 13 per cent Widow while 6 per cent were Divorcee and other 3 per cent were Single and remaining 1 per cent was separated. Majority of patients (28%) were House wife followed by 22 per cent were Private Service while 20 per cent Govt. Service and other 18 per cent were in Business and other 6 per cent are retired and remaining 3 per cent were in Agriculture. Majority of subjects (42%) had monthly income 50,000 to 1 Lac followed by 38 per cent with up to 50,000 while 12 per cent with monthly income 1 Lac to 1.5 Lac and other 5 per cent with monthly income 1.5 Lac to 2 Lac and only 2 per cent was between 2 Lac to 2.5 Lac. Majority of patients (85%) were sedentary workers followed by 12 per cent were moderate workers while remaining 2 per cent were heavy activity workers.

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Table 2: Occurrence of Diabetic Coma and its symptoms of diabetic patients. (n=300) Symptoms Frequency Percentage No Sign of Diabetic Coma 180 60 Symptom of Diabetic Coma Observed 120 40 Unconsciousness 16 13.33 Jaded 7 5.83 Tired 10 8.33 More thirst 8 6.67 Poly urea (Excess urine) 11 9.17 Nausea and vomiting 13 10.83 Jaded +U 8 6.67 More thirst +U 5 4.17 Poly urea +U 7 5.83 Nausea and vomiting +U 5 4.17 Tired +J 7 5.83 More thirst + J 5 4.17 More thirst + T 6 5.00 Poly urea + T 6 5.00 Poly urea + M 6 5.00 U= Unconsciousness J= Jaded T= Tired M = More thirst The data on occurrence of diabetic coma and its symptoms is presented in table 2.In the present study, Out of (300 Diabetics), 60 percent did not show symptoms of diabetic coma and other 40 Per cent were suffering from diabetic coma. Those who had diabetic coma - 13 percent became Unconscious, 10 per cent of the patient observed Nausea , 9 percent observed poly urea, 8 percent feeling tired, 6 percent observed More thirst and similar percentage (6%) were found Jaded and Unconsciousness, 5 percent patients observed jaded and almost similar percentage (5%) were found Poly urea and Unconsciousness, Tired and jaded, More thirst and tired, Poly urea and tired, Poly urea and More thirst. 4 per cent observed More thirst and Unconsciousness, and almost similar percentage (4%) were found Nausea and Unconsciousness, More thirst and Jaded. Similar symptoms of diabetic coma were found in the study of mayo clinic staff (1998-2017). Table 3: Frequency and percentage distribution of patients according to presence of symptoms at the time of diagnosis of diabetes. (n=300) Symptoms Frequency Percentage Poly urea 32 10.67 Sweating excessive 10 3.33 Excessive Thirst 15 5.00 Increased Appetite 18 6.00 Breathlessness 11 3.67 Sleepiness 7 2.33 Nausea/vomiting 7 2.33 Weakness 15 5.00 Fatigue 6 2.00 Acetone breath 4 1.33 Itching 5 1.67 Losing Weight 7 2.33 Headache 5 1.67 Sleepiness +P 20 6.67 Increased Appetite +P+S+T 5 1.67 Excessive Thirst + P 17 5.67 Sleepiness + P + T 7 2.33

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Increased Appetite + P 24 8.00 Breathlessness + P 7 2.33 Headache + AB 6 2.00 Excessive Thirst + S 16 5.33 Increased Appetite +S 21 7.00 Weakness + S+I 13 4.33 Increased Appetite + T 13 4.33 Weakness + I 9 3.00 P= Poly urea S= Sleepiness E= Excessive Thirst I= Increased Appetite AB = Acetone breath Various symptoms observed in diabetic patients at present in table 3, that shows the poly urea (10%) was most prevalent symptom observed in patients, 8 percent observed Increased Appetite and Poly urea, 7 percent observed Increased Appetite and sleepiness, 6 percent observed Increased Appetite and almost similar percentage (6%) were found in Sleepiness and Poly urea. 5 percent observed Excessive Thirst and similarly (5%) were feeling Weakness, Excessive Thirst and Poly urea and also (5%) were became Excessive Thirst and Sleepiness. 4 percent patients were feeling Weakness, Sleepiness and Increased Appetite and almost similar percentage (4%) were found Increased Appetite and Excessive Thirst. 3 percent found Sweating excessive and almost similar percentage (3%) were found Breathlessness, Weakness and Increased Appetite, 2 percent observed Sleepiness and similarly (2%) were found Nausea / vomiting, Fatigue, Losing Weight and there were also (2%) were became Sleepiness, Poly urea and Excessive Thirst, Breathlessness and Poly urea, Headache and Acetone breath .Only 1 percent observed Acetone breath almost similar percentage (1%) were found Itching, Headache, Increased Appetite and Poly urea, Sleepiness and Excessive Thirst. Similar symptoms were found in the study of Diabetes research wellness foundation (2016) and Yadav S K (1997). Conclusion The present study was conducted to determine complications of Diabetic patients (40-60 Years). For this study, a total of Three hundred Diabetic patients in the age group of 40-60 Years i.e. 150 male and 150 female were drawn proportionately from the randomly selected Hospitals of District Rohtak. The study thus reported that the majority of patients observed various symptoms and even 40 percent patients had Diabetic coma. They were leading sedentary life therefore; they need to be educated regarding the importance of diet and physical activity in the treatment of disease. References 1) Colagiuri S et al. There really is an epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2005, 48:1459–1463. 2) Diabetes research wellness foundation (2016). (www.diabeteswellness.net) 3) Goldstein J et al. Poverty is a predictor of non-communicable disease among adults in Peruvian cities. Preventive Medicine, 2005, 41:800–806. 4) Management of Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus by using traditional medicinal plant products by Shashi kala yadav PhD thesis submitted to Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University (1997). 5) Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). (1998-2017) 6) IDF diabetes atlas, 4th ed. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation, 2009. 7) WHO. 2006. WHO child growth standards: Training course on child growth assessments, interpreting growth indicators. World Health Organization, Geneva. 8) Wild S et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27:1047–1053.

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THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER Vol. No. 17, Oct.-Nov. 2017 ISSN 2277 – 4858

Assessment of Slums and its Effect on Urban Environment : An Analysis

Dr. Pinki Yadav, Assistant Prof , Vaish College Rohtak Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Assistant Prof, Vaish College Rohtak

Abstract The growth of slums in urban area is one of the major issues for urban progress authority. The definition of “slum” varies from country to country. In India, each state has its own definition of slum. It defines them as places where buildings: are in any respect unfit for human environment; are by reason of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors which are detrimental to safety, health and morals. In recent days slum population is a matter of serious concern which have been cropping in urban areas of the state specially in industrial area. Present paper also has been focused on the distribution of slum population in the Haryana state and its impact on urban environment. The main objective of the study is to find out Causes create and expand Slum Population and its impact on environment. Some major findings and fruitful suggestion have been given in full paper. Key Words : Slum Population, Environment, urbanisation Introduction In the tide of change that has engulfed the developing countries by the beginning of the twenty first centuries, one of the most dramatic and essential tendency is urbanization. Urban poverty manifests itself in the proliferation of slums, rapid growth of informal sector, inadequate supply of civic services, under utilization of the labour force and so forth. (Report of the National Commission on Urbanization, Government of India, 1989). The basic poverty continuum demonstrates itself in low income, inadequate nutrition and basic services, limited or no education, low skills and no or inadequate income. Secondly, there is the environmental poverty continuum manifesting itself through insufficient service and housing, over-crowding, pollution, exposure to disease, low productivity, low income, inability to pay for adequate services and housing. And finally, there are the psychological dimensions, such as, insecurity, stress, depression, and deviant social behavior, lack of ambition or aspirations, lack of opportunity to demonstrate one‟s productivity, and again low income and the consequent inability to ensure family security. The concept of slums differs from region to region and person. The concept of slums and their definition vary considerably across the states depending upon socio economic conditions or local perceptions prevailing in the society. There are regional differences in the names by which these slums are known in India. In Delhi, slums are commonly called ‗jhuggi jhopari‘ whereas in Mumbai ‗jhopadpatti‘ or ‗chawks‘ are the name for slums, it is ‗ahatas‘ in Kanpur, ‗bustees‘ in kalkatta, ‗cheris‘ in Chennai and ‗keris‘ in benglore. But the physical characteristics in most of these slums are essentially the same. Slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor. While slums differ in size and other characteristics from country to country, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, timely law enforcement and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally-built dwellings that because of poor-quality design or construction have deteriorated into slums Definition and types of slums – Census 2011 INDIA : (i) All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‗Slum‘ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‗Slum Act‘ may be considered as Notified slums (ii) All areas recognized as ‗Slum‘ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act may be considered as Recognized slums (iii) A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Such areas should be identified personally by the Charge Officer and also inspected by an officer nominated by Directorate of Census Operations. This fact must be duly recorded in the charge register. Such areas may be considered as Identified slums 83 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

Objectives of the Study The proposed study will be carried out with the following objectives:-  To Find out Distribution of Slum Population in Haryana  To Find out Geographical Pattern of Slum Population in Haryana  To Find out Causes create and expand Slum Population. Data Collection Methodology This section is focused on how the research will be carried out. It involve how the needed data for the study can be obtained and analyzed. Present study is based on secondary source of data like census and statistical abstract. After collecting such kind of information then they will be displayed with effective table and diagrams Causes that create and expand slums There are several reasons which increase slum population such as, the rural urban migration, urbanization, shortage of developed land for housing, rural migrants to the city in search of jobs, poverty and shortage of facilities and amenities, informal economy, politics, social conflicts and natural disasters etc. All these factors important play a role to enhancing slum population. These entire factors ratio are high in Fridabad, hissar,Gurgoan so these districts serve high slum population. Table 1 Number of Statutory & slum reported towns with type wise slum population, (2011)

Towns Type wise slum population Name of Slum Statutory Total Notified Recognised Identified state reported towns population slum slums slums town Haryana 80 75 16,62,305 14,912 0 16,47,393 Source: Primary Census Abstract for Slum, (2011) Table 1 show that there are three types of slums identified by Census: (i) All notified areas in a town or city notified as ‗Slum‘ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government under any Act including a ‗Slum Act‘ may be considered as Notified slums which are 14912 in Haryana state. (ii) All areas recognised as ‗Slum‘ by State, Union territories Administration or Local Government, Housing and Slum Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum under any act may be considered as Recognized slums. But Haryana state has no any recognized slum. (iii) A compact area of at least 300 populations or about 60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities. Such areas should be identified personally by the Charge Officer and also inspected by an officer nominated by Directorate of Census Operations. This fact must be duly recorded in the charge register. Such areas may be considered as Identified slums in which 1647393 in Haryana out of total. Table 2 Distribution of Slum Population in Haryana in 2011 and its Percentage Contribution District Wise Sr. Slum Per District Area (Mc, Mci,Mci,Og) No Population Centage 1 Mohindergarh Mohinder garh,Ateli,Naranul 9018 0.54 2 Mewat Nuah, FirojPur Jirka, 15928 0.96 3 Palwal Palwal,Hathin, Hodal 20646 1.24 4 Panipat Panipat, 22186 1.33 5 Sirsa ,sirsa,Rania, Alenabad 30291 1.82 6 Panchkula ,Pinjor, Pinjor 49247 2.96 7 Fatehabad Ratia,Tohana,Fatehabad, 53620 3.23 8 Rohtak Meham,Rohtak, Kalanour,Sampla 55985 3.37 9 Bhiwani BawaniKhera,Bhiwani, Siwani, 61066 3.67 10 Rewari Rewari,Bawal 64904 3.90

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11 Kurukshetra Shahbad,Pehwa, Thanesar, Ladwa 69023 4.15 12 Ambala Narayangarh,Ambala,Ambala Sadar 69303 4.17 13 Jajjhar , Jajjar 75876 4.56 14 Karnal Nilokheri,Tarori, Indari 82257 4.95 Karnal,Nissing,Asandh,Gharonda 15 Kaithal Chika,Kaithal,,Pundari 93960 5.65 16 nagar Jagadhri,Yamuna Ngar, 94453 5.68 17 Sonipat Gohana,Ganur,Sonipat 118208 7.11 18 Jind Narwana, Uchana,Jind,Julana Safidon, 121270 7.30 19 Gurgaon Helly,Mandi,Patudi,Gurgaon,FarukNgar, 169549 10.20 Sihna, Taoru 20 Hissar Barwala,Hissar,Narnaud, Hanssi 170462 10.25 21 Fridabad Fridabad 215053 12.94 Tota 1662305 100.00 l Source: Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Disribution of Slum Population District Wise in Haryana State 2011

Source: Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011 Table 2 and Figure 1 reveals that the maximum proportion of slum population in Haryana is lived in fridabad because it is an industrial area and maximum people engaged in these industries. Second one is hissar and then gurgaon because it is cyber city of the state and provide employee to the people .minimum slum population is belong in mohindergarh, mewat and palwal have lowest slum because they are backward area. After analyzed the study find out the there are several reasons which increases slum population such as, the  rapid urbanisation,  Industrialisation,  shortage of developed land for housing,  rural migrants to the city in search of jobs,  poverty and shortage of facilities and amenities Environmental Challenges In recent years, the area is facing many of the common environmental problems which are yet to receive proper attention from the politicians as well as administrators in the town. A major part of these environmental problems have arisen out of the steady increase of population, harsh topography as well as lack of proper planning for the development. This has obviously led to an ever-growing demand for the basic civic services and amenities. On the other hand, provision for housing and shelter, water supply, sewage and sanitation, health care services, transport facilities etc. are becoming scarce and costly for dwellers of the area. These slums and squatters not only create environmental pollution through their unorganized and unsystematic waste and sewage disposal, congested and unplanned houses as well as through unethical socio-cultural habits and values, but they are created only on already polluted places due to people's 85 | P a g e THE KONKAN GEOGRAPHER, Vol. 17

lack of conscience in occupying unauthorized land at almost no cost. Air and water pollution, lack of personal hygiene, noise and cultural pollutions are among most considerable environmental problems in the area. Some of these problems are discussed in below. Lack of Water Supply, Sewage and Waste Disposal Systems Since water is the basic necessity, the sufficiency and quality of its supply directly affects the well being of the society living in that particular city. Safe collection and treatment of waste water is almost equally important as the supply part, since inappropriate handling of waste water and sewerage create disease prone living environment. In slums of the state, water supply has improved a bit, but sanitation service is still very poor and does not meet the requirements of this huge population. Lack of water supply and sanitation facilities characterizes urban squatters of this area. People line up at neighborhood standpipes, buy from vendors, or tap pipes illegally to obtain water. Besides, none of the slums get proper sewerage services and this population does not manage to get proper solid waste management services. As a result, both household waste and human generated wastes are released directly or indirectly into the low-lying lands, surrounding open spaces or water bodies and causes a number of problems. Some settlements have community toilets that are generally unsatisfactory. Most frequently, people defecate in pits or in the open or in ditches, canals, or rivers. Accumulated waste creates mountains of garbage that are the homes and work sites of scavengers, who are often children. Biomedical waste poses a special threat to the health of the population and garbage dumps are also breeding sites for rodents and insects, such as mosquitoes, which carry dengue and malaria. Substandard Housing and Construction Proper housing is a very important factor for social and psychological development of dchildren, but the practical situation of all these informal settlements indicates a dreadful life with poor lighting, ventilation, high crowding and living and cooking either close to or at the same place. All of the buildings in squatters are made of low quality materials with no construction standards. Most of them hold a single room for the whole family that makes the slums very congested. Most of the buildings have been poorly built and now have leaking roofs, draughty windows and crumbling stonework and empty buildings are vandalized; gap sites where buildings have been knocked down turn into derelict land. Harsh topography and the steep slope of area is another dominant and influential feature which along with lack of soil stabilization measures and use of inappropriate and substandard construction materials and techniques, as shown in figures below, has led to substandard constructions worsening above-mentioned problems and their consequences. Lack of Biomass Fuels Due to lack of energy supply, most of the dwellers in slums and squatters burn biomass fuel for domestic cooking. Burning of this huge amount of biomass creates several problems for city environment. Some parts of these dwellings have access to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) but still prefer biomass fuel. Some of key 109problems arising from this issue include deterioration of outdoor air quality, reduction of vegetation coverage, indoor air pollution and deterioration of health. Others Conflicts like quarrel, clash and fight in the squatters of this area is a regular phenomenon. This creates noise and violence, leads to lack of security in the area and disturbs the city dwellers, particularly the nearby residents, office workers, and school children. Besides, many of the residents are involved in prostitution, drug trafficking, hijacking, smuggling etc. These activities threaten the social and cultural environments of the city. Factors such as marginalization, illiteracy, class or caste status, and gender can determine whether a group lives in urban poverty or not. Population of this area also has ―relative inequality,‖ where poverty is not absolute but rather is measured by the opportunity and resource difference between ―haves‖ and ―havenots‖ living close to each other. Social and economic heterogeneity weakens the community and some of households are headed by women who must earn a living. This situation has consequences on the health and development of small children and often turning small children into workforce. Suggestions In Haryana state after over all study about slum population and its impact on environment there are some most important is that there is lack of proper planning of over the state slums are growing at very rapid which are the matter of serious concern for save our environment. Such following planning‘s are help to improve our environment are given below  To provide proper water supply, sanitation, and management of solid waste at proper place because these facilities are most important for proper management of our environment development.

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 Govt. should provide cheap and healthy living house far way from industrial area. Moved slum population from overcrowding and central area of the towns.  Aware the people about the environment always net and clean and tell about demerits of unhealthy environment and diseases which are direct related their health.  Increasing population of people residing in slums is a global problem. Several developing and developed countries are either facing this problem or they have faced it at one time or the other. Haryana Slum Clearance Board (HSCB) and Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) introduces and implemented many programmes for slum rehabilitation and development such as, Solid Waste Management, Shifting of Milk Daries, Strengthing of Fire Services, Valmiki Ambedkar Malin Basti Awas Yojna, Low Cast Sanitation Scheme, Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY) and Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme.  These slums and squatters not only create environmental pollution through their unorganized and unsystematic waste and sewage disposal, congested and unplanned houses as well as through unethical socio-cultural habits and values, but they are created only on already polluted places due to people's lack of conscience in occupying unauthorized land at almost no cost. Improve all these things for healthy environment. Conclusion After analyzing the study finds that during recent days the proportion of slum population in urban area of the state has been increased since 2001 to 2011. While the mainland of city has recently seen considerable investment, its size, high growth rate and historical lack of planning still constitute major challenges. Lack of financial resources and lack of political commitment are other two of the main causes for problems commonly encountered in these areas. Therefore, such areas are not only typically ill regulated and distant from key employment hubs, but also present appalling sanitation conditions and significant environmental problems, including deforestation, pollution and inadequate water and sanitation facilities. These neighborhoods that are most at risk from extreme weather events and natural disasters are made even more vulnerable by overcrowded living conditions, the lack of adequate infrastructure and services, including water, sanitation, drainage, solid waste collection, and unsafe housing, inadequate nutrition and poor health. When a disaster hits, impacts can include the loss of these basic services, damage or destruction to one‘s home, reduction or loss of livelihoods, and the rapid spread of malnutrition, and water- and vector-borne diseases like malaria. Hence, before taking any kind of action from planning point of view, it is necessary to improve the environmental conditions of these settlements. Identification, mapping, and assessment of all slums are important for locating the missed out slums and focusing on the neediest slums. An urban child health program should build context appropriate and community-need- responsive approaches to improve children's health in the slums. To improve health and well-being in the slums, we need to have interventions that reduce urban poverty in the broadest sense and improve the deficiencies associated with slums. There is an urgent need for health assessment and characterization of social-cluster determinants of health in urban slums; it is essential to adopt a long-term multi sectoral approach to address the social determinants of health in urban settings The increasing population of cities should prompt authorities to make family planning services universally available. Critical areas of environmental management include waste management, pollution control, traffic, transportation, energy, economic development, and job creation. Society must be able to participate in setting priorities. References 1) Anand k. bela s. and etl.(2007) ―Are the urban poor vulnerable to non-communicable diseases? A survey of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in urban slums of Faridabad‖ the national medical journal of India, volume 20 2) Kumar s. & sandeep (2014) ― The slum population of Haryana in 2011: A District level Analysis‖ Radix International Educational and Research Consortium journal, volume 3 3) www. Primary Census Abstract for Slum, 2011

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