INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ISSN NO : 2236-6124

LAND UTILIZATION ON FARM IN FATEHABAD’S DISTRICT OF

1 Virender Singh Research Scholar Tantia University, Shri Ganganagar (Raj.)Email Id: [email protected] 2 Dr. Rajender Godara Assistant Professor, Department of Economics at Mizan Tepi University Mizan Ethiopia 3 Bal Krishan Assistant Professor (Contractual) Department of Economics, Choudhary University, (Haryana)Email Id: [email protected] 4 Dr. P.S. Shekhawat Assistant Professor Department of Agricultural Economics SKN Agricultural College, Jobner (Raj.)Email Id: premsaa72@gmail.

Abstract During the five year plan 2012-2017 year. Haryana state’s GSDP compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.96 percent. The Current year prices of Haryana state’s total GSDP US$85 billion in 2016-17. Haryana agriculture’s contribution of 7 percent export in agricultural sector. The production and productivity of wheat and rice in has reached at saturation point. But the farmers of agriculturally advanced states like Punjab and Haryana still preferring to grow the wheat and rice even aware about the problems created by this crop rotation in terms of degrading the soil health and depleting water level. Moreover, profitability from these crops has almost stagnated due to stagnating yields and increasing input expenses including human labour. In such situation, crop diversification towards coarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and commercial crops will be a future strategy to increase the income of the farmers and sustain the natural resources from further degradation. In this background, the diversification from traditional crops to commercial crops in and blocks level as well as district in fatehabad of Haryana assumes special significance and this study is planned to focus on these concerns. This study will be conducted in Fatehabad Districts of the Haryana state based on published and un-published sources of secondary data. The secondary data about the state and districts was obtained from various issues of the Statistical Abstract of Haryana, , , Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

Introduction India has made remarkable improvement in agriculture over the past decades. Through the change by technological the introduction of small duration high yielding varieties of wheat and rice in the sixties witnesses to increase productivity of these crops manifold. The effective price policy together with relatively better technology has resulted in the emergence of paddy in kharif and wheat in rabi as the most safe and gainful crops in several states. Therefore the production of wheat and rice in India has increased from 23.8 and 42.2 million tons in 1970-71 to 95.8 and 106.3 million tons in 2013-14.Further with a growth rate of 2.82 and 1.86 per cent per annum for wheat and rice during this period respectively. Meaning of land Utilizations explained by the Zimmerman of his book,” World Resources and industries. The land is used for different purpose like as natural resources for agricultural pattern while industrial purpose & infrastructure development. Land is one of the most important natural resources on which all of man’s activities are depended upon, and a thorough knowledge of it, which includes the land use land cover is very much essential for a number of planning and management activities. The term “land use” (LU) relates to the human activity or economic function associated with a specific piece of land, whereas the term “land cover” (LC) relates to the type of feature present on the surface of the earth. However both the term ‘land use’ and ‘land cover’ are synonymous in the scientific community. The land use land cover is the result of permanent adjustment between the constraining properties of land and the socio economic attributes whereas the land utilization type defines the technical details about cultivation form details.

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The Govt acquire land for the development purposes construction for Road, School, Hospitals and infrastructure etc. The centre govt introduce the land acquisition act 1894.According to this act, “The govt can acquire the land for the public welfare or planning project. Land uses in a different purposes (1) Forest land (2) Agricultural land(3) Un-cultivable (4)Barren Land (5) Rehabilitation and settlement(6) Pasture land

But the farmers of agriculturally advanced states like Punjab and Haryana still preferring to grow the wheat and rice even aware about the problems created by this crop rotation in terms of degrading the soil health and depleting water level. The production, productivity and profitability which reached at highest level in leading green revolution states, started dipping in early eighties. These developments indicates that the country would have a surplus of superior cereals and therefore, farmers should diversify their crops by increasing area under pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and commercial crops.

With this realization, crop pattern in Indian states experienced a significant change with diversification from traditional crops food crops to commercial crops, plantation crops and horticultural crops. However, cropping pattern in green revolution leading states of Punjab and Haryana has not a significant change and remained continue towards wheat and paddy monoculture which has created environmental problems in the long run sustainability of agriculture.

Agriculture occupies a leading place in the economy of Haryana and is favorably placed in terms of water resources and soil potential. The old and new alluviums are ideal for the production of wheat and rice under irrigated conditions. Out of the total cropped area, more than two-third is shared by food grains. In addition, cash crops such as oilseeds and cotton are also grown. The areas under legumes crops are decreasing gradually.

There has been noticed a sharp shift in area under various crops in Haryana during the past three decades. It has shifted to those crops which provide higher income per unit of land due to increasing productivity or increasing prices or both i.e. rice, wheat, rapeseed-mustard and American cotton. Growth in area and yield for these crops has been impressive but growth in area was comparatively higher.

In view of higher percentage of area under rice-wheat rotation and rice being major consumer of irrigation water, the groundwater table of state is declining and deterioration of the agro-economic systems. Therefore, it is important to reduce the area under this crop rotation in order to sustain production and agro-eco-systems of the state in the long run. The state should its crop pattern from these more water consuming traditional crop to less water consuming commercial crop.

The potential of the new seed-fertilizer technology has been fully exploited in Haryana. The limited scope for increase in irrigation facilities via canals was circumvented by increasing number of tube wells and pumping sets from 28,000 to over five lakhs. Haryana becomes the leading agricultural state in the country. The higher growth of agriculture sector like different sectors of economy could help in visualizing overall perspective. GSDP growth of Haryana was 6-7 per cent per annum during the period from 1981 to 1991. The annual growth rate of industrial and service sectors was noticed 7-8 per cent and a 4 per cent growth was in the agricultural sector during the above said period. Agriculture sector was contributing about 3 per cent to the gross domestic product (GDP). The share of industrial sector in the GSDP in 1980-81 was 19.46 per cent, which increased to 29.07 per cent in 2010-11. The share of agriculture sector in GSDP has decreased from 53.78 per cent in 1980-81 to 20.92 per cent in 2010-11.

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Table No 1 Land Utilization in Haryana ( Area in 000’hectares) Serial Particulars 1993-94 1998-99 2003-2004 2008-09 2013-14 1 Net Area 3513(80.3) 3628(82.9) 3534(80.7) 3576(81.7) 3487(79.9) Sown 2 Area Sown 2302(52.6) 2692(61.5) 2854(65.2) 2924(66.8) 2974(67.9) More than once 3 Total 5815 6320 6388 6500 6471 Cropped Area 4 Forest 167 (3.81) 115(2.662) 45(1.02) 39(0.89) 35(0.80) 5 Land put to 322(7.36) 350(8.00) 432(9.87) 470(10.7) 537(12.2) Non- Agriculture uses 6 Barren & 91(2.08) 89(2.03) 100(2.28) 103(2.35) 12.5(2.85) uncultivable Land 7 Current 209(4.77) 143(3.26) 192(4.38) 105(2.40) 101(2.310 Fallows 8 Total Area 4374 4374 4374 4374 4374 Note; Figure in parentheses are in percentages expect total Cropped Area as it is more than total area.

Table No 2 Rabi-Fatehabad Start Sr. No. Block Wheat Gram Barley Rabi Oilseeds Area Av. Area Av. Area Av. Area Av. Yield Yield Yield Yield 1 431 5048 @ 1463 1 3818 1 1515 2 Fatehabad 500 4967 3 1638 17 3382 17 2054 3 Bhattu 245 4911 3 1217 8 3931 69 2166 Kalan 4 Bhuna 288 5348 1 1657 10 4112 24 2276 5 316 5276 @ 1463 1 3818 2 2139 6 Jakhal 126 5061 @ 1463 - - - - Tehsil wise and Forest wise area during Rabi 2015-16 in District Fatehabad S. No. Crop Tehsil Tehsil Ratia Tehsil District Fatehabad Tohana Fatehabad 1 Janglat 149 102 0 251 2 Kekar 10 0 3 13 3 Safeda 14 1 17 32 4 Puplar 1 3 3 7 Total 174 106 23 303 Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

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Tehsil wise and crop wise area during Rabi 2015-16 in District Fatehabad S. No. Crop Tehsil Tehsil Ratia Tehsil District Fatehabad Tohana Fatehabad 1 Wheat 96677 41887 50192 188756 2 Barley 1395 96 81 1572 3 Gram 207 21 15 243 4 Oil seeds 13610 95 241 13946 5 Castor 19 0 0 19 6 Barseem 3025 0 1986 5011 7 Oat 1050 516 351 1917 8 Fooder 0 1097 0 1097 Total 115983 43712 52866 212561 Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office. Table 3 Dstrict wise Number and Area of Operational Holding by the size Grops in Haryana : (Agriculture Census 2010- 2011) (Area in Hectares) Size Group(in Fatehabad Hectares) District Number Area Number Area Below 0.5 19,317 5,294 29,603 7,989 0.5-1.0 14,770 10,227 21,201 16,059 1.0-2.0 20,620 29,680 27,558 41,113 2.0-3.0 11,577 28,641 17,551 44,849 3.0-4.0 7,406 25,144 13,422 44,607 4.0-5.0 4,814 21,574 8,270 37,007 5.0-7.5 6,290 37,354 9,240 57,081 7.5-10.0 2,922 24,676 4,518 39,691 10.0-20.0 2,330 27,609 4,284 58,032 20.0 and Above 367 10,265 1,084 36,584 Total 90,413 2,20,464 1,36,731 3,83,012 Average size of 2.44 2.80 Holdings

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Area and production of Foodgrains in Haryana for the year 2015-16(p)Table No 4

Area Production (000 hectares) (000 tonnes) 2014-15 2015-16 Increase (+) 2014-15 2015-16 Increase (+) or Decrease(- or Decrease(-) Crops ) in col. 2 in col. 2 over over col. 3 col. 3

Absolute Percent Absolute Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cereals- - Rice 1277.9 1354 76.9 5.6 4007 4145 138 3.32 Jowar 54 53 -1 -1.9 26 28 2 7.14 Bajra 393.8 370 -23.8 -6.4 670 652 -18 -2.76 Maize 8.8 6 -2.8 -4.6 18 17 -1 -5.88 Wheat 2628.1 2576 -52.1 -2 10707 11352 645 5.68 Barley 35.3 29 -6.3 -21.7 105 99 -6 -6.06

Other - Total Cereals 4397.9 4388 -9.9 -0.2 15533 16293 760 4.66 Pulses- Gram 65.1 42 -23.1 -55 42 26 -16 -61.53 Mash 1.3 1.5 0.2 13.3 0.5 0.6 0.1 16.66 Moong 6.8 9.4 2.6 27.6 3.3 4.7 1.4 29.78 Massar 2 1.8 -0.2 -11.11 1.5 2 0.5 25 Other Puises 8.6 7.1 -1.5 -21.1 7.2 6.8 0.4 -5.88 Total Pulses 83.8 61.8 -22 -35.5 54.5 40.1 14.4 -26.42 Total Foodgrains 4481.7 4449.8 -31.9 -0.7 15587.5 16333.1 745.6 4.56 Source: O/o Derector of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Haryana.

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Tehsil wise and crop wise area during Rabi 2014-15 in district Fatehabad Table No 5 Sr. No. Crop Tehsil Fatehabad Tehsil Ratia Tehsil Tohana Distt. Fatehabad 1 Wheat 97526 (48) 41677 49725 (1474) 188928 (1522) 2 Barley 1738 43 76 1857 3 Gram 341 (03) 30 12 383 (03) 4 Oilseeds 11519 (28) 125 261 11905 (28) 5 Taramira 02 0 01 3 6 Castor 18 0 00 18 7 Barseem 3035 1164 2039 6238 8 Oat 1044 552 394 1990 9 Methi 181 0 02 183 10 Vegetable 580 117 132 829 11 Garlic 99 0 14 113 12 Potato 85 48 104 237 13 Orchard 503 45 76 624 14 Forest 154 104 22 280 15 Flowers 02 00 02 4 16 Peas 00 43 22 65 17 Sugarcane 26 0 0 26 Total 116853 (79) 43948 52882 (1474) 213683 (1553) Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

Tehsil wise and crop wise area during Rabi 2014-15 in district Fatehabad Table No 6 Sr. No. Crop Tehsil Fatehabad Tehsil Ratia Tehsil Tohana Distt. Fatehabad 1 Wheat 97526 (48) 41677 49725 (1474) 188928 (1522) 2 Barley 1738 43 76 1857 3 Gram 341 (03) 30 12 383 (03) 4 Oilseeds 11519 (28) 125 261 11905 (28) 5 Taramira 02 0 01 3 6 Castor 18 0 00 18 7 Barseem 3035 1164 2039 6238 8 Oat 1044 552 394 1990 9 Methi 181 0 02 183 10 Vegetable 580 117 132 829 11 Garlic 99 0 14 113 12 Potato 85 48 104 237 13 Orchard 503 45 76 624 14 Forest 154 104 22 280 15 Flowers 02 00 02 4 16 Peas 00 43 22 65 17 Sugarcane 26 0 0 26 Total 116853 (79) 43948 52882 (1474) 213683 (1553) Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

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Tehsil wise and crop wise area during Rabi 2014-15 in district Fatehabad Table 7 Sr. No. Crop Tehsil Fatehabad Tehsil Ratia Tehsil Tohana Distt. Fatehabad 1 Wheat 97526 (48) 41677 49725 (1474) 188928 (1522) 2 Barley 1738 43 76 1857 3 Gram 341 (03) 30 12 383 (03) 4 Oilseeds 11519 (28) 125 261 11905 (28) 5 Taramira 02 0 01 3 6 Castor 18 0 00 18 7 Barseem 3035 1164 2039 6238 8 Oat 1044 552 394 1990 9 Methi 181 0 02 183 10 Vegetable 580 117 132 829 11 Garlic 99 0 14 113 12 Potato 85 48 104 237 13 Orchard 503 45 76 624 14 Forest 154 104 22 280 15 Flowers 02 00 02 4 16 Peas 00 43 22 65 17 Sugarcane 26 0 0 26 Total 116853 (79) 43948 52882 (1474) 213683 (1553) Source Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

Block wise area and average yield for the year 2010-11 (Kharif 2010)Table 8 Sr. Block Rice Bajra Maize Sugarcane Cotton (Lint) No. Area Av. Yield Area Av. Yield Area Av. Area Av. Area Av. Yield Yield Yield 1 Ratia 290 4447 2 2453 - - - - 128 625 2 Fatehabad 172 3790 18 2215 - - 1 41000 278 651 3 Bhattukalan 5 3020 20 2644 - - - 177 652 4 Bhuna 61 3317 30 2447 - - 1 41000 193 564 5 Tohana 217 4108 7 1507 - - - 55 645 6 Jakhal 104 3380 1 2407 - - - 4 584 Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office.

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Tehsil wise and crop wise area during Kharif 2014 in district Fatehabad Table 9 Sr. Crop Tehsil Tehsil Ratia Tehsil Tohana Distt. No. Fatehabad Fatehabad 1 Paddy 30038 31452 38013 99503 2 Bajra 1732 61 363 2156 3 Arhar 00 00 00 00 4 Moong 245 15 05 265 5 Moth 43 00 00 43 6 Cotton (Desi) 1973 249 229 2451 Cotton (American) 56293 8906 12130 77329 58266 9155 12359 79780 7 Sugarcane 115 13 67 195 8 Guar 17888 1015 388 19291 9 Til 00 00 00 0 10 Groundnut 1266 00 00 1266 11 Castor 57 00 00 57 12 Orchard 479 61 58 598 13 Vegetable 233 71 126 430 14 Chilli 95 05 01 101 15 Fodder 4453 1795 2833 9081 16 Forest 189 95 20 304 17 Maize 00 00 00 00 18 Flowers 00 00 00 00 19 Dhaincha 52 00 00 52 Total 115151 43738 54233 213122 Department of Agricultural Farmer Welfare Haryana, district statistical office . Research Study

The scope of the study is confined the diversification of kharif traditional crops to commercial crop (paddy, cotton, sugarcane, kinnow, maize) grown by the farmers in Haryana. The one districts of Haryana namely, with diversification of crops in kharif season for the study. From the selected district, the study will select blocks of Fatehabad by observation methods. In order to get primary data from the selected blocks there will sixty respondent farmers form each block. The size of respondent farmers will be categories i.e. small, medium and large in the sample. The number of farm households in each category was decided according to their proportion at the district level. Data collecting through primary and secondary source was presented by tables, figures and analyze etc. High category of crop diversification confined to the Fatehabad districts. Low crop diversification had found in central parts where there was wheat and rice crop rotation dominance. Impact of changes in of crop diversification is noted on the soil of the study region. Due to highly intensive use of land, there is depletion of macro and micro nutrients of soil. Thus, the soils of the study region have become deficient in nitrogen, zinc, iron, potassium, phosphate, etc. Secondly, owing to rice cultivation the upper layer of soil has become harder in areas where rice cultivation is predominant.

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Even the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticide, insecticide, etc has also contaminated the soils of the study region. The performance of crop diversification programme in each respective component had a modest start in 2013-14 while in 2015- 16, the percentage of achieving physical and financial targets remained lackluster owing largely to the introduction of online system of registration and benefit transfer to the farmers in 2016-17,” the report stated. According to the findings of the study, under crop diversification programme component of cluster demonstration of alternative crops, physical target achievement dropped to 8.99 percent in 2016-2017 from 68.41 percent in 2015-16. Similarly, the financial target achievement plunged to 7.22 percent in 2016-17 from 61.57 in 2015-16 in Haryana.

Discussion

Crop diversification is intended to give a wider choice in the production of a variety of crops in a given area so as to expand production related activities on various crops and also to lesson risk. Crop diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift from traditionally grown less remunerative cops to more remunerative crops. The crop shift (diversification) also takes place due to governmental policies and thrust on some crops over a given time, for example creation of the Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) to give thrust on oilseeds production as a national need for the country’s requirement for less dependency on imports. Market infrastructure development and certain other price related supports also induce crop shift. Often low volume high-value crops like spices also aid in crop diversification. Crop diversification and also the growing of large number of crops are practiced in rained lands to reduce the risk factor of crop failures due to drought or fewer rains. Crop substitution and shift are also taking place in the areas with distinct soil problems. Crop diversification refers to the competition among the growing crops in a region. The keener the competition, the higher the magnitude of crop diversification, and the lesser the competition, the greater will be the trend towards crop specialization or monoculture farming, where emphasis is on one or two crops. Thus crop diversification is a concept which is opposite to crop specialization

India has made remarkable improvement in agriculture over the past decades. Technological change by the introduction of small duration high yielding varieties of wheat and rice in the sixties witnesses increase in the productivity of these crops manifold. The effective price policy together with relatively better technology has resulted in the emergence of paddy in kharif and wheat in rabi as the most safe and gainful crops in several states. Therefore the production of wheat and rice in India has increased from 23.8 and 42.2 million tons in 1970-71 to 95.8 and 106.3 million tons in 2013-14 with a growth rate of 2.82 and 1.86 per cent per annum for wheat and rice during this period respectively. The production and productivity of wheat and rice in India has reached at saturation point. But the farmers of agriculturally advanced states like Punjab and Haryana still preferring to grow the wheat and rice even aware about the problems created by this crop rotation in terms of degrading the soil health and depleting water level. The production, productivity and profitability which reached at highest level in leading green revolution states, started dipping in early eighties. These developments indicates that the country would have a surplus of superior cereals and therefore, farmers should diversify their crops by increasing area under pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and commercial crops.

Agriculture occupies a leading place in the economy of Haryana and is favorably placed in terms of water resources and soil potential. The old and new alluviums are ideal for the production of wheat and rice under irrigated conditions. Out of the total cropped area, more than two-third is shared by food grains. In addition, cash crops such as oilseeds and cotton are also grown. The areas under legumes crops are decreasing gradually. The introduction of these crops in crop rotation may raise the production of fine food grains due to complementary relationship between grains and legumes crops. Since legumes crops are known for nitrogen fixing quality, this will reduce the cost of production and increase the income of farmers.

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There has been noticed a sharp shift in area under various crops in Haryana during the past three decades. It has shifted to those crops which provide higher income per unit of land due to increasing productivity or increasing prices or both i.e. rice, wheat, rapeseed-mustard and American cotton. Growth in area and yield for these crops has been impressive but growth in area was comparatively higher. In view of higher percentage of area under rice-wheat rotation and rice being major consumer of irrigation water, the groundwater table of state is declining and deterioration of the agro-economic systems. Therefore, it is important to reduce the area under this crop rotation in order to sustain production and agro-eco-systems of the state in the long run and the state should its crop pattern from these more water consuming traditional crop to less water consuming commercial crop.

Data Interpretation The monoculture of rice wheat crop rotation in some districts of Haryana particularly in areas with assured irrigation has led to over utilization of natural resources, degradation in soil productiveness and higher susceptibility of crops to the attack of various insects, pests and diseases. Moreover, profitability from these crops has almost stagnated due to stagnating yields and increasing input expenses including human labour. In such situation, crop diversification towards coarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and commercial crops will be a future strategy to increase the income of the farmers and sustain the natural resources from further degradation. In this background, the diversification from traditional crops to commercial crops in Fatehabad districts of Haryana assumes special significance and this study is planned to focus on these concerns.

Conclusion

Given our focus on optimal allocations, our theory does not provide empirical implications on land use structure. However, the parallel equilibrium theory does. It is important to test the implications of our theory since we have made several policy recommendations. Their validity depends directly on the extent to which this model captures important elements of reality. A test of these implications is, nevertheless, beyond the scope of this paper and left for future research.

Given our focus on optimal allocations, our theory does not provide empirical implications on land use structure. However, the parallel equilibrium theory does. It is important to test the implications of our theory since we have made several policy recommendations. Their validity depends directly on the extent to which this model captures important elements of reality. A test of these implications is, nevertheless, beyond the scope of this paper and left for future research.

References

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