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CBSE

Question Bank SOCIAL SCIENCE Teacher’s Manual

FULL MARKS PVT LTD Educational Publishers 4238A/1, Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi-110002 CONTENTS PART-A: HISTORY (OUR PASTS-III) 1. How, When and Where 3 2. From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power 6 3. Ruling the Countryside 12 4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age 17 5. When People Rebel (1857 and After) 21 6. Colonialism and The City The Story of an Imperial Capital 25 7. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners 29 8. Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation 33 9. Women, Caste and Reform 37 10. The Changing World of Visual Arts 42 11. The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 46 12. India After Independence 51 l Worksheets 1 to 12 56–74

PART-B: GEOGRAPHY (RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT) 1. Resources 75 2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources 77 3. Mineral and Power Resources 82 4. Agriculture 87 5. Industries 90 6. Human Resources 94 l Worksheets 1 to 6 97–104

PART-C: CIVICS (SOCIAL & POLTICAL LIFE-III) 1. The Indian Constitution 105 2. Understanding Secularism 108 3. Why do We Need a Parliament? 110 4. Understanding Laws 113 5. Judiciary 116 6. Understanding Our Criminal Justice System 119 7. Understanding Marginalisation 121 8. Confronting Marginalisation 124 9. Public Facilities 127 10. Law and Social Justice 129 l Worksheets 1 to 10 131–140 Part-A: History (Our Pasts-III) Chapter How, When and Where 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. James Rennel 1. Dates 2. Robert 2. As powerful figures 3. 1773 3. James Mill 4. Survey of the plant resources 4. When the subjugation of one of the Indian empire country by another leads to 5. False various kinds of political, economic, social and cultural Puzzle Time changes, we refer to the process of colonisation. AROYALTYASGD P 5. Sepoy Mutiny RCREQTBDLST P O 6. Surveys were important for JSIMF P JOWZIHS C P TQKOGVHLNGT effective administration. EWAIVVBQKULAE Fill in the Blanks NGBCZFAUNABNR 1. past 2. economist SNONSNBUCHDCI UWODLMRTEWTIT 3. British 4. deeds SHDYYVXSURVEY 5. Viceregal Palace WXRGCJZYMAFNS True/False ARTOGHFZL P RTX 1. True 2. False 3. True FLORACSAXALGZ SUAJYBAEAKQOL 4. True 5. False SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (c) Warren Hastings 1. True 2. True 3. False 2. (a) archives and museums 4. False 5. False 3. (a) administer the country effectively Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. (b) The correct answer is 1. Dates become vital in history ‘British’. because we focus on a Match the following particular set of events as (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) important. (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) 2. The histories written by British historians in India began Fill in the Blanks revolved around the life of 1. three 2. darkness British Governor-Generals. 3. colony 4. ordinary All the dates in these history 5. surveys books were liked to these 3 personalities to their activities, therefore wrote about the year policies and achievements. a king was crowned, the year 3. The last viceroy of India was he married, the year he had Lord Mountbatten. a child, the year he fought a 4. • It is done to give each particular war, the year he chapter some coherence. died, and the year the next • It is to tell a story in a way ruler succeeded to the throne. that makes some sense and For such events specific dates can be followed. can be determined. Therefore, 5. We do so in an attempt to history is associated with capture the characteristics of dates. a time, its central features as 2. James Mill is his book, A History they appear to us. of British India, divided Indian 6. These sources are : history into three periods— • Official records of the Hindu, Muslim and British. British administration. Although this periodisation • Archives and museums. was widely accepted, it has its • Letters and memos. own problem. It is not easy to 7. They did so to preserve refer to any period of history important documents and as ‘Hindu’ or ‘Muslim’. The letters there. reason is that a variety of 8. The Botanical Survey of India faiths existed simultaneously (1351) is an institution set in these periods. up by the Government of Further, it is also not fair India in 1890 to survey the to characterise an age only plant resources of the Indian through the religion of empire. the rulers of the time. This 9. The British established suggests that the lives and botanical gardens to collect practices of the other do not plant specimens and really matter. It is noteworthy information about their uses. here that even rulers in ancient 10. In the villages, revenue India did not all share the surveys were conducted to same faith. know the topography, the soil 3. This periodisation is borrowed quality, the flora, the fauna, from the west where the the local histories and the modern period was associated cropping patterns. These facts with the growth of all the were necessary to administer forces of modernity i.e., the region. science, reason, democracy, Short Answer Type Questions liberty and equality. Medieval 1. There was a time when history was the term used to describe was an account of battles and a society where these features big events. It was about rulers of modern society did not and their policies. Historians exist.

4 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII But the characterisation of the personalities and popular modern period is difficult to booklets that where sold in accept because Indians did local markets. not enjoy equality, and liberty 6. In the picture, Brahmanas are under the British rule. The shown offering the Shastras to British rulers also did not give Britannia, frontispiece to the much importance to economic first map produced by James growth and progress and the Rennel, in 1782. country remained backward. The picture here tries to This period is, therefore, suggest that Indians willingly referred to as ‘colonial’ by gave over their ancient texts many historians. to Britannia—the symbol of 4. The British colonised India not British power—as if asking in a day. They did it slowly her to become the protector and steadily. They first of of Indian culture. all subjugated local nawabs Long Answer Type Questions and rajas. Then they looked control over the country’s 1. The British thought that economy and society. They surveys were important for collected revenue to meet effective administration. all their expenses, bought Hence, they carried out the goods they wanted at detailed surveys by the early low prices and produced nineteenth century to map crops they needed for export. the entire country. In the What is more the British villages, revenue surveys also brought about changes were conducted to know the in values, tastes, customs topography, solid quality, and practices. In this way, the flora, the fauna, the local they moulded everything in histories and the cropping their favour and successfully patterns. All these facts were colonised the country. seen necessary to know about 5. The British official records tell to administer the region. The us what the officials thought, British also started census what they were interested operations from the end of the in and what they wished nineteenth century. Here it is to preserve for posterity. noteworthy that census was These records do not help held every ten years. These us understand what other prepared detailed records people in the country felt of the number of people in and what they lay behind all the provinces of India, their actions. For that we take noting information on castes, help of other sources such as religions and occupation. diaries of people, accounts The British also carried other of pilgrims and travellers, surveys such as botanical autobiographies of important surveys, zoological surveys,

Teacher’s Manual n 5 archaeological surveys, they also set up archives anthropological surveys, and museums to preserve forest surveys. important records. 2. • The British believed that the • Letters and memos that act of writing was important. moved from one branch Every instruction, plan, of the administration to policy, decision, agreement, another in the early years investigation had to be of the 19th century can still clearly written up. They be read in the archives. One were of the view that things can also study the notes could be properly studied and reports that district and debated ofter that. officials prepared. This conviction produced • The instructions and an administrative culture directives that were sent of memos, notings and by officials at the top to reports. provincial administrations • The British also gave can also be read. In the much important to the early years of the 19th preservation of important century these documents documents and letters. were carefully copied out For this they set up record and beautifully written rooms attached to all by calligraphists by the administrative institutions middle of the 19th century, such as the village with the spread of printing, tahsildar’s office, the multiple copies of these collectriats, the lawcourts, records were printed.

Chapter From Trade to Territory 2 The Company Establishes Power FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. nawab 4. Plassey 5. Salbai 1. A royal edict, a royal order 2. Factors 3. In 1600 True/False 4. The ruler of Mysore 1. True 2. True 3. False 5. Governor-General 4. True 5. False Fill in the Blanks Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Matchlock 1. A poor chowkidar of Sangoli 2. Queen Elizabeth-I in Kitoor, (in Karnataka today) who carried on the anti-British

6 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII resistance movement after Puzzle Time

Rani Channamma but was SRANAWMBJWTJ hanged by the British. AHSZWFHK P EQH 2. Edmund Burke MCDKAUXLSXNA 3. A heavy gun used by infantry B P GLDYCHAZRN soldiers A P UOHJKQIT P S 4. Collectorate 5. Alliance LXGN P DVRNITI P VUDAI P UROYW UHUWIJTMEVAY RSLQDYNAG P UR XNZURMQWAOQT WSATARAYCSXR

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions and establishing regional 1. (d) The German kingdoms. As powerful regional kingdoms emerged 2. (c) 1651 in various parts of India, Delhi 3. (b) Robert Clive could not remain an effective 4. (a) Mir Jafar centre. 5. (c) Aurangzeb 2. The British originally came Match the following to India to trade with the country. They showed no (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) interest in acquiring Indian (iv)—(h) (v)—(c) (vi)—(g) territories. (vii)—(e) (viii)—(f) 3. The term mercantile means Fill in the Blanks a business enterprise that make profit primarily through 1. Plassey trade, buying goods cheap 2. Alivardi Khan and selling them at higher 3. Robert Clive prices. 4. Seringapatam 4. This meant that no other 5. Paramountcy trading group in England 6. Mysore could compete with the East True/False India Company. 5. With the royal charter the 1. False 2. False 3. True Company could venture 4. True 5. True across the oceans, looking Very Short Answer Type Questions for new lands from which it could buy goods at a cheap 1. Aurangzeb’s successors price and carry them back to were not powerful Mughal Europe to sell at higher prices. governors called subadars The Company did not have to and big zamindars began fear competition from other asserting their authority English trading companies.

Teacher’s Manual n 7 6. Vasco da Gama was a to grant the Company Portuguese explorer. He concessions and demanded discovered sea route to India large tributes for the in 1498 which helped the Company’s right to trade. Portuguese to establish their They denied to Company presence in the western coast any right to mint coons and of India. stopped it from extending 7. Aurangzeb’s farman’s had its fortifications. Accusing granted only the Company the Company of deceit, they the right to trade duty free. claimed that the Company But Company officials, who of deceit, they claimed that were carrying on private trade the Company was depriving on side, were expected to pay the Bengal government of duty. This they refused to pay huge amounts of revenue causing loss of revenue for and undermining the Bengal. authority of the nawab. It 8. The Battle of Plassey became was refusing to pay taxes, so famous because it was writing disrespectful letters the first major victory of and trying to humiliate the the Company in India. This nawab and his officials. strengthened the root of the 2. The East India Company Company in the Indian soil. devised a system known 9. Many of the Company as ‘subsidiary alliance’ in officials came from humble order to expand its control backgrounds and wanted to over the Indian territory. earn enough in India, so that According to the terms of this they could lead a comfortable alliance, Indian rulers were life after returning to Britain. not allowed to have their Those who managed to return independent armed forces. with wealth led flashy lives They were to be protected and were called ‘nawabs’ by the Company, but had which was an anglicized to pay for the ‘subsidiary version of the Indian word forces’ that the Company was nawab. supposed to maintain for the 10. The treaties that followed the purpose of this protection. Battle of Buxar forced Nawab If the Indian rulers failed to Sirajuddaulah to give up make to payment, then part of much of his authority. their territory was taken away Short Answer Type Questions as penalty. The states which become 1. When the Company began the victims of this system to manipulate existing were, Awadh, Hyderabad and privileges, the nawabs of Mysore. Bengal became strict and 3. The assumption of Diwani the conflict between the two was advantageous for the intensified. They refused

8 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII East India Company in many of Seringapatam in which ways. The Diwani allowed the Company ultimately the Company to use the vast got victory. Tipu Sultan was revenue resources of Bengal. killed defending his capital This solved a major problem Seringapatam on 4 May, 1799. that the Company had earlier The Company placed Mysore faced. Its trade with India under the former ruling had expanded no doubt but dynasty of the Wodeyars and it had to pay most of the imposed a subsidiary alliance goods in India with gold on the state. and silver imported from 5. The Doctrine of Lapse was the Britain. The auto flow of these culmination of the Company’s costly metals from Britain territorial expansion policy. stopped after the assumption It was implemented by Lord of Diwani now revenues from Dalhousie, the Governor- India could finance Company General of India from 1848 expenses. These revenues to 1856. According to the could be used to purchase doctrine if an India ruler cotton and silk textiles in died without a male heir his India, maintain Company kingdom would ‘lapse’, that books and meet the cost of is, become a part of Company building the Company fort territory. Several kingdoms and offices at Calcutta. were annexed by applying this 4. Tipu Sultan was a powerful doctrine—Satara, Sambalpur, ruler of Mysore. Under his Udaipur, Nagpur, Jhansi and leadership the state had Awadh. become very strong. 6. In the wave of annexations Mysore controlled the Lord Hastings initiated a new profitable trade of the policy ‘paramountcy’. Now Malabar coast where the the Company claimed that its Company purchased pepper authority was paramount or and cardamom. In 1785 Tipu supreme, hence its power was Sultan stopped the export greater than that of Indian of sandalwood, pepper and states. In order to protect its cardamom through the ports of interests it was justified in his kingdom, and disallowed annexing or threatening to local merchants from trading annex any Indian kingdom. with the Company. He also Lord Hastings’ this policy did modernised his army with not go unchallenged. Rani the help of the French in Channamma was the ruler of a India. This infuriated the small state of Kitoor (present- British and they decided to day Karnataka). When the crush Tipu Sultan. For this British tried to annex her state, they fought four wars with she took arms and led an anti- Mysore. The last was the Battle British resistance movement.

Teacher’s Manual n 9 She was arrested in 1824 and between the Bengal nawabs died in prison in 1829. But and the Company got Rayanna, a poor Chowkidar of intensified. The Company Sangolin in Kitoor, carried on did not like Sirajuddaulah the resistance. He destroyed because he was a strong many British camps and nawab of Bengal. It wanted records. But he was caught a prepped ruler in his place and hanged by the British in who would willingly give 1830. trade concessions and other 7. In the late 1830s the East India privileges. For this purpose the Company became worried Company tried to help one of about Russia. It got feared that Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become Russia might expand across the nawab. This infuriated India and enter India from the Sirajuddaulah. He asked the north-west. Hence, the British Company to stop meddling now wanted to secure their in the political affairs of his control over the north-west. dominion, stop fortifications They fought a prolonged war and pay the revenues. When with Afghanistan between the Company refused to do so 1838 and 1842 and established the nawab market with 30,000 indirect Company ruler there. soldiers to the English factory Sind was taken over in 1843. at kasimbazar, captured However, it took some time to the Company officials and take over Punjab because of locked the warehouse. Then the resistance put by Maharaja he marched to Calcutta Ranjit Singh. But ofter his where he was interrupted death, it was annexed in 1849. by the Company officials. 8. The principal figure in Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive an Indian district was the led the Company’s army collector. The main job of against Sirajuddaulah at the collector was to collect Plassey, known as the Battle revenue and taxes and of Plassey. Sirajuddaulah maintain law and order in could not manage to win his district. There were judges, this battle because one of his police officers and darogas to commanders, named Mir Zafar supported Robert Clive help him. His office was called by not fighting the battle. the collectorate. It became The victory of the Company the new centre of power in the Battle of Plassey and patronage that steadily strengthened its roots in the replaced previous holders of Indian soil. It was the first authority. major victory the Company Long Answer Type Questions won in the country. 1. The Battle of Plassey was 2. The East India Company fought when the conflicts was not satisfied with its

10 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII military power. It wanted to unknown territory. Instead improve the army. For this it used a variety of political, purpose the Company started economic and diplomatic recruting peasants into its methods to extend its army and training them as influence before annexing an professional soldiers. This Indian kingdom: came to be known as the sepoy (i) The Company appointed army. As warfare technology Residents in Indian changed from the 1820s, the states after the Battle cavalry requirements of the of Buxar in 1764. Company’s army declined. Through the Residents, This is because the British empire was fighting in Burma, the Company officials Afghanistan and Egypt began interfering in where soldiers were armed the internal affairs of with muskets soldiers were Indian states. The armed with muskets and Company forced the matchlocks. The soldiers of states into a ‘subsidiary the Company’s army had alliance’ under which to keep pace with changing Indian rulers were not military requirements and allowed to have their its infantry regiments now independent armed became more important. forces. They were to The British also bean to develop a uniform military culture. be protected by the Soldiers were increasingly Company, but had to subjected to European-style pay for the subsidiary training, drill and discipline forces. It the Indian that regulated their life far rulers failed to make to more than before. Often this payment, then part of created problems because their territory was taken caste and community feelings away as penalty. Awadh were ignored in building a and Hyderabad were force of professional soldiers. forced to code territories This hurt the Indian soldiers, on this ground. known as sepoys which became a major cause for the (ii) Under the policy of 1857 revolt. ‘paramountcy’ the 3. The East India Company Company claimed crossed all limits in the that its authority was process of annexation of supreme and therefore Indian states that began in its power was greater 1757 and continued till 1857. than that of Indian The Company rarely launched states. In order to a direct military attack on an protect its interests it

Teacher’s Manual n 11 was justified in annexing lapse that is, become part Indian states. of Company territory. (iii) Then there was the Satara, Sambalpur, Doctrine of Lapse which Udaipur, Nagpur, declared that if an Indian Jhansi and Awadh were ruler died without a male annexed under this heir his kingdom would policy.

Chapter Ruling The Countryside 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Agents of planters 1. The cultivator or peasant. 4. indigo 2. A unit of measurement of land 5. A fermenting or storage vessel. 3. Aurangzeb 4. The Governor-General of Puzzle Time India when the Permanent BDESCOQIFOWJR Settlement was introduced. OSKEWTXIMIO P Y 5. United Provinces MLZESATTAEAMO FASKHISOELDWT Fill in the Blanks SVEKUEZMISLU P 1. indigo planters XEUKALAMKARIQ 2. planters 3. revenue ZXYUIGEO P IMDL 4. indigo 5. synthetic dyes NARWJBVNUNMWE QWEURI P UEDMCV True/False XZEXYMWERIMEO 1. True 2. False 3. False ASCFHJKUEGUBN 4. True 5. True V P LANTATIONUS Rapid-Fire Questions (i) ryot (ii) plantation 1. A famous poet and artist of (iii) slave (iv) satta 19th century Britain (v) indigo (vi) woad 2. Italy, France and Britain (vii) Kalamkari SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Match the following 1. (b) 1770 (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 2. (a) Charles Cornwallis (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) 3. (b) Andhra Pradesh Fill in the Blanks 4. (c) dye cloth 1. nij 2. men 5. (d) planters 3. Europe

12 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 4. Permanent Settlement Short Answer Type Questions 5. blue 1. The Mahalwari system was True/False different from the Permanent 1. True 2. False 3. True Settlement in two ways : 4. False 5. False (i) Under the Mahalwari system the rate of revenue Very Short Answer Type Questions was not permanently 1. The Company was appointed fixed. It was divided as the Diwan of Bengal on 12 that it would be revised August 1765. periodically. But in the 2. As Diwan, the Company Permanent Settlement became the chief financial the rate of revenue was administrator of the teritory fixed permanently, that under its control. Now it is, it was not to be could administer the land increased ever in future. and organise its revenue (ii) Under the Mahalwari resources. system the charge of 3. The Company wanted a large collecting the revenue revenue income. and paying it to the 4. It killed ten million people in Company was given to Bengal. About one-third of the the village headman. population was wiped out. But in the Permanent 5. The Company could incorease Settlement, this charge its revenue by encouraging was given to the investment in land and by zamindar. improving agriculture. 2. In the British territories in 6. The Company introduced the the south a new system was Permanent Settlement in 1793. devised which came to be 7. They wanted their government known as the ryotwar or to ban the import of indigo ryotwari. It was first tried because they were worried by on a small scale by Captain the competition from indigo. 8. Indigo produced a rich blue Alexander Read in some colour whereas the dye from of the areas of the south. woad was pale and dull. Subsequently the system it 9. The two main systems of was developed by Thomas indigo cultivation were nij Munro and it was gradually and ryoti. extended all over south 10. Indigo had deep roots and it India. Since there were exhausted the soal rapidly. no traditional zamindars After an indigo harvest the in the south therefore the land could not be sown with settlement was made directly rice. Therefore, peasants with the cultivators or ryots. wanted to cultivate rice on Their fields were separately the best soils.

Teacher’s Manual n 13 surveyed before the revenue Artisans began to leave assessment was made. Munro villages because they were thought that the British should forced to sell their goods protect the ryots under their to the Company at low charge. prices. Peasants were unable But soon this system failed. to pay the dues that were Peasants demands fixed by being demanded from them. revenue officials. Ryots fled Artisanal production was the countryside and villages in decline and agricultural became deserted in many cultivation collapsed. Then in regions. 1770 a terrible famine occurred 3. Britain began to industrialise which wiped out Bengal’s by the end of the eighteenth one-third population. century. As a result, its 5. The Permanent Settlement was cotton production expanded introduced by the Company dramatically. This created in 1793. As per the terms of the an enormous new demand system, the rajas and taluqdars for cloth dyes. While the were recognised as zamindars. demand for indigo increased, They were asked to collect its existing supplies from the rent from the peasants and West Indies and America pay revenue to the Company. collapsed for several reasons. The amount of revenue was Between 1783 and 1789 the fixed permanently, that is, it production of indigo in the was not to be increased ever world fell by half. Cloth dyers in future. It was felt that this in Britain now desperately would ensure regular flow looked for new sources of of income or revenue into indigo supply. the Company’s coffers and 4. After the assumption of at the same time encourage Diwani in 1765, the Company the zamindars to invest in began to enlarge its revenue improving the land. Since income by purchasing fine the revenue demand of the cotton and silk cloth at a very state would not be increased, cheap rate. Within five years the zamindars would benefit the value of goods bought from increased production by the Company in Bengal from the land. doubled, Before 1765, the 6. Under the ryoti system, the Company had purchased planters forced the ryots to goods in India by imperting sign a contract, known as satta. gold and silver from Britain. At times they pressurised the Now the revenue collected village headmen to sign the in Bengal could finance the contract got cash advances purchase of goods for export. from the planters at low rates As a result, Bengal fell into of interest to produce indigo. deep economic crisis. But the loan committed the

14 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII ryot to cultivating indigo But there were problems with on at least 25 per cent of this system: the area under his holding. (i) The planters found The planters provided the it difficult to expland seed, and the drill, white the the area under nij cultivators prepared the soil, cultivation. Indigo sowed the seed and looked could be cultivated only after the crop. After the one fertile lands, and harvest the crop was delivered to the planters. these were all density 7. The indigo cultivators faced populated. grim situation under the ryoti (ii) Labour was also not system. When they delivered easily available. A large the crop to the planters after plantation required a the harvest, they were given a vast number of hands to new loan and the cycle started operate. And labour was all over again. Peasants who needed precisely at a were initially tempted to by time when peasants were the loans soon realised that usually busy with their the system of advances was rice cultivation. too harsh. It dragged them (iii) Nij cultivation on a large into untold miseries. The price scale also required many they got for the indigo they ploughs and bullocks. produced was very low and Investing on purchase the cycle of loans never ended. There were other problems too. and maintenance of The planters usually insisted ploughs was a big that indigo be cultivated on problem. the best soils but the peasants (iv) Supplies from the preferred to cultivate rice. peasants could not be They were not interested easily obtained since their in indigo cultivation as it ploughs and bullocks exhausted the soil rapidly. were busy on their rice Long Answer Type Questions fields, exactly at the time that the indigo planters 1. Within the system of nij needed them. cultivation, the planters produced indigo in lands 2. The indigo peasants in Bengal that they directly controlled. were being oppressed by the They either bought the planters for a long time. When land or rented it from other it became unbearable they zamindars and produced finally refused to grow indigo. indigo by directly employing With the spread of rebellion hired labourers. thousands of ryots refused to

Teacher’s Manual n 15 pay reats to the planters and vessel) in the indigo factory. attacked factories armed with Three or four vats were swords and spears, bows and needed to manufacture the arrows. Women turned up dye. to fight with pots, pairs and • Each vat had a separate Kitchen implements. Those function. The leaves who worked for the planters stripped off the indigo were socially boycotted and plant were first soaked the gomasthar (agents of in warm water in a vat planters) who came to collect known as the fermenting rent were beaten up. vat for several hours. In 1859, the indigo ryots got • When the plant fermented, support of the local zamindars the liquid began to boal and village headmen in their and bubble. Now the rebellion against the planters. rotten leaves were taken They mobilised the indigo out and the liquid drained peasants and fought pitched into another vat that was battles with the lathiyals (lathi- placed just below the first wielding strongmen kept by vat. the planters). Worried by the • In the second vat, known as rebellion, the government set the beater vat, the solution up the Indigo Commission was continuously stirred to enquire into the system and beaten with paddles. of indigo production. The When the liquid gradually commission held the planters turned green and then blue, quilty and declared that lime water was added to indigo production was not the vat. profitable for ryots. The • Gradually the indigo Commission told them that separated out in flakes, a they could refuse to produce muddy sediment settled indigo in future after fulfilling at the bottom of the vat their existing contracts. After and clear liquid rose to the revolt, indigo production the surface. The liquid collapsed in Bengal. Now the was drained off and the planters turned to Bihar. sediment i.e. the indigo 3. Indigo production involved pulp transferred to another the following processes— vat, known as the settling • After harvest, the indigo vat, and then pressed and plant was taken to the vats dried for sale. (a fermenting or storage

16 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Chapter Tribals, Dikus and The Vision 4 of A Golden Age FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. The age of truth 1. Worshippers of Vishnu. 3. Dikus and the Europeans 2. Broadcast 4. Cholera 3. They belonged to a tribal group 5. In the hilly and the forested that lived in Chotanagpur. tracts of north-east and 4. The British in India. Central India. 5. So that the soil recovers fertility. Puzzle Time V P MINERSWBNMT Fill in the Blanks AWEBNIYOUR P VR 1. Orissa 2. Bewar IHJMCXADTONVI 3. forests 4. tribals SHFALLOWZAENB 5. cocoons HYUHBWEOIDBMA NQWUNJOBUCXZL True/False AR P ABEWAVAMXC 1. True 2. True 3. True VEDVRGHNKSLOU MUNDASXJSTWEQ 4. False 5. False QAZWSXEATYUJH Rapid-Fire Questions ASLEE P ER P NMXZ BAIGASIAUIOSE 1. Tree SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) colour clothes and leather 1. True 2. False 3. False 2. (d) commercial farming 4. True 5. False 3. (a) Assam 4. (b) Maharashtra Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (b) they would provide labour 1. They said that Birsa had to the Forest Department miraculous powers. He could cure all diseases and multiply Match the following grain. (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(g) 2. Birsa himself declared that (iv)—(b) (v)—(h) (vi)—(e) God had appointed him to (vii)—(f) (viii)—(d) save his people from trouble, Fill in the Blanks free them from the slavesy of dikus or outsiders. 1. rioting 3. (i) The tribal societies did 2. peasant cultivators not have the sharp social 3. Reserved 4. labour 5. hunters divisions.

Teacher’s Manual n 17 (ii) All those who belonged yields. Therefore, they insisted to the same tribe thought on continuong with theri of themselves as sharing traditional practice in north- common ties of Kinship. east India-Facing widespread 4. Jhum cultivation is also protests, the British finally known as shifting cultivation. allowed them the right to 5. This meant that the seattered carry on shifting cultivation the seeds on the field instead in some parts of the forests. of ploughing the land and 2. The tribal chiefs were souring the seeds. important people before the 6. The British wanted tribal arrival of the British. They groups to settle down and enjoyed a certain amount of become peasant cultivators economic power and had because settled peasants the right to administer and wre easier to control and control their territories. In administer than people who some places they had their were always on the move. own police and decided on the 7. Indian silk was known for its local rules of land and forest fine quality. management. 8. Birsa urged his followers Under British rule, their to purify themselves, give functions and powers changed up drinking liquor and stop considerably. They lost much believing in witch craft and of their administrative power sorcery. and were forced to follow 9. The political aim of the Birsa laws made by British officials movement was to drive out in India. They also had to missionaries, money-lenders, pay tribute to the British and Hindu landlords and the discipline the tribal groups on government and set up a behalf of the British. They lost Munda Raj Birsa at its head. the authenty they had earlier 10. They established forest enjoyed amongst their people. villages in many regions to 3. The new forest laws badly ensure a regular supply of affected t he lives of the tribal cheap labour. people. The British extended their control over all forests Short Answer Type Questions and declared that forests were 1. It is difficult to do settled state property. Some forests plough cultivation in areas were classified as Reserved where water is scarce and the forests for they produced soil is dry. The British were timber which the British unaware of this fact. As a wanted. In these forests result, jhum cultivators who people were not allowed to took to plough cultivation move freely, practice jhum often suffered, since their cultivation, collect fruits or fields did not produce good hunt animals. As a result,

18 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII many of them moved to other 6. Jhum cultivators, also known areas in search of work and as shifting cultivators, livelihood. Thus, their forests practised cultivation on small were forcibly taken from patches of land, mostly in them and they were made forests. The cultivators cut the homeless. treetops to allow sunlight to 4. The tribals wanted to free them reach the ground; and burnt from the stavery of the dikus— the vegetation on the land to missionaries, moneylenders, clear it for cultivation. They Hindu landlords and the spread the ash from the firing, colonial government by which contained potash, to driving them out. They saw fertilise the soil. They used all these forces as the cause the are to cut trees and the of their misery. The land hoe to scratch the soil in order policies of the British were to prepare it for cultivation. distroying their traditional They scattered the seeds on land system. Their livelihoods the field instead of ploughing were under threat and their the land and sowing the seeds. religion appeared to be in Once the crop was ready and danger. Hindu landlords and harvested, they moved to moneylenders too were very another field. Thus, they kept harsh with them. They were on moving within forests. taking over their land. So for 7. The Khond community of missionaries were concerned, Orissa lived by hunting and these were criticising their gathering forest produce. traditional culture. These facts Forests were essential for account for the anger of the them. They regularly went out tribals against the dikus. on collective hunts and then 5. The movement was significant divided the meat amongst in two ways—­ themselves. They ate fruits (i) It forced the colonial and roots collected from the government to introduce forest and cooked food with laws so that the land of the out they extracted from the tribals could not be the seeds of the sal and mahua. easily taken over by dikus. They used many forest shrubs (ii) It proved once again that and herbs for medicinal the tribal people had the purposes, and sold forest capacity to protest against produce in the local markets. injustice and express their Long Answer Type Questions anger against colonial 1. Birsa was born in a family rule. They did this in of Mundas, a tribal group their own specific way, that lived in Chottanagpur, inventing their own Jharkhand. From the very rituals and symbols of beginning he took great struggle.

Teacher’s Manual n 19 interest in hearing tales of the to reach the ground, and Munda uprisings of the past burnt the vegetation on and saw the sirdars (leaders) the land to clear it for of the community urging cultivation. They spread the people to revolt. He was the ash from the firing, deeply influenced by many which contained potash of the ideas he came in touch to fertilise the soil. They with in his growing up years. used the axe to cut trees He started a movement that and the hoe to scratch the aimed at reforming tribal soil in order to prepare society. He urged the Mundas it for cultivation. They to give up drinking liquor, scattered the seeds on the clean their village and stop believing in witchcraft and field. Once the crop was sorcery. ready and harvested, Birsa urged his followers to they moved to another recover their glorious past. field. He talked of a golden age (ii) Some tribal people were in the past when Mundas hunters and gatherers. lived a good life, constructed They saw forests as embankments, tapped natural essential for survival. springs, planted trees and They regularly went out orchards, practised cultivation on collective hunts and to earn their living. They then divided the meat loved their brethren and lived amongst themselves. honestly. Birsa also wanted They used many forest people to once again work on shrubs and herbs for their lands. medicinal purposes. His vision of a golden age (iii) Some tribal groups lived appealed to the people of his by herding and rearing region because they all wanted animals. They were to lead a good life. They were pastoralists who moved unhappy with the changes they were experiencing and with their herds of cattle the problems they were facing or sheep according to the under the British rule. They seasons. When the grass were very much eager to get in one place exhausted, rid of the restrictions that they moved to another the colonial forest laws had area. imposed on them. (iv) Some tribal groups took 2. Tribal people were involved to settled cultivation. in several activities: They began to use the (i) Some of them were jhum plough, and gradually cultivators. They cut the got rights over the land treetops to allow sunlight they lived on.

20 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 3. The British efforts to settle in some parts of the forest. shifting cultivators was Also changes in the forest not very successful. Settled laws had a considerable effect plough cultivation is not easy on their lives. The British in areas where water is scarce extended their control over and the soil is dry. In fact, all forests and declared that shifting cultivators who took forests were state property. to plough cultivation often Some forests were classified suffered, since their fields as reserved forests for they did not produce good yields. produced timber which the So the shifting cultivators British wanted. In these forests in north-east India insisted people were not allowed to on continuing with their move freely, practise shifting cultivation, collect fruits, or traditional practice. Facing hunt animals. As a result, widespread protests, the many shifting cultivators British had to ultimately forced to move to other allow them the right to areas in search of work and carry on shifting cultivation livelihood. Chapter When People Rebel 5 (1857 and After) FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. The person who refused 1. Nana Saheb 2. 1856 allegiance. 3. Governor-General Canning 3. Madhya Pradesh 4. Religious warriors 4. She was defeated and killed. 5. For attacking British officers 5. Tantia Tope in Barrackpore. Puzzle Time Fill in the Blanks M P AL J AUN P UR 1. 1859 2. Viceroy FSOUIALMABH ATECTBO P AAT 3. widow 4. Peshwa IMMKSLINSRL 5. Bahadur Shah Zafar ZSONAGKLTEK True/False ANYO J HANSIN BANWKONNDLA 1. True 2. True 3. False ADIFFE P ENLO 4. True 5. False DOMEERUTTYU YADIDURTRTS Rapid-Fire Questions BANDANNASMA 1. The Indian soldiers in employ DELHIT P ASSN of the Company.

Teacher’s Manual n 21 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 6. They used the term firanges 1. (a) Bahadur Shah Zafar (foreigners) for the British. 2. (b) September 1857 7. The Mughal emperor agreed 3. (d) Adivasis to support the rebels because 4. (b) Lord Dalhousie they (rebels) proclaimed the 5. (b) Sea route emperor as their leader. The emperor had no way out Match the following except accepting the demands (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) of the rebels. (iv)—(b) (v)—(f) (vi)—(g) 8. Rani Avantibai Lodhi raised (vii)—(d) and led an army of four thousand against the British Fill in the Blanks who had taken over the 1. Rangoon 2. Viceroy administration of her state. 3. British Queen 9. She was the wife of the 4. Rani Lakshmibai Mughal emperor Bahadur 5. cows and Shah Zafar. She was sent to True/False prison in Rangoon along with her husband. 1. False 2. True 3. False 10. The British believed that 4. True 5. True Muslims were responsible for Very Short Answer Type Questions the rebellion in a big way. 1. The name of the Mughal Short Answer Type Questions king was removed from coins 1. The Company did not want to minted by the Company. continue the Mughal dynasty 2. He took over Awadh under any more. For this it made the pretext of misgovernment. a cautions plan which it 3. There were mixed reactions. executed by one. First of all Some felt that the British the name of the Mughal king were destroying their religion, was removed from the coins their social customs and minted by the Company. their traditional way of life. In 1849, Governor-General There were of course other Dalhousie announced that Indians who welcomed the after the death of Bahadur British reforms. They wanted Shah Zafar, the family of the to change existing social king would be shifted out practices. of the Red Fort and given 4. They believed that if they another place in Delhi to crossed the sea they would reside in. In 1856, Governor- lose their religion and caste. General Canning decided 5. They were unhappy about that Bahadur Shah Zafar their pay, allowances and would be the last Mughal conditions of service. king and after this death none

22 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII of his descendants would be easier. This laws allowed an recognised as kings. Instead Indian who had converted they would be called princes. to Christiantity in inherit the 2. The Indian sepoys in the property of this ancestors. employ of the Company were Indian responded to these unhappy about their pay, reforms in different ways. allowances and conditions of Many of them felt that the service. Some of the new rules British were destroying their violated even their religious religion, their social customs sensibilities and beliefs. Those and their traditional way were the days when people of life. On the other hand, in the country believed that there were other Indians who if they crossed the sea they were in favour of changes in would lose their religion and existing social practices. cast. In such circumstances, 4. The British recaptured Delhi the sepoys were told in 1824 to from the rebel forces in go to Burma by the sea route September 1859. Just after to fight for the Company. that they turned their eyes to This infuriated them and Bahadur Shah Zafar. He was they refused to follow the tried in court and sentenced to order. They, however, life imprisonment. He and his agreed to go by the land wife Begum Zinat Mahal were route. They were severaly sent to prison in Rangoon in punished for their refusal. October 1858. Bahadur Shah Since the issue remained alive Zafar died in the Rangoon jail in 1856, the Company passed in November 1862. Thus, the a new law which stated last years of his life were very that every new person who pathetic because the British took up employment in the dealt with him so ruthlessly. Company’s army had to agree 5. The Indian soldiers were to serve overseas if required. bubbling with courage 3. The British were keen to and confidence. They were reforms Indian society. So, determined to uproot the they passed laws to stop British rule in India and bring the practice of sati and to back Bahadur Shah Zafar to encourage the remarriage rule the land. They rushed of widows. They also to Delhi to from Meerut and promoted English-language gathered around the walls educations. After 1830, the of the Red Fort where the Company allowed Christian Badshah lived, demanding to missionaries to function freely meet him. The ageing emperor in its domain and even own was not willing to challenge land and property. In 1850, a the mighty British power but new law was passed that made the soldiers persisted. They conversion to Christianity forced their way into the palace

Teacher’s Manual n 23 and proclaimed Bahadur Shah introduced some important Zafar as their leader. The changes in their policies. emperor ultimately accepted These changes were: their demand. (i) The British Parliament 6. The British tried their best passed a new Act in to win back the loyalty of 1858 and transferred the the people of India. They powers of the East India announced rewards for loyal Company to the British landholders by allowing them Crown in order to ensure to continue to enjoy traditional a more responsible rights over their lands. Those management of Indian who had rebelled were told affairs. that if they submitted to the (ii) The Governor-General British, and if they had not of India was given the killed any white people, they title of viceroy, that is, would remain safe and their personal representative rights and claims to land of the crown. (iii) All ruling chiefs of the would not be denied. country were assured 7. Since the mid-eighteenth that their territory century, nawabs and rajas had would never be annexed seen their power and influence in future. They were wear away gradually. They allowed to pass on their had gradually lost their kingdoms to their heirs, authority and honour. Hence, including adopted sons. many ruling families tried to (iv) It was decided that the negotiate with the Company proportion of Indian to protect their interests so soldiers in the army that they could enjoy their would be reduced and influence to a considerable the number of European extent. For example, Rani soldiers would be increased. Lakshmibai of Jhansi wanted (v) The land property of the Company to recognise Muslims was confiscated her adopted son as the heir to on large scale because the kingdom after the death the British held them of her husband. Nana Saheb, responsible for the the adopted son of Peshwa rebellion. Baji Rao II, pleaded that he (vi) The customary religions be given his father’s pension and social practices of when the latter died. But the the people of India were Company turned away these given due respect. pleas. (vii) Policies were made to protect landlords and Long Answer Type Questions zamindars and give them 1. After the end of the popular security of rights over rebellion of 1857, the British their lands.

24 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 2. The British had to face defeat large number of rebel leaders in several battles during their who had dared to challenge revolt. This caused a number their authority. But at the of uprisings against the British same time they showed a in various states of India. little bit soft altitude to those One such rebellion occurred landholders who were loyal to in the region of Awadh. The them during the revolt. They villagers took to arms and announced rewards for them the landlords led them. But by allowing them to continue unfortunately, they were to enjoy traditional rights defeated by the British forces. over their lands. Those who The defeat of the rebel forces had killed any white people, encouraged the British. They applied two major methods they would remain safe and to suppress the rebellion. First their rights and claims to land of all, they tried and hanged a would not be denied. Chapter Colonialism and The City 6 The Story of an Imperial Capital FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. A festival of flowers 1. Bombay, Madras, Calcutta 3. Edward Lutyens and Herbert 2. The process by which more Baker and more people begin to 4. Robert Clarke reside in towns and cities 5. Effluents 3. A tomb of a Sufi saint 4. Seventeenth century Puzzle Time 5. Shahjahanabad SDELHITLTXKM Fill in the Blanks XCWAKLINIMXA BXSFYUISLZSD 1. eighteenth 2. 1912 UERY P SDKABNR 3. Shah Jahan 4. Raisina Hill NMKLUIOYKSAA JSDENRTWNBVS 5. haveli ACXZJWASAETS True/False LAJ P ATNAGARO O P IYBTSXAADE 1. True 2. False 3. True EDGTYSSARXCB 4. False 5. True SDGHKBOMBAYX Rapid-Fire Questions ZSAVBNSIOSL P CALCUTTALKSU 1. Rashtrapati Bhawan

Teacher’s Manual n 25 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 6. The British gained control 1. (a) Surat 2. (c) 11 of Delhi after defeating the 3. (a) 1911 Marathas in 1803. 4. (b) establish the railway 7. This meant that India lived in the ‘black’ areas, white the 5. (d) Rajpath British lived in well-laid-out Match the following ‘white’ areas. (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) 8. At the end of the 19th century, (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) the Shahjahani drains were closed as because they could Fill in the Blanks not serve the needs of the 1. Delhi renaissance rapidly increasing population. 2. Walled city 3. Presidency 9. The Census of 1931 revealed 4. Surat 5. Bombay that the walled city area was horribly crowded with as D. True/False many as 90 persons per acre, 1. T 2. F 3. F while New Delhi had only 4. T 4. F about 3 persons per acre. Very Short Answer Type Questions 10. The British either destroyed the mosques or put to other 1. Leed and Manchester uses after the Revolt of 1857. 2. The colonial India was divided into three Presidencies for Short Answer Type Questions administrative purposes. 1. Shahjahanabad, the most These were Bombay, Madras splendid capital of all, was and Bengal which developed built by Shah Jahan. Its from the East India Company’s construction work was started ‘factories’ or trading posts at in 1639 and consisted of a Surat, Madras and Calcutta. fort-palace complex and the 3. De-urbanisation was the city adjoining it. The Red Fort, process by which earlier also called Lal Qila is made of centres of regional power red sandstone. It contained collapsed with the defeat the palace complex. To its of the local leaders by the west lay the walled city with British and new centres of 14 gates. The main streets of administration emerged. Chandni Chowk and Faiz 4. The city of Bombay began Bazaar were broad enough to grow when the East India for royal processions to pass. Company started using It was a over-crowded city. Bombay as its main port in The Jama Masjid stood amidst western India. densely packed mohallas and 5. There was no place higher bazaars. It was the largest and than the Jama Masjid within grandest mosque in India. the city of Delhi then. There was no place higher

26 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII than this mosque within the realised that the Mughal city then. There were several emperor was still important to dargahs, khanqahs and idgahs celebrate British power with in the city which symbolised pomp and show in the city the the prode of Delhi’s residents. Mughal emperors had earlier 2. New Delhi was a stark ruled and the place which had contrast to Shahjahanabad. turned into a rebel stronghold Three differences in these two in 1857. In 1877, Viceroy cities were: Lytton organised a Durbar to (i) Shahjahanabad was acknowledge Queen Victoria honibly-crowded with as the Empress of India. In a number of mohallas 1911, when King George V and bazaars. There were was crowned in England, a several narrow streets, Durbar was hold in Delhi to but New Delhi was celebrate the occasion. The not crowded at. There purpose was again the same. were broad, straight 4. The glorious past of Shahjahanabad started streets lined with disappearing after the Revolt sprawling mansions set of 1857. The Mughal Delhi’s in the middle of large famed canals properly began compounds. to be neglected. The system (ii) Shahjahanabad was built of wells i.e., baolis also in an unplanned manner broke down and channels to the over crowded spaces remove household waste were were unhygienic and damaged. The population was unhealthy. There was also continuously growing this no proper arrangement time. The broken down canals for sewage disposal. could not serve the needs Drainage facilities were of the growing population. also not good. But the city At the end of the nineteenth of New Delhi was well- century, the Shahjahani drains planned. It was clean were closed. But the new and healthy. It had better system of open surface drains water supply, sewage too was overburdened soon. disposal and drainage The wealthier inhabitants facilities than the city of complained about the Shahjahanabad. overflowing open drains but (iii) The environment of they were ignored. Shahjahanabad was to 5. The colonial bungalow meant chaotic. But New Delhi for one nuclear family. It represented a sense of was a large single-storeyed structure with a pitched roof, law and order. and usually set in one or two 3. The British knew the symbolic acres of open ground. It had importance of Delhi. During separate living and dining the Revolt of 1857, they had rooms and bedrooms, and a

Teacher’s Manual n 27 wide verandah running in the both sides of the new border. front, and sometimes on three As a result, fierce rioting sides-kitchens, stables and began. Thousands of people servants‘ quarters were in a in Delhi were killed and their separate space from the main homes looted and burned. house. The house was run by As streams of Muslims left dozens of servants. Delhi for Pakistan, their place 6. The British exiled Bahadur was taken by large numbers Shah Zafar to Burma, of Sikh and Hindu refugees dismantled his court, raised equally from Pakistan. several of the palaces, closed These refugees roamed the down gardens and built streets of Shahjahanabad, barracks for troops in their searching for empty homes to places. They got the area occupy. At times they forced around the fort completely Muslims to leave or sell their cleared of gardens, pavilions properties. Over two-thirds and mosques. Mosques of Delhi Muslims migrated, in particular were either almost 44,000 homes were destroyed, or part to other abandoned. Terrorised uses. No worship was allowed Muslims lived in makeshift in the Jama Masjid for five camps till they could leave for years. One-third of the city Pakistan. was demolished and its At the same time Delhi canals were filled up. In the became a city of refugees. 1870s, the western walls of At a result, the population Shahjahanabad were broken of Delhi swelled. Most of to establish the railway and these migrants were from to allow the city to expand Punjab. They stayed in camps, beyond the walls. schools, military barracks and 7. The Delhi Improvement Trust gardens, hoping to build new built areas like Daryaganj homes. New colonies such south for wealthy Indians. as Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Houses were grouped around Nagar came up at this time. parks within the houses, space Shops and stalls were set up. was divided according to Schools and colleges were also new rules of privacy. Instead of spaces being shared by opened. many families or groups, now The large migration from different members of the same Punjab changed the social family had their own private background of Delhi. The culture of the city became spaces within the home. different. Long Answer Type Questions 2. New Delhi was constructed 1. India got partitioned in as a 10-square-mile city on 1947. This led to a massive Raisina Hill, south of the transfer of populations on existing city. Two architects,

28 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Edward Lutyens and Herber Palace was copied from the Baker, were called on to design Buddhist stupa at Sanchi, and the city and its buildings. the red sandstone and carved The government complex screens of jalis were borrowed in New Delhi consisted of a from Mughal architecture. two-mile avenue, Kingsway, New Delhi took nearly 20 (now Rajpath), that led to years to build. The idea was the Viceroy’s Palace which to build a city that was a stark is now called Rashtrapati contrast to Shahjahanabad. Bhawan, with the secretarist Hence, in the city, these buildings on either sides of were to be broad, straight the avenue. The features of streets lived with sprawling these government buildings mansions set in the middle were borrowed from different of large compounds. The periods of India’s imperial history, but the overall look architects wanted New Delhi was Classical Greece in fifth to represent a sense of law and century BCE. For instance, the order. They new city had to be central dome of the Viceroy’s a clean and healthy space. Chapter Weavers, Iron Smelters and 7 Factory Owners FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 5. The term derived from the 1. Finely woven textile. word ‘bandhna’ (Hindi for 2. Indonesia 3. 1764 tying) and referred to a variety 4. Mulmul and jamdani weaving. of brightly coloured cloth 5. Black Soil produced through a method of tying and dying. Fill in the Blanks 1. Aurang 2. British Puzzle Time 3. Khadi 4. Subarnarekha M P ATOLABALAJ 5. nineteenth CSOCIALMATHA True/False HTEXTBO P ARTM 1. True 2. False 3. True HMMUSLINSOLD 4. False 5. True ISOMAGYLTBKA Rapid-Fire Questions NNYNLKG P BANN TANTKOINDIAI 1. An American geologist JDIFFERENTON 2. Central India IM P ORTANTSUM The waste left when something 3. YADIDUSTRYSA metal. BANDANNASMAR 4. Late nineteenth century. Teacher’s Manual n 29 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 6. The defeat of the nawab and 1. (c) Britain rajas meant they would not 2. (a) end of the eighteenth use swords and armour which century ultimately affected the iron 3. (d) Bengal and steel making industry. 4. (b) Bombay 7. By the late nineteenth century, 5. (c) South India the craft of iron smelting was in decline. In most villages, Match the following furnaces fell into disuse and (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) the amount of iron produced (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) came down. 8. The Agarias are a community Fill in the Blanks of iron smelters living in 1. Indian 2. Jamdani villages in Central India. 3. weaving 4. Indian 9. Jamdani is a fine muslin on 5. swords which decorative motifs are True/False woven on the loom, typically in grey and white. The most 1. True 2. False 3. False important centres of jamdani 4. False 5. True weaving were Dacca in Bengal (now Bangladesh) Very Short Answer Type Questions and Lucknow in the United 1. The British government Provinces. enacted the Calico Act to 10. The region was dry and water, ban the use of printed cotton necessary for running the textiles i.e., chintz. factory, was not to be found 2. These European trading nearby. companies were — the Dutch, Short Answer Type Questions the French and the English. 3. Spinning jenny is a machine 1. Wootz was a special type by which a single worker of high carbon steel. It was could operate several spindles produced all over south India. on to which thread was spun. Wootz steel when made into When the wheel was turned swords produced a very sharp all the spindles rotated. edge with a flowing water 4. These regions were — pattern. This pattern came Bengal, the coromandel coast from very small carbon crystal stretching from Madras to embedded in the iron. northern Andhra Pradesh and Wootz steel was produced in the western coast in Gujarat. many hundreds of smelting 5. Michael Faraday got furnaces in Mysore. In these fascinated by Indian wootz furnaces, iron was mixed with steel. charcoal and put inside small clay pots. Through an intricate

30 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII control of temperatures the textiles. This competition smelters produced steel ignots with Indian textiles led to that were used for sword a search for technological making not just India but in innovation in England. In West and Central Asia too. 1764, the spinning jenny was 2. India imported British invented by John Kaye which steel for rails throughout increased the productivity the late nineteenth century. of the traditional spindles. Expansion of Indian Railways Then came the steam engine had provided a huge market in 1786, invented by Richard for rails that Britain produced. Arkwright it revolutionised But the breaking out of the cotton textile weaving. First World War in 1914 Cloth could now be woven changed the whole scenario. in immense quantities and Steel produced in Britain now cheaply too. had to meet the demands of 4. Indian textiles were famous war in Europe. So imports all over the world for their of British steel into India fine quality and exquisite declined dramatically and craftsmanship. But the the Indian Railways turned to development of cotton TISCO for supply of rails. As industries in Britain marred the war dragged on for several their fame. Textile producers years. TISCO had to produce in India got affected due to shells and carriage wheels for this in the following ways: the war. By 1919, the colonial (i) Indian textiles now had government was buying 90% to compete with British of the steel manufactured by textiles in the European TISCO. As time passed on and American markets. TISCO became the biggest (ii) Exporting textiles to steel industry within the England also became British empire. increasingly difficult 3. Indian textiles became so since very high duties famous in England by the were imposed on Indian early eighteenth century that textiles imported into wool and silk makers in the Britain. country began protesting By the beginning of against the import of Indian the nineteenth century, cotton textiles. Textile English-made cotton industries had just begun textiles successfully to develop in England at ousted Indian goods from this time. Unable to compete their traditional markets with Indian textile, English in Africa, America and producers wanted a secure Europe. market within the country by 5. The textile factory industry in preventing the entry of Indian Indian faced several problems

Teacher’s Manual n 31 in the first few decades of 7. Weavers belonged to its existence. It found it communities that specialised difficult to compete with the in weaving. Weaving is a cheap textiles imported from method of textile production Britain. In most countries, in which two distinct sets of governments supported yarns or threads are interlaced industrialisation by imposing at right angles to form a heavy duties on import. This fabric or cloth. Their skills eliminated competition and were passed on from one protected infant industries. generation to the next. The colonial government of Some of the communities India usually refused such famous for weaving are the protection to local industries. tanti weavers of Bengal, the However, cotton factory julahas or momin weavers of production in India increased north India, sale and kaikollar suddenly during the First and devangs of south India. World War. This was the 8. This is patola weave which was period when textile imports popular in the mid-nineteenth century. Patola was woven in from Britain declined and Surat, Ahmadabad and Patan Indian factories were called in India. It was so valued in upon to produce cloth for Indonesia that it became part military supplies. of the local weaving tradition 6. The English East India there. Company’s growing interest in trade prompted it to Long Answer Type Questions occupy Indian territories. 1. European traders first came in However, the pattern of trade contact with fine cotton cloth changed over the decades. from India. Since it was carried In the late eighteenth by Arab merchants in Mosul century the Company began (present-day Iraq), they began purchasing goods in India and referring to all finely woven exporting them to England textiles as ‘muslin’— a word and Europe. The Company that acquired wide currency. made huge profits through When the Portuguese first this sale. With the growth of came to India in search of industrial production, British spices they landed in Calicut industrialists began to see on the Kerala coast in south- India as a vast market for west India. The cotton textiles their industrial products, which they took back to and overtime British Europe, along with the spices, manufactured goods began came to be called ‘calico‘ and flooding in India which badly subsequently calico became affected Indian crafts and the general name for all cotton industries. textiles. Printed cotton cloths

32 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII called chintz, cossaes or khassa wood for charcoal and and bandanna were also very iron ore. As a result, popular in western markets. many gave up their craft The English word chintz and looked for other comes from the Hindi word means of livelihood. chhint, a cloth with small (ii) In some areas the and colourful flower designs. government did grant From the 1680s there started access to the forest. But a craze for printed Indian the iron smelters had to cotton textiles in England and pay a very high tax to Europe. In the same ways, the the forest department word bandanna now refers for every furnace they to any brightly coloured and used. This reduced their printed scarf for the neck income. or head. Originally, the (iii) By the late nineteenth term derived from the word century iron and steel ‘bandhna’ which is Hindi for was being imported tying and referred to a variety from Britain. Ironsmiths of brightly coloured cloth in India began using produced through a method the imported iron to of tying and dying. manufacture utensils 2. There were several reasons and implements. This behind this: lowered the demand for (i) The new forest laws iron produced by local introduced by the smelters. colonial government (iv) By the early twentieth in India prevented century, the artisans people from entering producing iron and steel the reserved forests. This faced a new competition created problems for the that came up with the iron smelters. It became emergence of iron and difficult for them to find steel industries in India. Chapter Civilising the “Native”, 8 Educating the Nation FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Nathaniel Halhed and 1. One who knows and studies William Jones. several languages. 4. To promote the study of 2. If refers to a local language or Arabic, Persian and Islamic dialect as distinct from what is law. seen as the standard language. 5. They found it non-serious and 3. Henry Thomas Colebrooke, light-hearted.

Teacher’s Manual n 33 Fill in the Blanks Puzzle Time 1. Warren Hastings 2. Orientalist 3. 1835 P ABENGLISHCDO 4. Missionary 5. Bengal; Bihar EVEHAXINILAMR REVCTBN P LATDI True/False SRHC PP GURULRE 1. False 2. False 3. True INANBHURKEKAN 4. False 5. True AAVONNIANINST Rapid-Fire Questions NCEWMJSDALKAA LUB P UTTAGAROL 1. 19th century 2. A Scottish missionary BLCENMADRASAI who helped establish the P ATHSHALATSSS Serampore Mission. ARARHBOMBAYST 3. Rabindranath Tagore MISSIONARYATR 4. Arabic 5. Flexible. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. William Jones and Henry Thomas Colebrooke. 1. (b) the study of ancient Sanskrit texts among 3. They cherished high opinion Indians about Indian civilisation. They felt that Indian civilisation had 2. (d) Bengal attained its glory in the ancient 3. (b) unscientific past, but has subsequently 4. (a) Calcutta declined. 5. (c) Charles Wood 4. The Benaras Hindu College Match the following was established in 1791 to (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) encourage the study of ancient (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) Sanskrit tests that would be useful for the administration Fill in the Blanks of the country. 1. Oriental 2. Sanskrit 5. Orientalists were scholars 3. Pathshalas 4. Colonial having deep knowledge of the 5. Oral language and culture of Asia. 6. The British used the term True/False ‘Vernacular’ to mark the 1. True 2. True 3. False difference between the local 4. False 5. True languages of everyday use Very Short Answer Type Questions and English, the language of the imperial masters. 1. Asiatick Researches was a 7. These institutions were seen journal started by William as temples of darkness that Jones together with Henry were falling of themselves Thomas Colebrooke and into decay. Nathaniel Halhed. 8. Their task was to visit the

34 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII pathshalas and try and improve a place in the hearts of the the standard of teaching. Indians. Only then could the 9. Mahatma Gandhi had a very alien rulers get respect from low opinion about English their subjects. education. He said that 3. He was a great critic of the education in English crippled orientalist vision of learning. Indians, distanced them from He saw India as an uncivilised their own social surroundings country that needed to be and made them strangers in civilised. He thought that no their own land. branch of Eastern knowledge 10. Once the child got admission could be compared to what in a school he could never do England had produced. what he felt like doing. He urged that the British Short Answer Type Questions government in India stop wasting public money in 1. He felt that Indian civilisation promoting oriental learning had attained it glory in for it was of no practical the ancient past, but had use. He emphasised the subsequently declared. In need to introduce European order to understand India it education in India. He felt was necessary to discover the that knowledge of English sacred and legal texts that would allow Indians to read were produced in the ancient some of the finest literature period. He felt that only those the world had produced. It texts could reveal the real would make them aware of ideas and laws of the Hindu the developments in Western and Muslims and only a new science and philosophy. study of texts could form the Teaching of English could basis of future development be a way of civilising people, in India. changing their tastes, values 2. These Company officials were and culture. greatly influenced by the 4. In pathshalas there were no ideas of William Jones and fixed fee, no printed books, Henry Thomas Colebrooke. no separate school building, They felt that institutions no benches or chairs, no should be set up to encourage blackboards, no system of the study of ancient Indian separate classes, no registers, tests and teach Sanskrit and no annual examinations, and Persian literature and poetry. no regular timetable. In some The officials also thought that places classes were held under they were already familiar a banyan tree, in other places with, and what they valued in the corner of a village shop and treasured, not subjects or temple, or at the guru’s that were alien to them. They home. Fee depended on the believed, that only then the income of parents. British could hope to win

Teacher’s Manual n 35 Teaching was oral and the Orientalists needed Indian guru decided what to teach, scholars to teach them the in accordance with the needs vernacular languages, tell of the students. Students them about local customs and were not separated out into laws, and help them translate different classes. They sat and interpret ancient texts. together in one place. During Hastings took the initiative to harvest time when rural set up the Calcutta Madrasa, children were busy in the and believed that the ancient fields, classes were not held. customs of the country and The pathshalas started once Oriental learning ought to again when the crops had be the basis of British rule in been cut and stored. India. 5. Mahatma Gandhi was highly 8. William Adam was a Scottish critical of western civilisation missionary. In the 1830s, he and the worship of machines was asked by the Company to and technology. Tagore tour the districts of Bengal and wanted to combine elements Bihar and produce a report on of modern western civilisation the progress of education in with what he saw as the best vernacular schools. Adam within Indian tradition. He did the same and produced emphasised the need to teach an interesting report. science and technology at He found that there were Shantiniketan along with art, over one lakh pathshalas in music and dance. Bengal and Bihar. There were 6. Tagore hated going to school. no more than 20 students in He found it suffocative and each of these pathshalas. But oppressive. He felt that the total number of children childhood ought to be a time being taught in these small of self-learning, outside the institution was over 20 lakh. rigid and restricting discipline These institutions were set of the schooling system set up up by wealthy people, or the by the British. Teachers had to local community. The system be imaginative, understand of education in pathshalas was the child and help the child flexible and suited to local develop her curiosity. needs. Teaching was oral and the teacher (guru) decide what According to Tagore, the to teach. existing schools killed the natural desire of the child to Long Answer Type Questions be creative, her own thoughts 1. In 1854, the Governor- and desires. General of India received an 7. Warren Hastings, the first educational dispatch sent Governor-General of India, by the court of Directors of was a staunch supporter of the East India Company in the Orientalists. He and other London. As it was issued by

36 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Charles Wood, the President irregularities in pathshalas: of the Board of Control of the (i) It appointed a number Company, we call it Wood’s of government pandits. Dispatch. It opposed Oriental Each pandit was given knowledge and highlighted the charge of looking the practical benefits of after four to five schools. European education. The task of the pandit was European learning, it said, to visit pathshalas and try would enable Indians to and improve the standard recognise the advantages that of teaching. flow from the expansion of (ii) Each guru was asked to trade and commerce and make submit a periodic reports them see the importance of and take classes according developing the resources of to a regular timetable. the country. It was essential (iii) Teaching was now to be to introduce European ways based on textbooks and of life to change their tastes learning was to be tested and desires. This would create through a system of a demand for British goods, annual examinations. for Indians would begin to (iv) Students were asked to appreciate and buy things that pay regular fee, attend were produced in Europe. regular classes and sit on Wood’s Dispatch also argued fixed seats, and obey the that European learning would new rules of discipline. improve the moral character (v) Pathshalas which accepted of Indians. It would make the new rules were them truthful and honest and supported through thus supply the Company government grants. with civil servants who could Those who were not be trusted and depended upon. willing to work within 2. The Company took several the new system received measures to check the no government support. Chapter Women, Caste and Reform 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 5. Madigas 1. Virtuous women. Fill in the Blanks 2. Those who want to hold old 1. Patna 2. nineteenth tradition and customs and 3. Buddhist oppose new changes. 4. B.R. Ambedkar 3. Raja Rammohan Roy 5. untouchable 4. Swami Dayanand Saraswati

Teacher’s Manual n 37 True/False 5. Jyotirao Phule 1. True 2. True 3. False Puzzle Time 4. False 5. False GJYOTIRAOPHULEV Rapid-Fire Questions HCOMPXINILAMTMI 1. Sanskrit AGVHEBNPLMTDAAD 2. For carrying Indian labourers RHHCRPGURULRRRY to Mauritius to work in PANDITARAMABAIA GSVOYNIANTNGBSS plantations. HIEWAJSDAAKAAAA 3. They worked with dead ADBPRTTAGZRRIOG animals. WACENMADRATAIAA 4. A community of low-class PSTHSHALALSOTSR people in Gujarat who worked INDIANOMBIYUTPT for upper-caste landowners. RAJARAMMOHANROY

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 3. His aim was to make everyone 1. (b) Ramkrishna Paramhans see the power of caste 2. (a) Raja Rammohan Roy prejudices within society. 3. (d) Swami Dayanand 4. According to this Act, no Saraswati man below the age of 18 and 4. (c) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar woman below the age of 16 5. (a) shoe making could marry. 5. Here women were trained so Match the following that could support themselves (i)—(c) (ii)—(f) (iii)—(a) economically. 6. In this festival, devotees (iv)—(g) (v)—(b) (vi)—(d) underwent a peculiar form (vii)—(e) of suffering as part of ritual Fill in the Blanks worship. With looks pierced 1. Raja Rammohan Roy through their skin they swung 2. Veerasalingam Pantulu themselves on a wheel. 3. Suffrage 4. Chandala 7. The Begums of Bhopal 5. Slavery founded a primary school for girls at Aligarh. Another True/False remarkable woman, Begum 1. True 2. True 3. False Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain 4. False 5. False started schools for Muslim girls in Patna and Calcutta. Very Short Answer Type Questions 8. Tarabai Shinde wrote the book 1. He was one of the main leaders Stripurushtulna which means a of the Brahmo Samaj. comparison between women 2. The codes of Manu, the ancient and men. She has criticised law given and the Bhagavad the social differences between Gita and the Ramayana. men and women.

38 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 9. The Veda Samaj was 2. Jyotirao Phule was a ‘low established in Madras in 1864. caste’ leader. He was against It worked to abolish caste the injustices of caste society distinctions and promote and wrote a book named widow remarriage and Gulamgiri in 1873. women’s education. Jyotirao Phule attacked the 10. The Aligarh Movement was Brahmans’ claim that they started by Sayyid Ahmed were superior to others, since Khan in 1875. As a result of they were Aryans. Phule this movement, the Aligarh argued that the Aryans were Muslim University came foreigners, who came from up which offered modern outside the sub-continent, education, including western and defeated and subjugated science, to Muslims. those who had lived in the Short Answer Type Questions country before the coming of the Aryans. As the Aryans 1. By the second half of the established their dominance, nineteenth century, they began booking at low movements began to be caste people. Phule was of organised by ‘low’ caste the opinion that the ‘upper’ leaders to establish social castes had no right to their equality and justice. The land and power. In reality, the Satnami movement in land belonged to indigenous Central India was founded people, the so-called low by Ghasidas. he belonged to caste. a ‘low’ caste and organised 3. Ramaswamy Naicker felt a movement to improve the proud of being a member of social status of the leather the Congress. But he left it workers, who were seen in extreme disappointment as dirty and polluting. when he found that at a feast In eastern West Bengal, organised by nationalists, Haridas Thakur’s Matua sect seating arrangements worked among ‘low’ caste followed caste distinctions. Chandala cultivators, Haridas The lower caste people were questioned Brahmanical made to sit at a distance from texts that supported the caste the upper caste people. He system. In what is present- felt greatly hurt that even the day Kerala, Shri Narayana national movement was not from caste prejudices. Guru advocated equality of all Naicker was highly critical within a single sect or caste. of Hindu scriptures such a By organising all these code of Manu, the ancient movements, the leaders tried law-giver, and the Bhagavad to create a sense of self-esteem Gita and the Ramayana. He amongst the lower castes. said that these texts had been

Teacher’s Manual n 39 used to establish the authority and several other Indian and of Brahmans over lower castes European languages. He tried and the domination of men to show through his writings over women. that the practice of widow 4. About two hundred years ago burning had no sanction in there existed several unjust ancient texts. By the early practices in Indian society. A few of them are given below: nineteenth century, many (i) Most children were British officials had also begun married off at an early to criticism Indian traditions age. and customs. They listened to (ii) Both Hindu and Muslim Rammohan Roy and finally in men could marry more 1929, sati was banned. than one wife. 6. Phule wrote a book named (iii) Sati was practised Gulamgiri in 1873. The word in some parts of the Gulamgiri means slavery. country. Some ten years before this, (iv) Women’s rights to then American Civil War had property were restricted. been fought which brought (v) Women and poor an end to slavery in America. people had no access to Phule dedicated his book education. to all those Americans who vi ( ) In most regions, people had fought to free slaves. In were divided along lines of caste. Untouchables this way he established a link were seen as inferior between the conditions of the human beings. They lower castes in India and the were not allowed to enter black slaves in America. temples, draw water 7. He is E.V. Ramaswamy from wells used by the Naicker, popularly known upper castes or bathe as Periyar. He came from in ponds where upper a middle-class family. He castes bathed. founded the self-respect 5. Sati was one of the evil movement to boost up practices of Indian society. untouchables. He argued Sati, meaning virtuous that untouchables were the women, chose death by burning themselves on the true upholders of an original funeral pyre of their husbands. Tamil and Dravidian culture Raja Rammohan Roy, a which had been subjugated great social reformer, was by Brahmans. against the practice of sati. Long Answer Type Questions He began a campaign against 1. Tarabai Shinde was a fearless this practice. He was well- critic of conservative ideas versed in Sanskrit, Persian

40 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII that existed in Indian society. criticising other religious She got education at home at practices. Poona. She published a book (ii) The Ramakrishna named Stripurushtulna. In this Mission: Named book, she criticised the social after Ramakrishna differences between men and Paramhansa, Swami women. Vivekananda’s guru, the Pandita Ramabai was a great Ramakrishna Mission scholar of Sanskrit. Set felt stressed the ideal of that Hinduism was oppressive salvation through social towards women. She founded service and selfless a widows’ home at Poona action. to provide shelter to them (iii) The Prarthana Samaj: who had been treated badly It was established in by their husbands’ relatives. 1867 at Bombay. It Here, women were trained sought to remove caste so that they could support restrictions, abolish child themselves economically. marriage, encourage the The work of these great education of women and women alarmed the orthodox. end the ban on widow Many Hindu nationalists remarriage. felt that Hindu women were (iv) The Veda Samaj: It was adopting western ways and established in Madras in that this would corrupt Hindu culture and erode family 1864. It worked to abolish values. Orthodox Muslims caste distinctions, promote were also carried about the widow remarriage and impact of these changes. women’s education. Its 2. Many reformers came members condemned the forward to uproot the unjust superstitions and rituals practices that crippled Indian of orthodox Hinduism. society. They founded reform (v) The Aligarh Movement: associations at different places This movement was in the country to see their initiated by Sayyid dreams come true. Ahmed Khan, the (i) The Brahmo Samaj: It founder of Aligarh was formed in 1830 and Muslim University. prohibited all forms of The movement had an idolatry and sacrifice. enormous impact in It believed in the the area of educational Upanishads and forbade reform. its members from

Teacher’s Manual n 41 Chapter The Changing World of 10 Visual Arts FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Oil painting 1. An accepted norm or style. 3. Kumors 2. Wall painting 4. Social life under British rule. 3. The idea of realism 5. To absorb the tastes and 4. A picture of a person in which artistic styles of the British. the face and its expression is Puzzle Time prominent. 5. George William M P MLNCRSSBNM P IWEINOYOCR P VO Fill in the Blanks NHJFCNADRONVR 1. Kerr Porter 2. cultural IHFELVOWOAENT 3. miniature 4. empty spaces AYUSBEEOLDBMR 5. India. TQWTNNOBLCXZA UR P UBTWA P AMXI True/False REDDRIMNASLOT 1. False 2. True 3. True EUNYAOUJITWEU 4. False 5. True QAZWSNRANYUJR A P ORTRAITNMXE Rapid-Fire Questions BAIGASLAIIOSE COHVENTRNIUOS 1. A European painter ENGRAVINGZXSE SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) Emphasise British 1. True 2. False 3. True supremacy 4. False 5. True 2. (a) Thomas Daniell 3. (d) Haidar Ali’s victory over Very Short Answer Type Questions the English troops 1. The technique of oil painting. 4. (d) local miniature artists 2. These artists brought with 5. (a) patuas them new styles and new conventions of painting. They Match the following began producing pictures (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) which became widely popular (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) in Europe. Fill in the Blanks 3. Oil painting enables artists to produce images that looked 1. real 2. commissions real. 3. mural 4. Their paintings emphasised 4. mythological the superiority of Britain its 5. nationalist culture, its people, its power.

42 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 5. This style of painting depicted artists who painted within India as a quaint law, to this tradition. be explored by travelling • They produced some British artists, its landscape of the most evocative was rugged and wild and picturesque landscapes of seemingly untamed by human Britain’s newly conquered hands. territories in India. 6. (i) Picturesque landscape 2. In the above painting, Reber painting Kerr Porter, the painter, depicts (ii) Portrait painting. the storming of Seringapatam, 7. Unlike the existing Indian the capital of Tipu Sultan by tradition of painting portraits the British army. Tipu Sultan in miniature, colonial portrait of Mysore was one of the were life-size images that most powerful enemies of the looked life-like and real. British. But he was defeated in 8. The theme of his paintings 1799 at the famous battle of was based on Indian Seringapatam. The way the mythology. He dramatised battle scene is painted shows on canvas scene after scene the power and strength of from the Ramayana and the the British army. The painter Mahabharata. has shown the British troops 9. The Calcutta Art Studio storming the fort from all was established in the sides, cutting Tipu’s soldiers late-nineteenth century. It to pieces, climbing the walls, produced life-like images of raising the British flag aloft eminent Bengali personalities on the ramparts of Tipu’s fort. as well as mythological It is a painting full of action pictures. and energy. The painting 10. The figures in scroll paintings dramatises the event and looked flat, not rounded. glorifies the British triumph. 3. There were several reasons Short Answer Type Questions behind this: 1. • Picturesque landscape (i) The city was explanding painting was a popular as a commercial and imperial tradition of art. administrative centre at This style of painting this time. depicted India as a quaint (ii) Colonial offices were land, to be explored by coming up, new travelling British artists. Its buildings and roads were landscape was rugged and being built, markets were wild, seemingly untamed being established. by human hands. (iii) The city appeared as • Thomas Daniell and his a place of opportunity nephew William Daniell where people could were the most famous come to make a new

Teacher’s Manual n 43 living. Scroll painters are shown as superior and and potters too came and imperious: they flaunt their settled in the city in the clothes, stand regally or sit hope of new patrons and arrogantly, and live a life of new buyers of their art. luxury. Indians are never at 4. Many of the late-nineteenth the centre of such paintings. century Kalighat paintings They usually occupy a depicted social life under shadowy background. British rule. Often the artists 7. British history paintings mocked at the changes they enjoyed great prestige saw around, ridiculing the and popularity during the new tastes of those who late eighteenth and early spoke in English and adopted nineteenth centuries. British western habits, dressed like victories in India served sahibs, smoked cigarettes, as rich material for history or sat on chairs. They made painters in British. These fun of the westernised baboo, painters drew on first hand criticised the corrupt priests sketches and accounts of and warned against women travellers to depict for the moving out of their homes. British public a favourable They often expressed the image of British actions in anger of common people India. These paintings once against the rich, and the again celebrated the British fear many people had about in terms of their power, their dramatic changes of social victories and their supremacy. norms. Long Answer Type Questions 5. The Daniells contrast the 1. Different traditions of imperial image of traditional India art and their features are given with that of life under British below: rule. The above figure seeks • Picturesque landscape to represent the traditional painting: This style of life of India as pre-modern, painting depicted India changeless and motionless, as quaint land, to be typified by faqirs, cows and explored by travelling boats sailing on the river. British artists; its landscape The figure below shows the was rugged and wild, modernising influence of seemingly untamed by British rule, by emphasising human hands. Thomes a picture of dramatic change. Daniell and his nephew 6. These two portraits were William Daniell were the painted by Johann Zaffany. most famous of the artists The painter has depicted who painted within this Indians as submissive, as tradition. They produced inferior, as serving their white some of the most evocative masters, while the British picturesque landscapes of 44 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Britain’s newly conquered Therefore, it was difficult territories in India. to get an idea of the • Portrait painting: This social surroundings tradition of art became very within which they lived popular in colonial India. or worked. These portaits were life- (ii) The paintings tried to size images that looked life- identify some of the like and real. The size of the visible features through paintings itself projected which people and the importance of the communities could be patrons who commissioned recognised with ease these portraits. This new by people from foreign style of portraiture also lands. served as an ideal means (iii) Like the different types of displaying the lavish of Indian plants, birds lifestyles, wealth and status and animals depicted that the empire generated. in Company paintings, • History painting: This the human figures tradition sought to create a were shown as mere public memory of imperial specimens of different triumphs. These paintings trades, castes and sects of celebrated the British a region. in terms of their power, 3. With the establishment of their victories and their British power many of the supremacy. local courts lost their influence 2. British officials wanted images and wealth. They could no through which they could longer support painters and understand India, remember pay them to paint for the their life in India and depict court. As a result, many of the India to the western world. artists turned to the British. So local painters began At the same time, British producing a vast number of officials, who found the world images of local plants and in the colonies different from animals, historical buildings that back home, wanted and monuments, festivals and images through which they processions, trades and crafts, could understand India, castes and communities. remember their life in Indian These pictures were collected and depict India to the western by the East India Company world. So, these officials officials and, therefore, came employed local painters to to be known as Company produce a vast number of paintings. Some of the features images of local plants and of these paintings are: animals, historical buildings (i) In Company paintings, and monuments, festivals and people were painted processions, trades and crafts, against empty spaces. castes and communities.

Teacher’s Manual n 45 Chapter The Making of The National 11 Movement: 1870s-1947 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Subhash Chandra Bose 1. Capacity to act independently 3. Rabindranath Tagore without outside interference. 4. Mahatma Gandhi 2. Of or for all the people. 5. Dadabhai Naoroji 3. Dadabhai Naoroji Puzzle Time 4. In 1895 5. Khalifa SENE HRU A H E TRL E Fill in the Blanks A BO EG RTCKLIF A D 1. racial discrimination R G IF G F AE LWLDJ A 2. Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali DHP NAG DDMD AE PX 3. Baishakhi Day A DY NS HD EEE KD A D 4. East Bengal 5. 1931 R A UD A J EE WP AE TF P E R E FKB E QZ S DRR True/False A RTM A UL ANAA Z A D 1. True 2. False 3. True TRT N LW E RV A B N ID E B A JIMOH A MM A DH 4. True 5. False LF GE J EE RYIO E BD Rapid-Fire Questions R A J EN DR A PR ASA D M A H A TM AGAN DHIR 1. Sarojini Naidu SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (a) disallowed Indians from 1. True 2. False 3. True possessing arms. 4. False 5. True 2. (c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak Very Short Answer Type Questions 3. (c) Lord Curzon 1. The use of violence to make a 4. (a) Swadeshi movement radical change within society 5. (a) Jawaharlal Nehru is known as revolutionary Match the following violence. (i)—(f) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 2. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) (vi)—(h) the Indian Association, the (vi)—(e) (viii)—(j) (ix)—(g) Madras Mahajan Sabha, (x)—(i) the Bombay Presidency Association and the Indian Fill in the Blanks National Congress. 1. radical 2. General Dyer 3. The dissatisfaction with 3. revenue 4. salt British rule got intensified in 5. National the 1870s and 1880s.

46 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 4. The Arms Act was passed Short Answer Type Questions in 1878. The Act disallowed 1. There were several reasons Indians from possessing arms. behind this— 5. In 1833, the government (i) The British government introduced the Ilbert Bill, passed the Arms Act in The bill provided for the trial 1878 which disallowed of British or European persons Indians from possessing by Indians, and sought arms. equality between British and (ii) In the same year the Indian judges in the country. Vernacular Press Act But the government had to was also enacted in an withdraw the bill to pacify the effort to silence those white opposition. who were critical of the 6. The British divided Bengal government. The Act under the pretext of allowed the government administrative convenience. to confiscate the assets 7. In deltaic Andhra, the of newspapers including their printing presses Swadeshi movement was if the newspapers known as the Vandemataram published anything that Movement. was objectionable in the 8. A group of Muslim landlords eyes of the government. and nawabs formed the All (iii) In 1883, there was a India Muslim League at Decca figure over the attempt in 1906. by the government to 9. In 1916, the Congress and the introduce the Ilbert Muslim League signed the Bill. The bill provided historic Lucknow Pact and for the trial of British decided to work together for or European persons representative government in by Indians, and sought the country. equality between British 10. Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, C. and Indian judges in the Rajagopalachari and Asaf Ali. country. But when white 11. The two important opposition forced the developments of this period government to withdraw were the formations of the the bill, Indians were Rashtriya Swayamsevak enraged. Sangh (RSS) and the 2. (i) The Congress demanded Communist Party of India. a greater voice for Indians 12. He was a lawyer from East in the government and in administration. Bengal. He was a major figure (ii) It wanted the Legislative in the freedom movement and Councils to be made was very active in the Non- more representative, Cooperation Movement.

Teacher’s Manual n 47 given more power and made the life of the common introduced in provinces people miserable. where none existed. But it was a good time for (iii) It demanded that the business groups. They Indians be placed in reaped lucrative profits from high positions in the the war. Here it is noteworthy government. For this that the war created demand purpose, it called for civil for industrial goods such as service examinations to jute bags, cloth, rails, etc. and be held in India and not caused a decline of imports just in London. from other countries into (iv) Other demands of the India. So, Indian industries Congress included expanded during the war. separation of the 5. Bengal got partitioned in 1905. judiciary from the At that time Bengal was the executive, the repeal of biggest province of British the Arms Act and the India that included Bihar and freedom of speech and parts of Orissa. The British expression. argued for dividing Bengal 3. Most important jobs in for reasons of administrative the government were convenience. But these monopolised by White reasons were put forward officials and the British by them to conceal their real generally assumed the Indians motives. Noteworthy point could not be given positions of that this step was closely tied responsibility. Since British to the interests of the British officers were sending a major officials and businessmen. part of their large salaries to Even so, instead of removing their homes, Indianisation, the non-Bengali areas from as it was hoped would also the province, the government reduce the drain of wealth to separated East Bengal and England. merged it with Assam. Perhaps 4. The First World War the main British motives were completely changed the to curtail the influence of economic situation in India. Bengali politicians and to split It led to a huge rise in the the Bengali people. defence expenditure of the 6. People all over India were not Government of India. As ready to accept this at any cost. a result, the government All members of the Congress increased taxes on individual opposed it. Large public incomes and business profits. meetings and demonstrations Military expenditure and the were organised and novel demands for war supplies methods of mass protest increased sharply. This led to developed. The struggle that a sharp rise in prices which came in existence was called

48 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII the Swadeshi movement. This Long Answer Type Questions movement was the strongest 1. The provincial elections in general but it echoes held in 1937 seemed to have reached everywhere too. convinced the League that The Swadeshi movement Muslims were a minority and sought to oppose British rule they may go unrepresented and encouraged the ideas of in a democratic set-up. In self-help, swadeshi enterprise, the same year the Congress national education, and use rejected the League’s desire to of Indian languages. British form a joint Congress League institutions and goods began government in the United to be boycotted on a large Provinces. This annoyed the scale. League too much. It began 7. In 1927 the British government to widen its social support. It sought enlarge its support in in England decided to send the 1940s when most Congress a Commission to India to leaders were in jail. At the end decide its political future. of the World War in 1945, The The Commission was headed British opened negotiations by Lord Simon. Since the between the Congress, the Commission had no Indian League and themselves for representative, the decision the independence of India. created an outrage in India. The talks failed because All political groups joined the League saw itself as the together and decided to sole spokesperson of India’s boycott the Commission. Muslims. But the Congress When the Commission rejected this claim since a arrived, the political groups large number of Muslims still boycotted it, holding banners supported it. saying ‘Simon Go Back’. The provincial elections again 8. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan held in 1946. But the League was also known as Badshah got grand victory only in the Khan. He was the founder seats reserved for Muslims. This strengthened its demand of the Khudai Khidmatgars, for ‘Pakistan’. In March 1946, a powerful non-violent the British Cabinet sent a movement among the Pathans three-member mission to of his province. Badshah Khan Delhi with a suggestion that was strongly opposed to the India should remain united. Partition of India. He criticised But this mission failed. his Congress colleagues for After the failure of the Cabinet agreeing to the 1947 division. Mission, the Muslim League He was also called the Pashtun decided on mass agitation for leader from the North-West winning its Pakistan demand. Frontier Province. It observed 16 August 1946

Teacher’s Manual n 49 as ‘Direct Action Day’ which taxes reduced and have culminated in riots. By the forest regulations March 1947 violence spread abolished. to different parts of northern (iii) In Sind (present-day India. Many hundred Pakistan), Muslim thousand people were killed traders and peasants during the Partition. Thus, were enthusiastic about the Khilafat call. In Pakistan was born amidst Bengal, the Khilafat Non- violence and bloodshed. Cooperation alliance gave 2. A full-fledged Non- enormous communal Cooperation Movement unity and strength to the against the British started national movement. in 1920 which gained (iv) In Punjab, the Akali momentum through 1921-22. agitation of the Sikhs The people of different classes sought to remove and groups came forward and corrupt mahantas, who began interpreting Gandhiji’s were supported by the call in their own manner. A British. This movement large mass of people resisted got closely identified with British role non-violently the Non-Cooperation but others’ technique of Movement. (v) In Assam, tea garden protest was violent. But in labourers left the British either ease, people linked owned plantations and their movements to local joined Mahatma Gandhi. grievances. 3. • Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (i) In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar He played an important peasants organised non- role in the negotiations violent campaigns against for independence during the highland revenue 1945-47. He served as demand of the British. President of the Congress (ii) In coastal Andhra and in 1931. He is known as interior Tamil Nadu, the ‘iron-man of India’. liquor shops were • Maulana Azad He was active participant picketed. In the Guntur in Gandhian movements district of Andhra and a staunch advocate Pradesh, tribal and of Hindu-Muslim unity. poor peasants protested He opposed Jinnah’s two- because the colonial state nation theory. had restricted their use of • Subhash Chandra Bose forest resources in various He was a radical ways. They believed that nationalist with socialist Gandhiji would get their ideals. In January 1941,

50 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII he secretly went to Being the first Prime Singapore, via Germany Minister of Independent and organised the Azad India, he played a major Hind Fauj or the Indian role in shaping the National Army (INA), to country’s destiny. free India from British • C. Rajagopalachari control. He didn’t share He was a veteran Gandhi’s ideal of ahimsa. nationalist and leader of • Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru the Salt Satyagraha in the Nehru was South. He was popularly Gandhi’s disciple, known as Rajaji. He a Congress socialist and served as a member of internationalist. the Interim Government He was a leading architect of 1946. When India got of the national movement freedom, he became the and of tree India’s first Indian Governor- economy and polity. General.

Chapter India After Independence 12 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 2. Almost 345 million 1. The right to vote. 3. It adopted universal adult 2. Madhya Pradesh franchise. 3. 1959 4. language 4. Foreign affairs 5. official 5. It was set up to help design and execute suitable policies Puzzle Time for economic development. TRRASSAMESEZK Fill in the Blanks ERFYUO P EEQAMA 1. Chambal 2. Babsaheb LEABNMFLO P RXN 3. linguistic 4. Soviet Union UFEBENGALIRRN GHIEASNCDB P TA 5. Krishna Menon UJLMARATHIUHD True/False ERGHNADEERNGR EO P OBETJKLJGH 1. True 2. False 3. True SEERTDAJWKAHI 4. True 5. False ELAINSMMLEBJN IWAYMDIUTZIKD Rapid-Fire Questions MALAYALAMEDLI 1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Teacher’s Manual n 51 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions after independence, it did not 1. (a) He himself was a dalit keep its promise. but never liked other 4. He was a Gandhian leader. dalits. He went on a hunger strike 2. (a) centre demanding the formation of 3. (b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Andhra state to protect the 4. (d) Telugu speakers interests of Telugu speakers. 5. (a) economic development 5. The protests became widespread and intense. Match the following Finally, the central (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) government had to accept (iv)—(c) (v)—(d) their demand. And on 1 October 1953, the new state Fill in the Blanks of Andhra Pradesh came into 1. Mahatma Gandhi being. 2. Muslims 6. The Bhilai Steel Plant was considered an important sign 3. Marathi; Gujarati of the development of modern 4. Dharavi 5. equality India after Independence. True/False 7. They met at Bandung, 1. False 2. False 3. True Indonesia, in 1955 to discuss 4. True 5. False how the countres of third world, i.e. Afro-Asian nations Very Short Answer Type Questions could continue to oppose 1. Godse assassinated Mahatma colonialism and Western Gandhi because he disagreed domination. with Gandhiji’s conviction 8. The non-aligned movement that Hindus and Muslims urged countries not to join should live together in either of the two major harmony. alliances named the USA and 2. If economic development the USSR. did not reach the common 9. The 1950s and 1960s saw masses, it could widen the the emergence of the Cold gap between the rich and War, i.e. power rivalries and the poor, between cities and ideological conflicts between the countryside, between the the USA and USSR. prosperous regions the and 10. By the 1970s, a large number the poor regions. of countries had joined the 3. The Congress had promised non-aligned movement. that once the country won Short Answer Type Questions independence, each major 1. Three problems that the newly linguistic group would have independent nation of India its own province. However, faced were—

52 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII (i) The problem of of extremely diverse rehabilitation of 8 million communities such as the refugees who had come Hindus, the Muslims, into the country from the Sikhs, Jains the newly formed Pakistan. Christians, Parsis, (ii) Then there was the etc. Under the new problem of the princely Constitution, all of them states. The number of have the same right, the such states were about same opportunities and 500. Each of them was the same right before the ruled by maharaja or a law. nawab. The government (iii) Special privileges for had to persuade each the forest and most of them to join the new disadvantaged Indians: nation. A third feature of the Constitution is that it (iii) The new nation had to offers special privileges adopt a political system for the poorest and the that would best serve the most disadvantaged hopes and expectation of Indians. The practice its population which was untouchability was so large and diverse. abolished. The first two problems 3. Our Constitution provides had to be addressed three lists of subjects in order immediately. to bring a balance between the 2. Three features of the Indian powers and functions of the Constitution are: central government and the (i) Universal adult state government. These lists franchise: Our are— Constitution gaurantees (i) Union List— Subjects all Indians the right to such as taxes, defence vote in state or national and foreign affairs elections. This was would be the exclusive a revolutionary step responsibility of the because never before had centre. Indians been allowed to (ii) State List— Subjects such choose their own leaders. as education and health (ii) Equality before the would be taken care of law: Our Constitution principally by the states. guarantees equality (iii) Concurrent List — The before the law to all subject such an forest, citizens, regardless of agriculture list. These their caste or religious are subjects in which affiliation. India is a the centre and the country of diverse states would have joint popluation comprising responsibility.

Teacher’s Manual n 53 4. India’s Independence was and complementary roles achieved at the cost of its in increasing production division. This division had and generating. In 1956, the been made on the basis of second five year plan was religion. Despite the wishes formulated. This focused on and efforts of Mahatma the development of heavy Gandhi, freedom had come industries such as steel and with dividing the country into on the building of large dams. two. As a result of the partition These sectors would be under of India more than a million the control of the state. people had been killed in riots 6. Our Constitution makers parts—India and Pakistan made several provisions to between Hindus and Muslims. safeguard the interests of the Under such circumstances scheduled tribes (adivasis) the country could not afford and the scheduled castes. further divisions on the basis The scheduled castes were of language. Both Prime guaranteed certain percentage Minister Nehru and Deputy of seats in legislatures as Prime Minister Vallabhbhai well as jobs in government Patel were against the creation departmetns. The scheduled of linguistic states. They tribes were also guaranteed wanted to curb disruptionist reservation in seats and jobs. tendencies that had come Like the scheduled castes, to the fore. Their first and these Indians too had been foremost duty was to make deprived and discriminated the nation strong and untied. against. The new privileges 5. At the time of Independence, guaranteed these two most poverty was widespread in unprivileged communities India. Lifting India and its of India by the Constitution people out of this problem were meant to make amends was a big task. Equally big for this. task was to build a modern Long Answer Type Questions technical and industrial base 1. India is still united and for the country. To work out the democratic. These are these tasks the government the great achievements of set up a Planning Commission our country. Many foreign in 1950. The Commission observers had felt that helped in formulating and India could not survive as a executing suitable economic single country, that it would policies for development. break up into many parts. There was a broad agreement Other believed that it would on what was called a ‘mixed come under military rule. economy’ model. Here, both But nothing happened like the state and the private this. As many as fourteen sector would play important general elections have been

54 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII held since Independence, and the Telugu-speaking districts hundreds of state and local of the Madras presidency. elections as well. There is a In October, 1952, a veteran free press and an independent Gandhian named Potti O. judiciary. So far national unity Sriramulu went on a hunger is concerned, it is still intact. strike demanding the But our country has failed in formation of Andhra state bridging the gap between the to protect the interest of rich and the poor. Some parts Telugu speakers. His strike of India and some groups continued for fifty-eight days of Indians have benefited a and on 15 December, 1952, great deal from eocnomic he died. This intensified the development. They enjoy life protests. Finally, the Central in full swing. At the same time government was forced to many others continue to live accept the demand and on below the poverty line. 1 October 1953, the new Despite the constitutional has state of Andhra came into guaranteed, Fundamental being. After the creation Rights to the Untouchables of Andhra, other linguistic (Dalits) still they are facing communities also become violence and discrimination. active. A State Reorganisation In many parts of rural India Commission was set up, they are not allowed to access which submitted its reports to water sources, temples, in 1956, recommending the parks and other public places. redrawing of district and And despite the secular ideals provincial boundaries to enshrined in the Constitution, form separate provinces there have been clashes for Assamese, Bengali, between different religious Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, groups in many states. Kannada and Telugu speakers 2. The Congress leaders were respectively. The large Hindi- already fed up with the speaking region of the north division of India on the basis India was also to be broken up of religion. Now they were in into several states. In 1960, the no mood to further divide the bilingual state of Bombay was country on linguistic lines in divided into separate states spite of their promises made for Marathi and Gujarati during the freedom struggle. speakers. In 1966, the state As a result, disappointment of Punjab was divided into prevailed among the Punjab and Haryana. Punjab Kannada, Malayalam and was made for the Punjabi the Marathi speakers. They speakers who were mostly were all looking forward to Sikhs and Haryana was made have their own states. The for the rest who spoke versions strongest protest came from of Haryanvi or Hindi.

Teacher’s Manual n 55 WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick () the correct options people. In his opinion India 1. (d) 1920s was not capable of progress 2. (d) all of the above without British help. 3. (a) origin and customs of 2. The British preserved the mankind important official documents 4. (a) middle of the nineteenth because these served as records century of what the officials thought, what they were interested in B. Match the Columns and what they wished for. The (i)—(e) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) British believed that writing (iv)—(c) (v)—(d) was more importance than speaking as the documents C. Fill in the Blanks in archives and museums 1. British 2. James Mill can be utilised as reference at 3. Muslim 4. Printing much later period whenever required for studying or D. True/False debating. 1. True 2. True 3. False 3. Historians get information 4. False from various sources for E. Answer the following questions writing history of a time these include old newspapers, 1. James Mill was a Scottish diaries of people, accounts economist and political of pilgrims and travelers, philosopher, His opinion autobiographic of important about India was not good. personalities and booklets. He thought that all Asian The important found in societies were at a lower level old newspapers in varied, of civilisation than Europe. based on incidents that have According to him, before the happened across the country. British came to India, Hindu But the police reports are and Muslim despots ruled the limited because they covered country. Religions intolerance, local incidents. It is, therefore, caste taboos and superstitions historians do not give much practices prevailed in the importance to police reports. Indian society. Hence, it They find old newspapers was necessary to civilise the more purposeful. country. To this could be done 4. During the British rule in India by introducing European people did not have equality, manners, arts, institutions and freedom or liberty India laws in India. Mill suggested never witnessed economic that the British should conquer growth and progress. The all the territories in India to British established control ensure the enlightenment over the economy and society, and happiness of the Indian

56 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII collected revenue to meet institutions had in British their expenses, bought the imagination. The National goods they wanted at low Archives of India serve as a prices and thus exploited the record room of the British Indians by all possible means. imagination. The National Therefore, many historians Archives of India serve as a refer to this period as colonial. record room of the British 5. He is Warren Hastings, the official documents. It is a first Governor-General of repository of the non-currents India. He occupied the high records of the Government of position from 1773 to 1784. He India and holds them in trust established the system of civil for the use of administrators administration that was the and scholars. basis of Anglo-Indian security and prosperity. Old advertisements help us 6. This is the National Archives understand how markets of India which came up in the for new products were 1920s. When New Delhi was created and new tastes built, the National Museum were popularised. This 1922 and the National Archives advertisement for Lipton tea were both located close to the suggests that royalty all over Viceregal Palace. This location the world is associated with reflects the importance these this tea. WORKSHEET-2 A. Tick () the correct options E. Answer the following questions 1. (c) Third Anglo-Maratha War 1. Under the Company’s rule, 2. (c) Aurangzeb the British territories were divided into administrative 3. (d) 1799 units called presidencies. 4. (a) Mysore There were three presidencies 5. (b) Warren Hastings namely Bengal, Madras and B. Match the Columns Bombay. Each Presidency was ruled by a Governer. (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) The supreme head was the (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) Governor-General. C. Fill in the Blanks The main figure in an Indian district was the collector 1. Presidencies whose main job was to 2. military 3. western collect revenue and taxes 4. Mir Qasim 5. Governor and maintain law and order D. True/False in his district with the help of judges, police officers and 1. True 2. False 3. True darogas. 4. False 5. True

Teacher’s Manual n 57 2. Before the introduction of Yamuna river including Agra reforms in the sphere of and Delhi. Finally, the third justice, Maulvis and Hindu Anglo-Maratha war of 1817- pandits interpreted Indian 19 crushed Maratha power. laws for the European district As a result, the Peshwa collectors who presided over (Principal Mimister) was civil courts. The criminal removed and sent away to courts were still under a qazi Bithur near Kanpur with a and a mufti but under the pension. The Company new supervision of collectors. acquired complete control But the Brahman pandits gave over the territories south of different interpretations of the Vindhyas. local laws based on different 4. The European companies that schools of the dharmashastra. traded with India were: Hence, it was necessary to (i) The English East India bring about uniformity. For Company this, in 1775 eleven pandits (ii) The Dutch Trading were asked to compile digest of Hindu laws. N.B. Halhed Company translated this digest into (iii) The Portuguese Trading English. By 1778 a code Company of Muslim laws was also (iv) The French Trading completed for the benefit Company of European judges. Under All these companies were the Regulating Act of 1773, interested in buying the some a new Supreme Court was things. The five qualities of established, while a court of cotton and silk produced in appeal—the Sadar Nizamat India spices such as pepper, Adalat—the Sadar Nizamat clove, cardamom and Adalat—was also set up at cinnamon too were in great Calcutta. demand. 3. The Company wanted to When the East India Company destroy Maratha power in successfully expanded its trade order to expand its control in Bengal, it persuaded the over Indian territories. For this Mughal emperor Aurangzeb the Company fought a series to issue a farman granting of wars with the Marathas. the Company the right to In the first war that ended in trade duty-free. Here it is 1782 with the treaty of Salbai, noteworthy that Aurangzeb’s these was no clear victor. The farman had granted only the Second Anglo-Maratha war Company the right to trade fonght between 1803-05 on duty-free. But officials of the different fronts. As a result of Company, who were carrying this was British grained Orissa on private trade on the side, and the territories north of the were expected to pay duty.

58 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII This they refused which This toy tiger is now kept caused an enormous loss of in the Victoria and Albert revenue for Bengal. Museum in London. The 5. This mechanical toy tiger was British took it away when possessed by Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan died defending We can see a tiger mauling a his capital Seringapatam on 4 turned the try tiger roared and May 1799. the soldier shrieked. WORKSHEET-3

A. Tick () the correct options the Caribbean islands. 1. (b) Bihar 2. These are two images of 2. (d) all of the above cotton prints. The image on 3. (a) Robert Clive the left shows a Kalamkari 4. (b) grew print created by the weavers 5. (d) 1791 of Andhra Pradesh in India. On the right is a floral cotton B. Match the following print designed and produced (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) by William Morris, a famous (iv)—(b) (v)—(f) (vi)—(d) poet and artist of 19th-century Britain. There is one thing C. Fill in the Blanks common in the two prints 1. European; high is that both used a rich blue 2. Bengal 3. bullocks colour, called indigo. 4. Women 5. Indigo 3. From the last decades of D. True/False the 18th century, indigo cultivation in Bengal 1. True 2. False 3. True expanded rapidly and Bengal 4. True 5. False indigo came to dominate E. Answer the following questions the world market. In 1788, only about 30 per cent of the 1. In the eighteenth century, indigo imported into Britain French planters produced was from India. By 1810, the indigo and sugar in the French production had gone up to 95 colony of St. Domingue in per cent. the Caribbean islands. The 4. See Short Ans. No. 5 under African slaves who worked Summative Assessment. on the plantations rose in The Permanent Settlement rebellion in 1791. They burnt created many problems: the plantations and killed their rich planters. (i) The revenue that had In 1792 France abolished been fixed was so high slavery in the French colonies. that the zamindars found These events led to the collapse it difficult to pay. As a of the indigo plantations on result, many zamindars lost their zamindaris.

Teacher’s Manual n 59 (ii) By the first decade of (iii) In villages, the cultivator the nineteenth century found this system the prices in the market extremely oppressive. rose and cultivation The rent he paid to the slowly expanded. This zamindar was high and meant an increase in the his right on the land was income of the zamindars insecure. If anyone failed but no gain for the to pay the rent he was Company since it could not increase a revenue evicted from the land. demand that had been 5. See Long Ans. No. 2 under fixed permanently. Summative Assessment. WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick () the correct options in the coal mines in India. 1. (c) both (a) & (b) 2. The four reasons are given 2. (a) hunting below— 3. (c) Gaddis (i) The changes in forest 4. (b) scratch the soil laws. 5. (c) both (a) & (b) (ii) The restrictions on their practices B. Match the Columns (iii) The new taxes they had to (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(e) pay (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) (iv) The exploitation by traders and moneylenders. C. Fill in the Blanks 3. Hazaribagh, in present-day 1. land Jharkhand, was an area where 2. Assam; coal mines the Santhals reared cocoons. 3. colonial 4. plates The traders dealing in silk sent 5. labourer. in theri agents who gave loans D. True/False to these tribal people and collected the cocoons. The poor False False True 1. 2. 3. growers were paid very low- 4. True 5. False ` 3 and ` 4 for a thousand E. Answer the following questions cocoons. These were then 1. They are the coal miners of exported to Burdwan or Gaya Bihar. They led a very tough where they were sold at five life because they had to work times the price. In this way, deep down in the dark and the traders made huge profits suffocating mines. Their life while the silk growers earned was full of dangers. Death very little in spite of their hard hovered around them all the labour. time. It is worthy to mention 4. The shifting cultivators lived in here that in the 1920s over forests and such people were 2,000 werkers died every year considered to be wild and

60 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII savage. The British wanted them did odd jobs in the them to settle down and villages. become peasant cultivators. 6. The tribals often needed to The British also wanted a buy and sell in order to be regular revenue source for the able to get the goods that state. So they introduced land were not produced within settlements. They measured the locality. This made them the land, defined the rights of dependent on traders and each individual to that land moneylenders. Traders came and fixed the revenue demand around with things for sale, for the state. Some shifting and sold the goods at high cultivators were declared prices. Moneylenders gave landowners, others tenants. loans with which the tribals Note—Also see Short Ans. met their cash needs. But the No. 1 under Summative interest charged on the loans Assessment. was usually very high which 5. At times they exchanged pushed them into dept and goods. They got what they poverty. Therefore, they saw needed in return for their the moneylender and trader valuable forest produce. At as evil outsiders and the cause other times they bought goods of their misery. with the small amount of 7. See Short Ans. No. 1 under earnings they had. Some of Summative Assessment. WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick () the correct options E. Answer the following questions 1. (a) Decision to support the 1. In 1849, he announced that rebellion after the death of Bahadur 2. (b) Birjis Qadr Shah Zafar, the family of the 3. (d) Tantia Tope king would be shifted to out 4. (c) Kanpur of the Red Fort and given another place in Delhi to B. Match the Columns reside in. (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 2. It was stated in the new law (iv)—(e) (v)—(d) that every new person who took up employment in the C. Fill in the Blanks Company’s army had to agree 1. British 2. cantonments to serve overseas if required. 3. Delhi 4. lands 3. They responded 5. authority extraordinarily. The soldiers D. True/False marched to jail in Meerut and released the imprisoned 1. True 2. True 3. True sepoys. They attacked 4. False 5. False and killed British officers.

Teacher’s Manual n 61 They captured guns and rallied around local leaders, ammunitions and set fire to zamindars and chiefs. Nana the buntings and properties Saheb, the adopted son of of the British and declared the late Peshwa Baji Rao who war on the British, the soldiers lived near Kanpur, gathered were determined to bring armed forces and expelled an end to their rule in the the British garrison from the country. city. He proclaimed himself 4. After the recapture of Delhi Peshwa. In Lucknow, Birjis in September 1857, the British Qadr, the son of the deposed had to fight for two years Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, to completely suppress the was proclaimed the new massive forces of rebellion. Nawab. They acknowledged Lucknow was taken in March the suzerainty of Bahadur 1858. Rani Lakshmibai was Shah Zafar. In Jhansi, Rani defeated and killed in June Lakshmibai joined the rebel 1858. Tantia Tope however sepoys and fought the British escaped to the jungles of along with Tantia Tope. In Central India and continued the Manila region of Madhya to fight a guerrilla war with Pradesh, Rani Avantivai Lodhi the support of many tribal and of Ramgarh raised and led an peasant leaders. But he too army of four thousand against was captured, tried and killed the British who had taken in April 1859. The British told the rebels that if they over the administration of her submitted to the British, and state. The British wee defeated if they had not killed any in number of battles which white people, they would filled the people of India with remain safe and their rights immense confidence. and claims to land would not 6. See Short Ans. No. 7 under be denied. But at the same Summative Assessment. time, hundreds of sepoys, 7. The British wanted to capture rebels, nawabs and rajas were Jhansi. So they refused the tried and hanged. demand of Rani Laxmibai. 5. The British could not suppress 8. See Short Ans. No. 3 under the rebellion for a long time. It Summative Assessment. soon spread across the plains 9. The greased cartridges of north India. Regiment supplied for the sepoys of after regiment mutinied the regiment at Meerut was and took off to join other the immediate cause for the troops at nodal points like mutiny. These sepoys refused Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow. to do the army drill using the After them, the people of new cartridges, which were the towns and villages also suspected of being coated rose up in rebellion and with the fat of cows and pigs.

62 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 10. After the death of Aurangzeb, the expansion of British rule, the Mughal empire began many of them felt that if the losing its power and authority. Mughal emperor could rule It gave opportunity to again, they too would be able regional rulers to strengthen to rule their own territories their position. Hence, they once more. established their independent Bahadur Shah Zafar was kingdoms. These rulers fought not willing to support the with each other to gain more rebels. But ultimately he popularity and honour than had to accept their demand. others. This weakened the The rebels proclaimed the country as a whole which emperor as their leader. Now proved a blessing for the they got their symbolic head British. who inspired them to fight 11. After the death of Aurangzeb, the British with renewed the Mughal dynasty had lost confidence, hope and courage. its influence and many smaller The British had not expected power centres had started this to happen. But Bahadur asserting their authority. Yet, Shah Zafar’s decision the word of the Mughal king to support the rebellion still held force for a number of changed the entire situation ruling families. Threatened by dramatically. WORKSHEET-6 A. Tick () the correct options E. Answers the following questions 1. (c) Calcutta 1. The Mughal aristocracy in the 2. (b) bakery seventeenth and eighteenth 3. (a) Seringapatam centuries lived in grand 4. (b) villages mansions called havelis. These havelis too became targets B. Match the Columns of the British after the end (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(b) of the popular rebellion of (iv)—(f) (v)—(a) (vi)—(d) 1857. Since the Mughal amirs were unable to maintain these C. Fill in the Blanks large establishments under 1. Red Fort 2. Walled City conditions of British rule, they 3. Lahore Gate Improvement (havelis) therefore began to be Scheme subdivided and sold. Often 4. Nuclear the street front of the havelis D. True/False became shops or warehouses. Some havelis were taken over 1. False 2. True 3. True by the upcoming mercantile 4. False 5. True class, but many fell into decay.

Teacher’s Manual n 63 2. Before the Revolt of 1857, made of red sandstone, Delhi was very much different contained the palace complex. from other colonial cities To its west lay the walled such as Madras, Bombay city with 19 gates. The main or Calcutta. In these cities streets of Chandni Chowk the living spaces of Indians and Faiz Bazaar were broad and the British were sharply enough for royal processions separated. Indians lived in the to pass. The Jama Masjid ‘black’ areas, while the British was among the largest and lived in well-laid-out ‘white’ grandest mosques in India. areas. But in Delhi, the British Delhi was also an important lived along with the wealthier centre of Sufi culture. It had Indians in the walled city. several dargahs, khanqahs They learned to enjoy Urdu and idgahs. and Persian culture and But its delights were enjoyed poetry and participated in only by some. These were local festivals. sharp division between rich 3. It is the shrine of Nizamuddin and poor. Havelis or mansions Auliya located in Delhi. The were interspersed with the far present structure was built more numerous mud houses in 1562. The shrine is visited of the poor. by Muslims from all over the 7. In 1888, an extension scheme world. Nizamuddin Auliya, called the Lahore Gate like his predecessors, stressed Improvement Scheme was love as a mean of realising devised by Robert Clarke for God. For him his love of God the Walled City residency. implied a love of humanity. The idea was to draw His vision of the world was residents away from the Old marked by a highly evolved City to a new type of market sense of secularity and square, around which shops kindness. would be built. Streets in 4. See Long Ans. No. 2 under this redevelopment scheme Summative Assessment. strictly followed the grid 5. The poet Mir Taqi Mir used pattern and were of identical high sounding words to width, size and character. glorify Delhi. He said, “The Land was divided into regular streets of Delhi aren’t mere areas for the construction of streets; they are like the album neighbourhoods. of a painter.” 8. This is the Rastrapati Bhawan, 6. During Shah Jahan’s time known as the Viceregal Palace Delhi held a very special during the British period. It position. They city was is located in New Delhi. It consisted of a fort palace has the President’s official complex and the city adjoining residence, halls, guest rooms it. Lal Qila or the Red Fort, and offices. The building

64 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII may refer to the entire 130 open spaces, residences of hectare President Estate that bodyguards and staff, stables, additionally includes huge, other offices and civilities presidential gardens known within its perimeter walls. as Mughal Gardens, large WORKSHEET-7 A. Tick () the correct options importing silver. But when the 1. (a) iron smelters English East Indian Company 2. (b) eighteenth century gained political power in Bengal, it stopped importing 3. (d) Britain precious metal to buy Indian 4. (b) ukku goods. Instead, they collected 5. (c) both (a) & (b) revenues from peasants and B. Match the Columns zamindars in India and used (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) this revenue to buy Indian (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) textiles. 3. (i) The first stage of cloth C. Fill in the Blanks production was spinning 1. TISCO 2. cheap which was mostly done 3. Indian Wootz by women. The charkha 4. sword; armour and the takli were 5. men spinning instruments. The thread was spun on D. True/False the charkha and rolled on 1. True 2. True 3. True the takli. 4. False 5. False (ii) When the spinning over the thread was woven E. Answer the following questions into cloth by weavers 1. Around 1750, India was by the who were mostly men. world’s largest producer of (iii) For coloured textiles, the cotton textiles. Indian textiles thread was dyed by the had long been renowned dyer, known as rangrez. both for their fine quality and For printed cloth the exquisite craftsmanship. They weavers needed the were exquisite craftsmanship. help of chhipigars, who They were extensively traded were specialists of block in Southeast Asia and West printing. and Central Asia. From the 4. This was because some types sixteenth century European of cloths could not be supplied trading companies began by machines. For example, buying Indian textiles for sale machines could not produce in Europe. saris with intricate borders or 2. They purchased cotton cloths with traditional woven and silk textiles in India by patterns. These had a wide

Teacher’s Manual n 65 demand not only amongst in the spinning departments the rich but also amongst the were women, while workers middle classes. The textile in the weaving departments manufactures in Britain were mostly men. also could not produce the 7. Smelting is the process of very coarse cloths used by obtaining a metal from rock or the poor people in India. soil by heating it to a very high Here it is worth-mentioning temperature, or of melting that Sholapur and Madura objects made form metal in emerged as important new order to use the metal to make centres of weaving in the something new. late nineteenth century. 8. It is Tipu Sultan’s sword, Later, during the national made in the late eighteenth movement led by Mahatma century. Gandhi imported textiles Tipu’s sword was special as were boycotted and the use it had in incredibly hard and of hand-spun and had-woven sharp edge that could easily cloth was encouraged. rip through the opponent’s 5. Cotton mills came up in India armour. This quality of the only in the mid-nineteenth sword came from a special century. Bombay was the first type of high carbon steel city where the first cotton mill called wootz. Wootz steel was set up in 1854. It was close when made into swords to the vast black soil tract of produced a very sharp edge western India, where cotton with a flouring water pattern. was grown. When the cotton 9. Wootz steel was produced in mills came up they could many hundreds of smelting get supplies of raw material furnaces in Mysore. In these with ease. By 1900, over 84 furnaces, iron was mixed with mills started operating in charcoal and put inside small Bombay. Mills came up in clay pots. Through an intricate other cities too. The first mill control of temperatures the in Ahmedabad was started in smelters produced steel ingots 1861. A year later a mill was that were used for sword- established in Kanpur, in the making. United Provinces. 10. Jameshedpur is located 6. In this picture women are seen on the banks of the river busy in spinning work in the Subarnarekha. Here there was cotton factory. Most workers water near iron ore deposits.

WORKSHEET-8 A. Tick () the correct options 3. (a) Arabic, Persian and 1. (b) mid-nineteenth century Islamic law 2. (c) Warren Hastings 4. (b) Bengal

66 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII B. Match the Columns this education. It was sinful (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) because it had enslaved (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) Indians. It cast an evil spell on them. They were charmed C. Fill in the Blanks by the West so much so that 1. Christian missionaries they appreciated everything 2. Education 3. Western that came from the west. 4. moral They began even admiring British rule. He wanted an D. True/False education that could help 1. True 2. True 3. False Indians recover their sense of 4. False dignity and self-respect. 3. Tagore wanted to set up a E. Answers the following questions school where the child was 1. • Some pathshalas accepted happy, where he could be the new rules but some free and creative, where he showed unwillingness was able to explore his own to work within the thoughts and desires. new system. Over time 4. Until 1813, the East India gurus found it difficult Company was opposed to to complete with the missionary activities in India. government regulated It feared that missionary pathshalas. activities would provoke • In the earlier system reaction amongst the local children from poor population and make them peasant families had been suspicious of British presence able to pathshalas, since in India. Therefore, it was the timetable was flexible. reluctant to directly support • The discipline of the new missionary education in India. system demanded regular 5. William Jones was versatile attendance, even during figure. In addition to being harvest time. Inability to an expert in law, he was a attend school came to be linguist. He had studied Greek seen as indiscipline. and Latin at Oxford, knew 2. Mahatma Gandhi was never in French and English. He had favour of the spread of English also learnt Persian. He also education in India. He argued studied ancient Indian texts that colonial education had on law, philosophy, religion, created a sense of inferiority politics, morality, arithmetic in the minds of Indians. It and the other sciences. had made them see Western 6. He is Henry Thomas civilisation as superior, and Colebrooke. He was a scholar had destroyed the pride they of Sanskrit and ancient sacred had in their own culture. He writings of Hinduism. He said that there was poison in mastered Indian languages

Teacher’s Manual n 67 and translated Sanskrit and ancient cultures, both of India Persian works into English. and the West. He had great respect for WORKSHEET-9 A. Tick () the correct options education in universities. Some 1. (c) Caste of them trained to be doctors, 2. (d) She was against widow some became teachers. Many remarriage women began to write and 3. (b) E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker publish their critical views 4. (a) Mumtaz Ali on the place of women in society. Tarabai Shinde, B. Match the Columns published a book, named (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) Stripurushtulna, criticising (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) the social differences between men and women. Pandita C. Fill in the Blanks Ramabai wrote a book about 1. equality; absence of casteism the miserable lives of upper- 2. remarry 3. Sanskrit caste Hindu women. 4. inferior 5. restricted 3. India has been a victim of D. True/False the evil of caste system for centuries. Fortunately it is not 1. False 2. False 3. True so intense today as it had been 4. True 5. True earlier. About two hundred E. Answers the following questions years ago, people were divided along lines of caste in most 1. People were upset to see regions of India. Brahmans schools for girls. and Kshatriyas considered (i) They feared that schools themselves as upper castes. would take girls away Then there wee Vaishyas from home, prevent who were engaged in trading them from doing their and moneylending business. domestic duties. Then came peasants, and (ii) Girls had to travel artisans such as weavers and through public places potters and were referred to in order to reach school. as Shudras. At the lowest rung Many people felt that this were those who laboured to would have a corrupting keep cities and villages clean influence on them. or worked at jobs that upper (iii) They felt that girls should castes considered polluting. stay away from public The upper castes also treated spaces. They should be many of these groups at the educated at home. bottom as untouchables. They 2. By the 1880s, Indian women were not allowed to enter began to enter get higher temples or bathe in ponds

68 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII meant for upper castes. They that changes were necessary were seen as inferior human in society and unjust practices beings. needed to be done away with. 4. H e is Ishwarchandra They thought that the best Vidyasagar. He was a great way to ensure such changes supporter of women’s was by persuading people education. He established to give up old practices and schools for girls in Calcutta. adopt a new way of life. He felt that education for 7. • The development of new girls was necessary in order forms of communication. to improve the condition of • Books, newspapers, women. magazines, leaflets and 5. The knowledge of ancient pamphlets began to texts filled the reformers be printed and were with immense confidence available at cheap rates. and strength. Whenever they • Ordinary people could wished to challenge a practice read these and express that seemed harmful, they their ideas in their own tried to find a verse or sentence languages. in the ancient sacred texts that • All kinds of issues could supported their point of view. now be debated and They then suggested that the discussed by men in the practice as it existed at present new cities. • These discussions could was against early tradition. reach out to a wider 6. People such as Raja public which ultimately Rammohan Roy are described paved the way for social as reformers because they felt changes. WORKSHEET-10 A. Tick () the correct options 4. Abanindranath Tagore 1. (d) local miniature artists 5. nineteenth century 2. (c) Indian mythology D. True/False 3. (d) all of the above 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. (c) both (a) & (b) 4. False 5. (a) Japanese artists E. Answers the following questions B. Match the Columns 1. European photographers (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) produced a variety of images (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) of India in the mid-nineteenth C. Fill in the Blanks century. For example: 1. Gothic 2. national (i) Some of them being 3. picturesque portrait painters began taking photographs

Teacher’s Manual n 69 of imperial officials, among Indian princes and presenting them as art collectors, who fulled figures of authority and their palace gallaries with power. his works. Responding to (ii) Others travelled around the huge popular appeal of the country searching such paintings, Ravi Varma for ruined buildings and decided to set up a picture picturesque landscapes. production team and printing (iii) Yet others recorded press on the outskirts of moments of British Bombay. Here colour prints military triumph. of his religious paintings were (iv) There were also those mass produced. Even the poor who photographed the could now buy these cheap cultural diversity of prints. India in ways that tried 4. Kalighat painters painted to show how India was a images of gods and goddesses. primitive country. Traditionally, the figures in 2. A new group of nationalist scroll paintings looked flat, artist that emerged in Bengal not rounded. Now Kalighat towards the end of the painters began to use shading nineteenth century rejected to give them a rounded form, the art of Ravi Varma because to make the images look they found it imitative and three-deminsional. Yet the westernised. They declared figures were not realistic and that such a style was unsuitable life-like. The special thing for depicting the nation’s that is noticeable in the early ancient myths and legends. Kalighat paintings is the They felt that a genuine Indian use of a bold, deliberately style of painting had to draw non-realistic style, where inspiration from non-western the figures emerge large and art and traditions, and try to powerful, with a minimum of capture the spiritual essence lines, detail and colours. of the East. So, they broke 5. By the late-nineteenth century, away the convention of oil mechanical printing presses painting and the realistic style, were set up in different parts and turned for inspiration to of India. As a result, prints medieval Indian traditions of began to be produced in even miniature painting and the larger numbers. These prints ancient art of mural painting could therefore be sold cheap in the Ajanta caves. in the market. Even the poor 3. Raja Ravi Varma painted could buy them. themes from Indian 6. The images were engraved in mythology. From the 1880s wooden blocks. The carved his mythological paintings block was inked, pressed became very popular against paper, and then the

70 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII woodcut prints that were making him visible to the produced were coloured by spectator. Tipu Sultan lies hand. In this way, many copies dead in the left corner and could be produced from his body is hidden in semi- the same block. Therefore, darkness. His forces are it became possible to print defeated, his royal clothes cheap popular prints. torn and stripped off. The 7. General Baird, who led the way everything is shown here British army that stormed Tipu’s fort, is shown standing seems to announce that dare triumphantly in the middle. this is the fate of those who The lantern lights up Baird, dare to oppose the British. WORKSHEET-11 A. Tick () the correct options criticised the Act as tyrannical. He asked people to observe 1. (a) it had no Indian 6 April 1919 as a day of non- representative violent opposition to this Act, 2. (c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah as a day of humiliation and 3. (b) C. Rajagopalchari prayer and hartal. 4. (d) Calcutta Encouraged by Gandhiji B. Match the following people in Amritsar gathered in large numbers at Jallianwala (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) Bagh on Baishakhi day i.e. 13 (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) April to hold demonstrations C. Fill in the Blanks against the Rowlatt Act. The 1. Badshah 2. British government, however, took 3. Radicals 4. Muslims brutal measures to suppress 5. violent them. General Dyer ordered the police to fire on the D. True/False innocent people gathered 1. True 2. False 3. True in the walled compound 4. False 5. True of the Bagh. Thousands of 6. True people including women and children were killed. This E. Answer the following questions tragic incident is known as the 1. In 1919, the British government Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. passed the Rowlatt Act. The 2. According to the salt law, Act curbed fundamental the state had a monopoly rights of the people of India. on the manufacture and sale Now they had no freedom of of salt. Mahatma Gandhi expression. But at the same and other nationalist leaders time police powers were reasoned that it was sinful strengthened. This enraged to tax salt since it is such an every Indian, and Gandhiji essential item of our food.

Teacher’s Manual n 71 The Salt March related the in the United Provinces in general desire of freedom to 1937 also disappointed the a specific grievance shared by League. everybody, and this did not 4. The early nationalists were divide the rich and the poor. known as the Moderates. Hence, Gandhiji along with his They were a group of followers marked for over 240 political leaders in India miles from Sabarmati to the active between 1885 and 1905. coastal town of Dandi where Their emergence marked the he broke the government beginning of the organised law by gathering natural salt national movement in India. found on the seashore, and The Moderate leaders wanted boiling sea water to produce to develop public awareness salt. about the unjust nature of 3. In 1940 the Muslim League British rule. They published moved a resolution newspapers, wrote articles, demanding independent and showed how British rule states for Muslims in the north was leading to the economic western and eastern areas of ruin of the country. They the country. However, the criticised British rule in resolution did not mention the their speeches and sent partition or Pakistan. representatives of different The development of such places to mobilise public a notion was a steady opinion. process. From the late 1930s, the League began viewing 5. Those who led the Indian the Muslims as a separate National Congress in its ‘nation’ from the Hindus. early years were— Dadabhai This type of idea may have Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, been influenced by the history Badruddin Tyabji, W.C. of tension between some Bonnerji, Surendranath Hindu and Muslim groups Banerji, Romesh Chandra in the 1920s and 1930s. More Dutta and S. Subramania Iyer. importantly, the provincial 6. By the 1890s many Indians elections of 1937 seemed to began questioning the political have convinced the League style of the Congress. Bipin that Muslims were a minority, Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar and they would always have Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai were to play second fiddle in important among them. They any democratic structure. began to explore more radical It feared that Muslims may objectives and methods. even go unrepresented. The The Radicals were against the Congress’s rejection of the English rule in India. They League’s desire to form a joint were in favour of strikes and Congress-League government boycott to remove British

72 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII from India. They critisised the 7. In 1920, the British imposed Moderates for their politics of a harsh treaty on the Turkish prayers and emphasised the Sultan or Khalifa. People were importance of self-reliance furious about this. Besides, and constructive work. They Indian Muslims were keen argued that people must relay that the Khalifa be allowed on their own strength, not to retain control over Muslim on the good intentions of the sacred places in the erstwhile government. People must Ottomon Empire. This was fight for swaraj. called the Khilafat wrong. WORKSHEET-12 A. Tick () the correct options T.T. Krishnamachari gave 1. (b) New Delhi warning on behalf of the 2. (d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad people of the South. Some 3. (b) 21 even threatened to separate 4. (b) Second World War from India if Hindi was imposed on them. Finally, a B. Match the Columns compromise was made. It was (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(e) decided that Hindi would be (iv)—(c) the official language of India and English would be used in C. Fill in the Blanks the courts, the services, and 1. separate states communications between one 2. inequalities state and another. 3. the USA; the USSR 2. Whent it was recommended 4. political parties that Constitution should be D. True/False framed for Independent India, the need for the formation of 1. True 2. False 3. False Constituent Assembly was 4. False felt finally, the Constituent E. Answer the following questions Assembly came into existence for this purpose. Between 1. Many members of the Constituent Assembly December 1946 and November believed that the English 1949, more than three language should leave India hundred prominent Indians with the British rulers and had a series of meetings on the the national language Hindi country’s political future. The should replace it. But other meetings of this Constitutent members of the Assembly Assembly were held in New who did not speak Hindi, Delhi but the participants were of a different opinion. came from all over Indian They did not want the and from different political imposition of Hindi on them. parties. These discussions resulted in the framing of the

Teacher’s Manual n 73 Indian Constitution which of the country. They would was adopted on 26 January continue to be discriminated 1950. against. 3. Dr. Ambedkar was very 4. (i) Some felt that it had put concerned for the welfare inadequate emphasis on of the community which he agriculture. came from. He welcomed (ii) Others argued that it the provision of the universal had neglected primary adult franchise as it guaranteed political equality education. to all the Indians irrespective (iii) Still other believed that it of caste, status, etc. But he was had not taken into account more concerned about the of the environmental social and economic equality. implication of economic Unless this equality comes, policies. the under privileged could 5. See Long Ans No. 1 under not come in the mainstream Summative Assessment.

74 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Part-B: Geography (Resources and Development) Chapter Resources 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Anything that can be used to 1. yes 2. roads, dams satisfy a need. 3. water, soil 4. yes 2. The exclusive right over any idea or invention. Puzzle Time 3. Time and technology. HESROSOXKEIK P 4. Resources whose quantity is UXKEIVALUEESO known. M P OSZXCVBNMWT 5. glass, mirror, dining table, AOWOERTYSUYHE NATURALJKTLNN plate, gas-stove. BNMRECYCLINGT QASCZXEDTGBUI Fill in the Blanks WATERYIJNIGFA 1. non-living 2. non-renewable QWASTGFYBTVCL 3. ubiquitous 4. value RENEWABLEYZXC QWTYUGFHVCNJB True/False CYJVFUCOALNVH 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True SUSTAINABLEAW SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (b) actual resources 1. Biotic resources are derived 2. (d) plant from living things. 3. (b) unknown 2. Carefully utilising resources so that besides meeting the 4. (c) medicines to treat cancer requirements of the present, Match the following also takes care of future generations. (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(f) 3. Using resources carefully (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) (vi)—(e) and giving them time to get renewed is called resource Fill in the Blanks conservation. 1. health 2. natural 4. Old newspapers and discarded clothes can be re- 3. natural 4. value used in making packets and 5. resources shopping bags. True/False 5. Farmers grow foodgrains for us. Scientists suggest various 1. False 2. False 3. True means to combat problems 4. True 5. True related to agriculture and improve farms production. 75 6. Education and skill help in 3. Renewable resources are making people a valuable those which get renewed or resource. replenished quickly. Some of these resources such Short Answer Type Questions as solar and wind energy 1. Human beings are considered are unlimited and are not a special resource. It is affected by human actitivities. those who can make the However, careless use of best use of nature to create certain reneqable resources more resources by dont of such as water, soil and forest their knowledge, skill and can affect their stock. technology. It is they who Non-renewable resources make so many inventions and are those which have discoveries that can multiply a limited stock. Once the the worth of several things. stocks are exhausted it may Each discovery or invention take thousands of years to be leads to many others. The renewed or replenished. Coal, discovery of fire led to the petroleum and natural gas pracice of cooking and other are some examples of non- process while the invention of renewable resources. the wheel ultimately resulted 4. Utility or usability makes an in development of newer object or thing a resource. modes of transport. Thus, Water electricity, rickshaw, we can conclude by saying pen mobile phone and fridge that it is the skills of human have something in common. that help in transferring They have all been used by us. It means they have the physical material into a utility. Hence, they all are valuable resources. If there resources. They satisfy our were no human resources, needs. Another factor is value other resources would have or worth. Things become no value. resources only when they 2. On the basis of their have a value. Their use or development and use, utility gives them a value. resources can be classified into All resources have some two groups—actual resources value. It may be economic and potential resources. value, for example, metal Actual resources are those and non-economic value, resources whose quantity is for example, grandmother’s known. These resources are home remedies. being used in the present. 5. Based on their origin, resources Examples— the rich deposits can be abiotic or biotic. Abiotic of coal in Ruhr region of resources are non-living while Germany and petroleum biotic resources are living. in the west Asia, the dark Soils, rocks, and minerals are soils of the Deccan plateau examples of abiotic resources. in Maharashtra are all actual Plants and animals are resources. examples of biotic resources.

76 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 6. These are windmills. They are (vi) Enable communities to care renewable energy resources. for their own environment. India has a great potential 2. Using resources carefully of wind power, so it can be and giving them time to get used in generating energy. renewed is called resource The largest windfarm cluster conservation. It is necessary is located in Tamil Nadu from in order to avoid unpleasant Nagarcoil to Madurai. One circumstances that are sure can find wind farms on the to happen in near future. If Gujarat coast too. we are not careful about this, Long Answer Type Questions even renewable resources can become scarce and the non- 1. Sustainable development is a utilising resource in renewable ones can definitely such a way that we not only get exhausted. think of meeting our own There are many ways of requirements of the present conserving resources: but also we are aware of their (i) We should reduce the conservation for our future consumption of various generations. resources. Some principles of sustainable (ii) We should encourage development: recycling and reusing (i) Respect and care for all things. forms of life. (iii) Deforestation should be (ii) Improve the quality of stopped. human life. (iii) Conserve the earth’s (iv) We should not waste vitality and diversity. electricity because it (iv) Minimise the depletion of comes from water and natural resources. coal, which are limited. (v) Change personal attitude (v) The diversity of life and practices towards the on the earth should be environment. conserved.

Chapter Land, Soil, Water, Natural 2 Vegetation and Wildlife Resources FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. In the coastal and dry regions 1. The mass movement of rock, 5. The Convention on International debris or earth down a slope. Trade in Endangered Species 2. Organic farming of Wild Fauna and Flora. 3. Varied characteristics of land and climate.

Teacher’s Manual n 77 Fill in the Blanks Puzzle Time 1. flora, fauna 2. illegal RVULTURE P OIUB 3. ecosystem 4. droughts HKLFNMTLRTTYR 5. silkworms IIEETANEEMKJA True/False NNMMEAT P ENYUH OGLIONBHDFGMM 1. True 2. False 3. False CFIGO P TADF P HA 4. True 5. True EIEDEERNIGERK RSSDFGHTKLAEA Rapid-Fire Questions OHBAMBOOTYCDM 1. city 2. land SEWETYUIO P OCA 3. mountainous ERRFBNJIKLCXL MULBERRYBNKST 4. constant 5. plants TIGERNMLKJHGF CROCODILEQWFD

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 2. The rugged topography, 1. (a) a prolonged spell of steep slopes of the mountains, rainfall low-lying areas susceptible to 2. (d) all of the above water logging, desert areas, 3. (a) 1 4. (c) dry thick-forested areas, etc. are 5. (c) vulture normally sparesely populated or unihabited. Match the Columns 3. Temperature and rainfall. (i)—(b) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) 4. The Ganga-Brahmaputra (iv)—(c) (v)—(d) plain of India offers a suitable land for agriculture. Hence, Fill in the Blanks people choose to live there in 1. saline 2. moisture large number. 3. low 4. water 5. National park is a natural 5. biosphere area designated to protect True/False the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems 1. True 2. False 3. False for the present and future 4. True 5. False generations. Very Short Answer Type Questions 6. Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting rainwater 1. They lead very different lives from roof tops and directing because of the differences in it to an appropriate location quality of land, soil, water, where it is stored for future natural vegetation, animals use. and the usage of technology. 7. Parent rock determines soil’s The availability of such colour, texture, chemical resources is the main reason properties mineral, content to differ from each other. permeability.

78 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 8. Weathering is the breakingup (iii) the topography and decay of exposed rocks, (iv) the role of organic material by temperature changes, frost (v) the time taken for the action, plants, animals and composition of soil human activities. formation. The above factors affect Short Answer Type Questions soil formation in this way: 1. Land is used for various The parent rock determines purposes such as agriculture, colour, texture, chemical building house, setting properties, mineral, up of factories, etc. This is content and permeability. commonly known as land use. The climate (temperature, The use of land is determined rainfall) influences the rate by physical factors such as of weathering and humus. topography, soil, climate, The topography (altitude minerals and availability of and slope) determines water. The use of land is accumulation of soil. The also determined by human flora, fauna and micro- factors such as population and organism affect rate of humus technology. formation. And the last is 2. The major causes of the the time which determines degradation of land resources thickness of soil profile. are— 4. Wildlife includes animals, (i) Growing population birds, insects as well as the and their ever growing acquatic life forms. It is demands. essential to conserve them (ii) Large scale destruction because of the following of forest cover and reasons. arable land. These have (i) We get several things such created a fear of losing as milk, meat, hides and this natural resource. wool from animals. Therefore, it is necessary (ii) Insects like bees provide to check the present rate us honey, help in of land degradation. pollination of flowers and Some common methods have an important role to which can be applied to play as decomposes in the conserve land resources ecosystem. are afforestation, land (iii) The birds feed on insects reclamation, regulated and act as decomposers use of chemical pesticide as well. Vulture due to and fertilisers and checks its ability to feel on dead on overgrazing. livestock is a scavenger 3. The factors responsible for soil and considered a formation are— vital cleanser of the (i) the nature of parent rock environment. (ii) the climate So animals big or small, all Teacher’s Manual n 79 are integral to maintaiing mining, building houses, balance in the ecosystem. roads and setting up of Therefore, they need to be industries. Where will we live conserved. and carry out our activities if 5. On the basis of ownership, there is no land? land can be classified as— 8. CITES stands for the • private land Convention on International • community land Trade in Endangered Species Private land is owned of Wild Fauna and Flora. It is by individuals whereas, an international agreement community land is owned by between governments. It aims the community for common to ensure that international uses like collection of fodder, trade in specimens of wild fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs. animals and 28,000 species of The community lands are plants are protected. Bears, also called common property dolphins, cacti corals, orchids resources. and aloes are some examples. 6. Three mitigation techniques Long Answer Type Questions of landslides are— (i) Hazard mapping to 1. Soil, an important natural locate areas prone to resource, is being degraded landslides. Hence, such very fast. Factors which lead to areas can be avoided for soil degradation are numerous building settlements. such as deforestation (ii) Construction of retention overgrazing, rain wash, wall to stop land from landslides, etc. Hence, soil shipping. must be conserved at all cost. Some soil conservation (iii) Increase in the vegetation methods: cover to check landslides. (i) Mulching— The bare (iv) The surface drainage ground between plants control works to control is covered with a layer the movement of landslide of organic matter like along with rainwater and straw. It helps to retain spring flows. soil moisture. 7. Land is among the most (ii) Contour barriers— Stones, important natural resources. grass, soil are used to build Covers only about thirty per barriers along contours. cent of the total area of the Trenches are made in front earth’s surface and all parts of the barriers to collect of this small percentage are water. not habitable. This very factor (iii) Rock dams— Rocks are increases the importance of piled up to slow down land. Whatever land remains, the flow of water. This is used for different purposes prevents gullies and such as agriculture, forestry, further soil loss. 80 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII (vi) Terrace farming— Broad (v) Drip or tickle irrigation and flat steps (terraces) are method should be adopted made on the steep slopes in dry regions. so that flat surface are 3. Evergreen forests occur in available to grow crops. the regions near the equator They reduces soil erosion. and close to the tropics. These (v) Inter cropping— Different regions are hot and receive crops are grown in heavy rainfall throughout the alternate rows and are year. As there is no particular sown at different times to dry season, the trees do not protect the soil from rain shed their leaves altogether. wash. This is the reason they are (vi) Shelter belts—Rows of called evergreen. The thick trees are planted in coastal canopies of the closely and dry areas to check the wind movement protect spaced trees do not allow the soil cover. sunlight to penetrate inside 2. Water is a valuable natural the forest even in the day resource. We can’t imagine a time. Hardwood trees like life without water. Hence, its rosewood, ebony, mahogany conservation is important for are common here. Andaman all. The following measures can and Nicobar Islands, parts be adopted in this direction— of north-eastern states and a (i) Forest and other vegetation narrow strip of the western cover should be increased slope of the Western Ghats are because they slow the home of these forests. surface runoff and Deciduous forests are found replenish underground in the large part of India, water. northern Australia and in (ii) Water harvesting should central America. These regions be encouraged to save experience seasonal changes. surface runoff. Trees shed their leaves in (iii) The canals used for the dry season to conserve irrigating fields should be water. The hardwood trees properly lined to minimise found in these forests are losses by water seepage. (iv) Sprinklers should be sal, teak, neem and shisham. used to irrigate the area Hardwood trees are extremely by checking water losses useful for making furniture, through seepage and transport and constructional evaporation. materials.

Teacher’s Manual n 81 Chapter Mineral and Power Resources 3 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Venezuela and Argentina 1. The process of taking out 3. Coal minerals from rocks buried 4. Rocks from which minerals under the earth’s surface. are mined. 2. Tides 3. Iron 5. Mining, drilling and quarrying 4. Rajasthan Puzzle Time 5. Compressed Natural Gas Fill in the Blanks AGOLDRTKLEERB EBLIO P SZIBNMA 1. earth FXDECRBDMICAU 2. hydroelectricity REIRON P TEYITX 3. shortage 4. birds GKLU P RYJSO P EI 5. generated YZMI P TUITDFHT True/False SILVERTCOALHE 1. False 2. True 3. True UNEARIEANCVER 4. True 5. False JCTEEUOLEADGH MNMEASDFGHKLO Rapid-Fire Questions MANGANESEIO P E 1. Coal SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (b) mica 1. True 2. True 3. False 2. (d) Brazil 4. False 5. True 6. True 3. (a) Australia 4. (a) Geothermal energy Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (d) Russia 1. These areas are the Arctic 6. (a) France ocean bed and Antarctica. 7. (c) Rajasthan and Madhya 2. Minerals can be identified Pradesh on the basis of their physical properties such as colour, Match the following density, hardness and (i)—(d) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) chemical property such as (iv)—(b) (v)—(c) solubility. Fill in the Blanks 3. Salt, toothpaste, jewellery, drawing material, powder. 1. thermal 2. drilled 4. A rock is an aggregate of 3. recycling 4. Manikaran one or more minerals but 5. costly without defenite composition

82 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII of constituents of mineral. Ferrous minerals contain Three types of rocks in which iron. For example iron minerals occur are—igneous ore, manganese and rocks, metamorphic rocks and chromites. A non-ferrous sedimentary rocks. mineral does not contain A naturally occurring 5. iron but may contain substance that has a defninite chemcial composition is a some other metal such mineral. as gold, silver, copper or 6. • Salt is used in food. lead. • Graphite is used in pencil. (ii) Non-metallic minerals • Aluminium is used in —These minerals do kitchen cookware. not contain metals. For • Mica is used in toothpaste. example, limestone, mica • Gold is used in jewellery. and gypsum. Coal and 7. We need power or energy petroleum are also non- resources for industry, metallic minerals. agriculture transport, 2. Minerals are located in communication and defense. different types of rocks. 8. Fossil fuels such as coal, Some are found in igneous petroleum and natural gas rocks, some in metamorphic are the main sources of rocks while others occur in conventional energy. sedimentary rocks. Metallic 9. Ores of metallic minerals minerals are generally located are located in igneous and in igneous and metamophic metamorphic rock formations rock formations that form that form large plateaus. large plateaus. Iron ore in 10. It is because non-conventional North Sweden; copper and sources such as solar energy, nickel deposits in Ontario, wind energy, tidal energy Canada; iron, chromites and are renewable. Also they are environment-friendly. platinum in South Africa are examples of minerals found Short Answer Type Questions in igneous and metamorphic 1. On the basis of composition, rocks. Non-metallic minerals minerals are classified as such as limestone are (i) metallic and (ii) non- located in sedimentary rock metallic minerals. formation of plains and young (i) Metallic minerals — fold mountains. Limestone These minerals contain deposits of Caucasus region of metal in raw form. France, manganese deposits For example, iron ore, of Georgia, etc. are some bauxite, manganese ore. examples. Coal and petroleum Metallic minerals may be are also found in sedimentary ferrous or non-ferrous. strata.

Teacher’s Manual n 83 3. (i) Copper— Its is agood 4. Wind is an inexhaustible conductor and is mainly source of energy. Its used in electrical cables, advantages are many: electronics and chemical (i) It is non-polluting. industries. (ii) Low-cost production (ii) Silicon— Its is obtained of electricity is possible from quartz and is used once it is set up. in computer industry. However, it has many disadvantages too. They are (iii) Aluminium— It is (i) It creates noise pollution. obtained from its ore (ii) Setting up windmills is a bauxite and is used costly affair. in autmobomiles and (iii) It disturbs radio and T.V. airplanes, bottling reception. industry, building and in (iv) Wind energy is harmful kitchen cookware. to birds. 5. Biogas Natural gas (i) Biogas is a renewable (i) Natural gas is a non- source of energy. renewable source of energy. (ii) It is obtained from the (ii) It is obtained as a by decomposition of organic e-product from the waste such as dead plant extraction of petroleum. and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste. (iii) It is non-conventional (iii) It is a conventional source source of energy and of energy and can be used is used in cooking and both as a domestic and lighting. industrial fuel.

6. The consumption of fossil fuel non-conventional sources of has increased enormously. energy such as solar energy, This has led to their depletion wind energy, tidal energy, etc. at an alarming rate. It is These sources of energy are estimated that if the present not only renewable but also rate of consumption continues, cleaner alternatives to fossil the reserves of these fuel will fuels. get exhausted. Moreover, the 7. Advantages of firewood— toxic pollutants released from (i) It is easily accessible. burning these fuel are also a cause of conern. This has (ii) It provides energy to a led to the tapping of various large number of people.

84 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Disadvantages— polluting and is used (i) The collection of firewood in solar heaters, solar is time consuming. cookers and solar dryers. (ii) It leaves polluting effects But getting this energy is on the surroundings. an expensive affair. (iii) It promotes greenhouse (ii) Wind energy: This effect. energy is exhaustible. (iv) It encourages In windmills, the high deforestation. speed winds rotate 8. (i) Petroleum and its the windmill which is derivatives are called connected to a generator ‘black gold’ as they are to produce electricity. very valuable. Wind farms having (ii) Coal is a bulky material. clusters of such wind It loses weight on use mills are located in as it is reduced to ash. coastal regions and in It is, therefore, most mountain passes where industries are located strong and steady winds around coal mines. blow. Wind energy is Long Answer Type Questions non-polluting. It is safe and clean. But it spreads 1. (i) Solar energy is available abundantly. Therefore, its noise pollution and use should be increased disturbs radio and T.V. in homes. reception. iii (ii) Biogas is an excellent ( ) Nuclear power: It is fuel for cooking and obtained from energy lighting. It should be stored in the nuclei used by more and more of atoms of naturally occurring radio active households. elements like uranium (iii) Use of pressure cooker and thorium. These fuel in cooking should be undergo nuclear fission increased. in nuclear reactors (iv) We should not forget to and emit power in switch off fans and lights large amount. But it is when not required. expensive to get this (v) We should minimise the energy. use of electric dryers. (iv) Geothermal energy: It is 2. Non-conventional sources of the heat energy obtained energy are: from the inside of the (i) Solar energy: This energy earth. The temperature trapped from the sun can in the inteiror of the be used in solar cells to earth rises steadily as we produce electricity. It is go deeper and deeper. inexaustible and non- Sometimes this heat

Teacher’s Manual n 85 energy may surface itself India are Raniganj, Jharia, in the form of hot springs. Dhanbad and Bokaro in This heat energy can be Jharkhand. used to generate power. (iii) Petroleum— It is found Geothermal energy in the between the layers of rocks form of hot springs has and is drilled from oil- been used for cooking, fields located in off-shore heating and bathing for and coastal areas. This several years. is then sent to refineries (v) Tidal energy: Energy which process the crude generated from tides oil and produce diesel, is called tidal energy. petrol, kerosene wax, It can be harnessed by plastics and lubricants. building dams at narrow The leading petroleum openings of the sea. producers in India are During high tides the Digboi in Assam, Bombay energy of the tides is High in Mumbai and the used to turn the turbine deltas of Krishna and installed in the dam to Godavari rivers. produce electricity. This (iv) Natural Gas— It is found energy is non-polluting with petroleum deposits and inexhaustible. But it and is released when destroys wildlife habitats. crude oil is brought to (vi) Biogas: It is obtained the surface. It can be from the decomposition used as a domestic and of organic waste. It industrial fuel. In India, is an excellent fuel for Jaisalmer, Krishna- cooking and lighting and Godavari delta, Tripura produces huge amount and some areas such as of organic manure each offshore in Mumbai have year. Obtaining biogas natural gas resources. is a low cost affair, but it (v) Hydel Power— causes greenhouse effect. Hydroelectricity is 3. Conventional sources of generated by fast flowing energy are— water. It is a renewable (i) Firewood— It is widely used resource. One-fourth of for cooking and heating in the world’s electricity villages. is produced by hydel (ii) Coal— It is used as a power. Some important domestic fuel, in industries hydel power stations and to generate electricity. in India are Bhakra Electricity from coal is Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, called thermal power. The Nagarjunasagar and coal producing areas of Damodar valley projects.

86 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Chapter Agriculture 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 2. Growing vegetables, flowers 1. Commercial rearing of and fruits for commercial use. silkworms. 3. Agriculture and fishing. 2. Primary, secondary and 4. Transport and banking. tertiary 5. Soil’s fertility increases. 3. Land fit for growing crops. Puzzle Time 4. Wheat and maize 5. Corn EGKBANANAESRTM FHJVXCVBNMUASA Fill in the Blanks WNUBCOTTONGERI 1. wet 2. 250 HMTNXCVBNCADGZ 3. businessman EBEMRAGI P VRCFE 4. primary 5. agricultural AERGHRHJTBCVZC TESCOFFEENACBV True/False RESDGHJKAUNXAB 1. True 2. False 3. True RUBBERJHGFECJN 4. False 5. True QWERTYUIO P LJRM VBNMXZRICEHKAJ Rapid-Fire Questions 1. Cultivation of grapes. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (c) Storage 2. (b) Wheat 1. Organic farming is a type 3. (a) Jute and cotton of farming in which organic 4. (a) China manure and natural pesticides 5. (d) all of the above. are used instead of chemicals. Match the following No genetic modification is done to increase the yield of (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) the crop. (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) 2. It is the science and art of Fill in the Blanks cultivation on the soil for growing crops, fruits, 1. Maize 2. Brazil vegetables, flowers and 3. larger 4. Subsistence rearing livestock. It is also 5. commercial called farming. True/False 3. Favourable topography of soil 1. False 2. True 3. False and climate. 4. False 5. True 4. Farming is done by following a the under given system.

Teacher’s Manual n 87 The important inputs are it involves deforestation and seeds, fertilisers, machinery burning of trees. Hence, and labour. The operations this practise should not be involved in farming are encouraged. ploughing, sowing, irrigation, 2. Plantation agriculture is a weeding and harvesting. The type of commercial farming outputs from the system where single crop of tea, include crops, wool, dairy coffee, sugarcane, cashew, and poultry products. rubber, banana or cotton 5. Mixed farming is practised are grown. In this farming in Europe, eastern USA, a large amount of labour Argentina, southeast and capital is required. The Australia, New Zealand and producer may be processed South Africa. on the farm itself or in nearby 6. USA, Canada, Argentina, factories. The development Russia, Ukraine, Australia and of a transport network is, India. therefore, necessary for such 7. Munna Lal takes credit from farming. a bank or the agricultural co- Plantation agriculture is operative society to buy HYV practised in the tropical region seed and implements. of the world. Rubber is grown 8. Subsistence farming is in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, classified as intensive tea in India and Sri Lanka. subsistence and primitive 3. Subsistence farming is subsistence farming. practised to meet the needs 9. Nomadic herding is practised of the farm’s family. In in the semi-arid and arid this farming low levels of regions of Sahara, Central technology and household Asia and some parts of India, labour are used to produce like Rajasthan and Jammu and small output. This is an old- Kashmir. fashioned method of farming. Short Answer Type Questions In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are 1. Shifting cultivation is a reared for sale in market. This method of farming in which farming is done on large areas a plot of land is cleared by and the amount of capital felling the trees and burning used is also very large. Most of them. The ashes are then the work is done by machines. mixed with soil and crops This is a modern method of like maize, yam, potatoes farming. and cassava are grown. After the soil loses its fertility, the 4. Intensive-subsistence cultivator moves to a new agriculture is a type of farming plot. in which the farmer cultivates Shifting cultivation is not a small plot of land using environment-friendly because simple tools and more labour. 88 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Climate with large number of and rainfall. It grows best in days with sunshine and fertile alluvial clayey soil, which can soils permit growing of more retain water. than one crop annually on the • Climatic conditions required same small plot. Rice is the for wheat — Wheat requires main crop grown by farmers moderate temperature and under this method. Other rainfall during growing crops are wheat, maize, pulses season and bright sunshine at and oilseeds. the time of harvest. It thrives Intensive-agriculture is best in well-drained loamy prevalent in the thickly soil. populated areas of the • Climatic conditions required monsoon regions of south, for millets — Millets (jawar, bajara and ragi) are coarse southeast and east Asia. grains and can be grown on 5. The USA is a developed less fertile and sandy soil. It country where farmers do is a hardy crop that needs low commercial farming on large rainfall and high to moderate holdings. They grow crops temperature and adequate on their fields after making rainfall. sure that soil and water • Climatic conditions required resources meet the needs of for maize — Maize requires the crops. They take adequate moderate temperature, measures to control pests that rainfall and lots of sunshine. can damage the crops. From It needs well-drained fertile time to time they send the soil. soil samples are sufficient or 2. The important beverage crops not. The results help them are tea and coffee. to plan a scientific fertiliser Climatic conditions required programme. They use for tea — Tea is grown on tractors, seed drills, levellers, plantations. This requires cool combined harvesters and climate and well-distributed threshers to perform various high rainfall throughout agricultural operations. In the the year for the growth of last, they either store grains in its tender leaves. It needs the automated grain storage well-drained loamy soils and or dispatch them to market gentle slopes. It also needs agencies. Thus, they act like labour in large number to pick true businessmen. up the leaves. Climatic conditions required Long Answer Type Questions for coffee — Coffee is also 1. Wheat, rice, maize and millets grown on plantations. are major food crops. It requires warm and wet Climatic conditions required climate and well-drained for rice — Rice needs high loamy soil. Hill slopes are temperature, high humidity more suitable for growth of this crop.

Teacher’s Manual n 89 Chapter Industries 5 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Alloys 1. Production of automobiles. 4. It is an important steel centre. 2. Technical failure or 5. The muslins of Dhaka were irresponsible handling of famous. hazardous material. Puzzle Time 3. Jamshedpur city in Jharkhand. 4. Pittsburgh. 5. 1859 MABENTLISHCDT IRONAEINILAME Fill in the Blanks NEICTXN P LATDC 1. Sabarmati 2. One-third ERNC P TGURULRH 3. Yodo 4. Bangalore RNDNBIUCOTTON 5. Weave AAUONLIANINSO LCSCMESDSTEEL True/False LUTOUTTAGAROO 1. True 2. True 3. False BLRANMADRASAG 4. True 5. False P NYLONALATSSY ARARHBOMBAYST Rapid-Fire Questions INFORMATIONTR 1. Eight 2. Bihar SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (a) joint sector industries 1. Smelting is the process in 2. (d) furniture which metals one extracted 3. (d) 8 4. (c) California from their ores by heating beyond the melting point. (b) Ahmedabad 5. 2. The term ‘industry’ refers to Match the following an economic activity that is (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) concerned with production of goods, extractions of minerals (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) or the provision of services. Fill in the Blanks 3. Bangalore is located on the Deccan Plateau. Therefore, it 1. Bangalore 2. One-third is known as ‘Silicon Plateau’. 3. expensive 4. man-made 4. This is primarily due to the 5. industrial emergence of new textile True/False centres in the country as well as non-upgradation of 1. False 2. True 3. False machines and technology in 4. True 5. False the mills of Ahmedabad.

90 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 5. The information technology produce large volumes of deals in the storage, products. Investment of processing and distribution capital is higher and the of information. technology used is superior 6. These industrial plants in large scale industries. Silk produce chemicals, locomotive weaving and food processing parts, agricultural equipment, industries are example of machinery, tinplate, cable and small scale industries whereas wire. productions of automobiles 7. (i) The iron and steel industry and heavy machinery are (ii) The textile industry examples of large scale (iii) The information industries. technology industry 2. The factors affecting the 8. The inputs of an industrial location of industries are the system are the raw materials, availablility of raw material, labour and costs of land, land, water, labour, power, transport, power and other capital, transport and market. infrastructure. Industries are situated where 9. Industrial regions emerge some or all of these factors are when a number of industries easily available. Sometimes, locate close to each other and the government provides share the benefits of their incentives like subsidised closeness. power, lower transport cost 10. Agro-based industries use and other infrastructure so plant and animal-based that industries may be located products as their raw in the backward areas. materials. For example, 3. An industrial system consists vegetable oil, dairy products, of inputs, processes and etc. Mineral-based industries outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labour and use mineral ores as their raw costs of land, transport, power materials. The products of and other infrastructure. The these industries feed other processes include a wide industries. For example, iron range of activities that convert made from iron ore is the raw material into finished product of mineral-based products the outputs are the industry. end product and the income Short Answer Type Questions earned from it. 1. On the basis of their size, Take the example of the textile industries can be classified industry. The inputs may into small scale and large scale be cotton, human labour, industries. factory and transport cost, Small scale industries use the processes include ginning, lesser amount of capital and spinning, weaving, dyeing technology as compared to and printing. The output is large scale industries that the shirt. Teacher’s Manual n 91 4. Iron and steel industry is often (iii) The state government of referred to as the backbone of Karnataka was the first modern industry. The reason to announce an IT Policy behind this is that almost in 1992. everything we use is either (iv) The city has the largest made of iron or steel or has and widest availability been made with tools and of skilled managers with machinery of these metals. work experience. Ships, trains, tricks and autos 7. Apart from Bangalore, are made largely of steel. Oil these are other emerging wells are drilled with steel information technology hubs machinery. Steel pipelines in metropolitan centres of transport oil. Minerals are India. These are Mumbai, mined with steel equipment. New Delhi, Hyderabad Farm machines have steel and Chennai. Other cities framework. such as Gurgaon, Pune, 5. There were several reasons Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi behind this: and Chandigargh are also (i) Sakchi was only 32 km important centres of the IT away from Kalimati industry. station on the Bengal– However, Bangalore is unique Nagpur railway line. because the city is endowed (ii) It was close to the iron with highest availability of ore, coal and manganese middle and top management deposits as well as to talent. Kolkata, which provided Long Answer Type Questions a large market. (iii) TISCO gets coal from 1. Ahmedabad is located in Jharia coalfields, and iron Gujarat on the banks of the ore, limestone, dolomite Sabarmati river. The first and manganese from textile mill was set up here in Orissa and Chhattisgarh. 1859. It soon became the second These places are close to largest textile city of India, Sakchi. after Mumbai. Favourable for (iv) The Kharki and the development of the textile Subarnarekha rivers industry in Ahmedabad. The are close to Sakchi, that city is situated very close to ensured sufficient water cotton growing area. This supply. ensures easy availablility of 6. (i) Bangalore has the largest raw material. The climate is number of educational ideal for raw material. The institutions and IT climate is ideal for spinning colleges in India. and weaving. The flat terrain (ii) The city was considered and easy availability of land is dust-free with low rents suitable for the establishment and low cost of living. of the mills. The densely

92 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII populated states of Gujarat industry developed in Osaka and Maharashtra provide due to several geographical both skilled and semi-started factors. The extensive plain labour. Well developed around Osaka ensured that road and railway network land was easily available permits easy transportation for the growth of cotton of textiles to different parts of mills. Warm humid climate the country, thus providing is well suited to spinning easy access to the market. and weaving. The river Yodo Ahmedabad textile mills provides sufficient water for are facing some problems the mills. Labour is easily nowadays. This is primarily available. Location of port due to the emergence of new facilitates import of raw cotton textile centres is the country. and for exporting textiles. The non-upgradation of The textile industry at Osaka machines and technology in depends entirely upon the mills of Ahmedabad is imported raw materials which also a vital cases. it gets from Egypt, India, 2. Osaka is known as the China and USA. The finished ‘Manchester of Japan’ because product is mostly exported it is an important textile centre and had a good market due of the country. The textile to good quality and low price.

3.

Teacher’s Manual n 93 Chapter Human Resources 6 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. The number of people living 1. Asia and Africa in a particular area. 2. To improve people’s skills. 2. The number of live births per 3. In 1804. 1000 people. 4. For diamond mines. 3. The number of deaths per 5. Population increases. 1000 people. Puzzle Time 4. 1985

5. The number of people living READULTHOODGHJI in a unit area on the earth’s EDVBNIZUZXCVBFM surface. SGSDFTAMLDFRNDM OHVBVENADFMFMZI Fill in the Blanks UJJKLRMNFVEADXG RKDEATHRATEFGR 1. age-sex 2. plains CL P SDCVBFTGHTTA 3. Migration 4. high EOYDFYREMIGRANT 5. decreases EIRADIO P GHJKLEI FUAETIYUIO P GHGO True/False VYMRA P O P ULATION 1. True 2. False 3. False BTICVBNMLKJHGFD TRDASWERTYUIOXV 4. True 5. True YMIGRATIONBNMDA

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. (d) Germany 1. It is people with their demands 2. (a) 324 persons per square km and abilities that turn nature’s 3. (d) all of the above bounty into resources. 4. (c) 3 billion 2. The way in which people are 5. (a) Bangladesh and Japan spread across the earth surface Match the following is known as the pattern of (i)—(e) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(f) population distribution. (iv)—(a) (v)—(b) (vi)—(c) 3. China, India, US and Fill in the Blanks Indonesia. 4. The average density of 1. densely 2. six population in the whole world 3. structure 4. narrow is 51 persons per square km. True/False 5. Life expectancy is the number 1. True 2. True 3. False of years that an average 4. False 5. False person can expect to live.

94 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 6. Births and deaths are the a result, the total increase in natural causes of population the world population is very change. high. 7. The difference between the 3. Social, cultural and economic birth rate and death rate of a factors also affect the county is a called the natural distribution of population. growth rate. Social factors — Some areas 8. When a person enters a provide better housing, new country, it is called education and health facilities. immigration. When a person People get attracted to these leaves a country, it is called areas. For example, Pune is emigration. a densely populated area of India. Short Answer Type Questions Cultural factor —Places 1. Both the factors immediately with religion or cultural affect the distribution of significance also attract population. We know that people. For example Varanasi, people favourable conditions Jerusalem and Vatican City. for farming, manufacturing Economic factor —Places and service activities. For having better employment example — the Ganga plains opportunities are usually are the most densely populated densely populated. For areas of the world. On the example, industrial areas like other hand, mountains and Osaka in Japan and Mumbai plateaus do not provide these. in India. For example, the Himalayas 4. For a very long period of where people do not like to human history, until the live and therefore these areas 1800s, the population of the are sparsely populated. Thus, world grew steadily but topography of a place matters slowly. This was because a lot in human settlement. birth rate and death rate were So far the climate of a place almost the same. A large is concerned people usually number of babies were born, avoid extreme climates, i.e. but they died earlier too. This very hot or very cold. For example Sahara desert, polar happened as a result of poor regions of Russia, Canada health facilities. Sufficient and Antarctica are thinly food was also not available for populated. all the people. Farmers were 2. The world population has not able to produce enough grown very rapidly because to meet the food requirements of better food supplies and of all the people. Thus, medicines. Both these facilities non-availability of medical have reduced death rate. So facilities and sufficient food far the number of births is kept the world’s population concerned, it is still high. As steady till 1800s.

Teacher’s Manual n 95 5. Population composition years and elderly dependents refers to the structure of the aged over 65 years) there are population in respect with in a country. age, sex literacy-level, health The population pyramid of condition, occupation and a country in which birth and income level. The composition death rates both are high is of population thus helps us broad at the base and rapidly know how many are males narrower getting towards the or females, which age top. It means not all grow up group they belong to, how to be adults and olds. Kenya educated they are and what shows such a pyramid. In type of occupations they countries like India, death are employed in, what their ratio is decreasing and income levels and health therefore the pyramid is broad conditions are. in the younger age groups. In countries like Japan, low Long Answer Type Questions birth rates make the pyramid 1. A population pyramid is a narrow at the base. Decreased graphical presentation of death rates enable people the age, sex composition of a reach old age. population. It is also called an 2. (i) Factors that cause age-sex pyramid. population change A population pyramid shows are—births, deaths and that total population divided migrations. Births are into various age groups, e.g. 5 usually measured using to 9 years, 10 to 14 years. It also the birth rate, i.e. the shows the percentage of the number of live birth per total population sub-divided 1,000 people. Death are into males and females, in usually measured using each of those groups. the death rate, i.e., the The shape of the population number of deaths per pyramid gives us factual 1,000 people. Births and knowledge about the people deaths are natural causes living in that particular of population change. country. The number of Migration is another children below 15 years are way by which population shown at the bottom and the size of changes. reflect the level of births. People may move within The size towards the top a country or between shows the numbers of aged countries. Countries like people above 65 years and the USA and Australia reflects the number of deaths. have gained in numbers by immigration. Sudan The population pyramid is a country that has also help us know how experienced a loss of many dependents (young population numbers due dependents aged below 15 to emigration. 96 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII (ii) The general trend of countries a large number migrations is from the of people move from the less developed nations rural to urban areas in to the more developed search of employment, nations in search of education and health better employment facilities. opportunities. Within WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick () the correct options the non-renewable ones can definitely get exhausted. 1. (c) both (a) & (b) Hence, it is important to 2. (d) all of the above use both types of resources 3. (a) potential resource carefully. 4. (d) duster 4. Resources are distributed B. Match the following unequally over the earth because of the different (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) natural conditions such as (iv)—(c) climate, altitude, terrain, etc., C. Fill in the Blanks level of development and 1. economic 2. resource technological levels. 3. Nagercoil 4. localised 5. Ubiquitous resources are those which are found everywhere. D. True/False Air is the most appropriate 1. True 2. False 3. True example of this type of 4. False 5. True resources. But those which are found only in certain places E. Answer the following questions are localised resources. For 1. Technology is the application example, copper and iron ore. of latest knowledge and skill 6. It is said that water is life. It in doing or making things. means there would be no life 2. Improving the quality of if water disappears from the people’s skills so that they are earth. Water is so essential able to create more resources that without it there would be is known as human resource development. no crops, animals and humans 3. If we are not careful then would dehydrate and die. even renewable resources There would be nothing to eat can become very scare and or drink. WORKSHEET-2 A. Tick () the correct options 5. (a) long roots 1. (d) huge trees are grown B. Match the following 2. (b) moderate rainfall (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) 3. (c) soil erosion (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) 4. (d) all of the above Teacher’s Manual n 97 C. Fill in the Blanks and their density reduces. 1. mosses 2. water Hence, short stunted trees and 3. depletion grasses grow in the regions 4. Three fourth’s of moderate rainfall. Thorny 5. Water shrubs and scrubs grow in dry areas of low rainfall. D. True/False In such areas plants have 1. True 2. False 3. True deep roots and leaves with 4. False 5. True thorny and waxy surface reduce loss of moisture E. Answer the following questions through transpiration. Tundra 1. The whole world, more or vegetation that comprises of less, is facing the scarcity of mosses and lichens is found water. Access to clean and in the cold polar regions. adequate water sources is a 3. (i) National parks, wildlife major problem today. Even sanctuaries biosphere though water is a renewable reserves are made to resource its overuse and protect our natural pollution make it unfit for vegetation and wildlife. use. The following are the (ii) Many countries have major threats of this resource: passed laws against the (i) Discharge of untreated or trade as well as killing partially treated sewage of birds and animals. In in water bodies. India, killing of lions, (ii) Discharge of agricultural tigers, deer, great Indian chemicals and industrial bustards and peacocks is effluents in water bodies. illegal. They pollute water with 4. Forest fire is a threat to the nitrates, metals and entire region of fauna and pesticides. flora. It occurs mainly due to Water pollution can be three reasons— controlled by treating (i) Natural fire due to these effluents suitably lightening, etc. before releasing them in water bodies. (ii) Fire due to heat generated 2. The major vegetation types in the litter due to of the world are— forests, carelessness of people. grasslands, scrubs and tundra. (iii) Fire purposely caused In areas of heavy rainfall, by local inhabitants, huge trees are normally thrive mischief-makers, or on. The forests are, therefore, miscreants, etc. associated with areas having Forest fire can be controlled abundant water supply. by the following measures— As the amount of moisture (i) Prevention of fires through decreases, the size of trees education.

98 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII (ii) Prompt detection of with timber, produce oxygen fires through well co- we breathe in, protect soil ordinated network of which is essential for growing observation points, crops, help in storage of efficient ground patroling underground water, give and communication us fruits, nuts latex, gum, network. medicinal plants, turpentine 5. Forests are the precious gift oil and many more things. We to mankind. They play an cannot imagine life without important role in maintaining forests. They purify our air the ecosystem. They are able which is essential for our of innumerable birds and animals. They provide us healthy growth. WORKSHEET-3 A. Tick () the correct options produce electricity. This is how 1. (b) strong and steady winds hydro-electricity is produced. blow there The water discharged after 2. (c) India irrigation. 3. (b) Tamil Nadu Some important hydel power 4. (c) Scotland stations in India are—Bhakra 5. (d) Cooking food in an open Nangal, Gandhi Sagar, pan kept on low flame. Nagarjunsagar and Damodar Valley projects. B. Match the following 2. Petroleum is a thick black (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) liquid. It is found between (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) the layers of rocks and is drilled from iolfields located C. Fill in the Blanks in off-shore and coastal areas. 1. USA, Europe This is then sent to refineries 2. hot springs 3. panels which process the crude oil 4. rock; oil 5. Australia and produce a variety of D. True/False products such as diesel, petrol, kerosene, wax, lubricants, etc. 1. True 2. True 3. False Petroleum and its derivatives 4. True 5. False are called black gold as they E. Answer the following questions are very valuable. The chief petroleum- 1. Rainwater or river water producing countries of the stored in dams is made to world are— Iran, Iraq, Saudi fall from heights. The falling water flows through pipes Arabia and Qatar. inside the dam over turbine 3. Minerals are extracted by blades placed at the bottom of using various methods: the dam. The moving blades (i) Mining— It is the process then turn the generator to of taking out minerals

Teacher’s Manual n 99 from rocks buried under (v) Quarrying — Some minerals the earth’s surface. lie very close to the surface. (ii) Open-cast mining— Some Such minerals are simply minerals lie at shallow dug out by the process depths and taken out by known as quarrying. removing surface layer. This 4. (i) Ferrous and non-ferrous — method is called open-cast Ferrous minerals contain mining. iron. For example — iron (iii) Shaft mining— Some ore, manganese and chromites. Non-ferrous minerals lie at great depths. minerals do not contain To extract such minerals, iron but may contain some deep bores, known as other metal. For example shafts, are made. Therefore, — gold, silver, copper. this method is called shaft (ii) Metallic and non-metallic mining. — Metallic minerals contain (iv) Drilling — Petroleum and metal in raw form. For natural gas lie far below example, iron ore, bauxite. the earth’s surface. They Non-metallic minerals do are extracted by boring not contain metals. For deep wells and the process example, limestone, mica is called drilling. and gypsum. 5.

1. Jharkhand 2. Odisha 3. Chhattisgarh 4. Madhya Pradesh 5. Karnataka 100 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick () the correct options 2. Physical inputs include 1. (c) shifting cultivation sunshine, temperature, 2. (b) India and Bangladesh rainfall and soil. 3. (c) pisciculture Human inputs include storage, labour, machinery 4. (d) Brazil and chemicals. B. Match the following 3. Nomadic herding is a type of (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(b) farming in which herdsmen (iv)—(a) move from place to place with their animals for fodder C. Fill in the Blanks and water, along defined 1. Rice 2. tropical routes. This type of movement 3. nomadic herding arises in response to climatic 4. two constraints and terrain. The nomadic herders rear animals D. True/False like sheep, camels, yak and 1. True 2. True 3. False goats for milk, meat, wool, 4. True hides and others products. E. Answer the following questions This type of farming is practised in the semi-arid and 1. There are three types of arid regions of Sahara, Centra economic activities—Primary, Asia and some parts of India, secondary, tertiary activities. like Rajasthan and Jammu and (i) Primary activities include Kashmir. all those connected with 4. Jute and cotton are fibre crops. extraction and production (i) Climatic conditions of natural resources. For required for jute—It example, agriculture, grows well on alluvial fishing and gathering. soil and requires high (ii) Secondary activities temperature, heavy are concerned with the rainfall and humid processing of natural climate. This crop is resources. For example, grown in the tropical manufacturing of steel, regions. India and baking of bread and Bangladesh are the weaving of cloth. leading producers of (iii) Tertiary activities jute. provide support to the (ii) Climatic conditions primary and secondary required for cotton— sectors through services. Cotton requires high For example, transport, temperature, light rain- trade, banking, insurance, fall, two-hundred and etc.

Teacher’s Manual n 101 ten frost-free days and demand of increasing bright sunshine for its population. This can be growth. It grows best on achieved in many ways such black and alluvial soils. as increasing the cropped China, USA, India, Pa- area, the number of crops kistan, Brazil and Egypt grown, improving irrigation are the leading produc- facilities, use of fertilisers and ers of cotton. high yielding variety of seeds. Mechanisation of agriculture 5. See Answer No.1 under is also another aspect of Worksheet. agricultural development. The 6. Agriculture development ultimate aim of agricultural refers to efforts made to development is to increased increase farm production in food security. order to meet the growing WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick () the correct options (i) The warm and moist 1. (c) Nylon 2. (a) Mumbai climate of Mumbai. 3. (b) 1907 (ii) Location of port that 4. (b) Public sector industry facilitated import of 5. (d) all of the above machinery. (iii) Availability of raw B. Match the Columns material and skilled (i)—(e) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) labour. (iv)—(c) (v)—(b) 2. Pittsburgh is an important steel city of the USA. It enjoys C. Fill in the Blanks several locational advantages. 1. development; growth Some of the raw material 2. shaped such as coal is available 3. steel plants locally, while the iron ore 4. cotton textile 5. cotton comes from the iron mines at Minnesota, about 1500 km D. True/False from Pittsburgh. Between 1. False 2. True 3. True these mines and Pittsburgh is 4. False 5. True situated on the banks of the famous Great Lakes waterway E. Answer the following questions which is one of the world’s 1. Mumbai was chosen to best routes for shipping ores set up the first successful cheaply. Trains carry the ore mechanized textile mill. Once from the Great Lakes to the the industry got established Pittsburgh area. The Ohio, the in 1854, it expanded rapidly. Monogahela and Allegheny There were several reasons rivers provide adequate water behind this: supply.

102 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 3. (i) Both the cities enjoy industries can be classified pleasant climate with an into: attractive and dust-free (i) Private sector environment. (ii) State owned or public (ii) Bangalore has the largest sector number of educational (iii) Joint sector institutions and IT colleges (iv) Cooperative sector in India. California is (i) Private sector: Industries close to some of the most are owned and operated advanced scientific and by individuals or a group technological centres in of individuals. the world. (ii) Public sector: Industries (iii) Both the cities have good are owned and operated by the government. For access to markets and example, Hindustan skilled workforce. Aeronautics Limited, and 4. (i) Mumbai–Pune cluster Steel Authority of India (ii) Bangalore–Tamil Nadu Limited. region (iii) Joint sector: Industries are (iii) Hugli region owned and operated by (iv) Ahmedabad–Baroda the state and individuals region or a group of individuals. (v) Chhotanagpur industrial For example, Maruti belt Udyog Limited. (vi) Vishakhapatnam–Guntur (iv) Cooperative sector: belt Industries are owned (vii) Gurgaon–Delhi–Meerut and operated by the region producers or suppliers of (viii) The Kollam– raw materials, workers or Thiruvananthapuram both. For example, Anand industrial cluster. Milks Union Limited and 5. On the basis of ownership, Sudha Dairy.

WORKSHEET-6 A. Tick () the correct options (iv)—(e) (v)—(d) 1. (b) Sudan C. Fill in the Blanks 2. (c) Bhopal 1. 10 2. highest 3. (a) Europe 3. Osaka, Mumbai 4. (d) all of the above. 4. densely 5. (a) births, deaths and migration D. True/False B. Match the following 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True (i)—(c) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b)

Teacher’s Manual n 103 3. Age E. Answer the following questions 85+ Males Females Age 80-84 1. 75-79 75+ 70-74 70-74 Males Females 65-69 65-69 60-64 55-59 60-64 50-54 55-59 45-49 50-54 40-44 45-49 35-39 40-44 30-34 35-39 25-29 20-24 30-34 15-19 25-29 10-14 20-24 5-9 15-19 0-4 10-14 10 86 420246810 5-9 Per cent 0-4 In Japan, birth rate is low. 10 86420246810 As a result, the population Per cent pyramid is narrow at the base. The population pyramid Decreased death rates allow of India is broad in the a great number to people to younger age groups. It means reach old age. that death rates especially 4. The distribution of population amongst the very young are in the world is extremely decreasing. It further means uneven. Some areas are that more infants survive to very crowded and some adulthood. Such populations are sparsely populated. The contain a relatively a large crowded areas are south and number of young people and south east Asia, Europe and which means a strong and north eastern North America. expending labour force. Area like tropical deserts, high 2. Rates of population growth mountains, equatorial forests, vary across the world. etc. are sparsely populated. Although, the world’s total Many more people live north population is rising very of the Equator than South of fast, not all countries are the Equator. Almost three- experiencing this growth. quarters of the world’s people Some countries like Kenya live in two continents of Asia and Africa. Sixty per cent of have high population growth the world’s population live in rates. They had both high just 10 countries. birth rates and death rates. 5. The general trend of Now death rates have international migrations fallen considerably due is from the less developed to improving health care nations to the more developed facilities. But birth rates still nations in search of better remain high leading to high employment. Within countries growth rates. In countries like a large number of people United Kingdom, population may move from the rural growth is slowing because of to urban areas in search of both low death and low birth employment, education and rates. health facilities.

104 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Part-C: Civics (Social & Political Life-III)

Chapter The Indian Constitution 1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 5. aims; objectives 1. It refers to an independent True/False people. 1. True 2. False 3. True 2. The practice of the illegal trade 4. True 5. False in human beings particularly women and children. Puzzle Time 3. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. SABENTLRE P UBLIC 4. In the year 1947. ERONAEINIRONAEO CEICTXN P NEICTXN 5. It means that laws apply URNC P GGUERNC P TS equally to all persons and a LNDNBOUCRNDNBIT AAUONVIAAAUONLI certain set of fixed procedures RCSCDEMOCRATICT need to be followed when law LUSOURTALUTOUTU is violated. MAOENNLIMABENTT IRVNAMINIRONAEI NEECTEN P NEICTXO Fill in the Blanks ERRC P NGURIGHTTN 1. 26th Jan., 1950 RNENBTUCRNDNBIU AAIONLIAAAUONLI 2. Parliamentary LCGCMESDLCSCMES 3. religion FUNDAMENTALOUTS 4. constitution SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions True/False 1. (d) Press 2. (b) 1934 1. False 2. False 3. True 3. (d) all of the above 4. False 5. True 4. (c) the right to incite people to rebel against government Very Short Answer Type Questions 5. (c) Presidential form of 1. Human trafficking is the government practice of the illegal buying and selling of different Match the following commodities across national (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) borders. In the content of (iv)—(c) fundamental rights, it refers Fill in the Blanks to illegal trade in human beings, particularly women 1. arbitrary 2. democratic and children. 3. minorities 4. father 2. Dr. Ambedkar believed 5. constitution that his participation in the 105 Constituent Assembly helped (i) It lays out certain ideals the scheduled castes get that form the basis of the some safeguards in the draft kind of country that we as constitution. citizens aspire to live in. 3. Federalism refers to the (ii) It plays a crucial role existence of more than one in laying out certain level of government in a important guidelines that country. In India, we have govern decision-making governments at the state within societies. level and at the central level. (iii) It helps to protect us Panchyati Raj is the third tier against certain decisions of the government. that we might take that 4. ‘Government’ is responsible could have an adverse for administering and effect on the larger enforcing laws. The principles that many government can change with people believes in. elections. The state on the 2. In a parliamentary system, other hand refers to a political the head of state is normally a institution that represents a different person from the head sovereign people who occupy of government. It is a system a definite territory. of democratic governance of 5. Our Constitution contains a state in which the executive our national goals such as branch derives its democratic democracy, secularism. These legitimacy from, and is held goals are kept in mind while accountable to, the legislature framing laws. (Parliament). The executive 6. Republic means a system of and legislative branches are government in which there thus interconnected. is an elected President as the 3. All persons are equal before head of state and not a king or the law. This means that queen. all persons shall be equally 7. This Fundamental Right protected by the laws of the allows citizens to move to the country. It also states that no court if they believe that any citizen can be discriminated of their Fundamental Rights against on the basis of their has been violated by the state. religion, caste or sex. Every 8. If the Fundamental Rights of person has access to all public a citizen are violated, he or places. The State cannot she can go to the court to seek discriminate against anyone justice. This is not so in case in matters of employment. of the Directive Principles of 4. (i) The country was made State Policy. up of several different Short Answer Type Questions communities who spoke 1. The Constitution serves different languages, several purposes: belonged to different 106 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII religions, and had distinct freedom of speech and cultures. expression, the right to (ii) When the Constitution form associations, the was being written, India right to move freely and was going through reside in any part of the considerable turmoil country and the right to because of its partition. practice any profession, (iii) Some of the Princely States occupation or business. remained undecided (iii) Right against about their future and the Exploitation–The socio-economic condition Constitution prohibits of the vast mass of people human trafficking, forced appeared dismal. labour, and children 5. According to the Constitution, working under 14 years there are three organs of the of age. State – the legislature, the (iv) Right to Freedom of excutive and the judiciary. In Religion­–Religious order to prevent the misure freedom is provided to of power by anyone branch of the State, the Constitution all citizens. says that each of these organs (v) Cultural and should exercise different Educational Rights–The powers. This is separation of Constitution states that powers. all minorities, religions 6. In a democracy, we choose or linguistic, can set up our leaders so that they can their own educational exercise power responsibly institutions in order to on our behalf. However, there preserve and develop is always the possibility that their own culture. these leaders might misuse their authority. This misuse (vi) Right to Constitutional of authority can result in Remedies–This allows gross injustice. Hence, citizens to move the our Constitution provides court if they believe that safeguards against this. any of their Fundamental Long Answer Type Questions Rights have been violated 1. The Fundamental Rights by the State. in the Indian Constitution 2. Key features of the Indian include: Constitution— (i) Right to Equality–See (i) Federalism–This refers to Short Ans. Type Q3. the existence of more than (ii) Right to Freedom–This one level of government includes the right to in the country.

Teacher’s Manual n 107 (ii) Parliamentary Form of State. The Constitution Government–See Short guarantees the rights of Ans. Type Q2. individuals against the (iii) Separation of Powers– State as well as against See Short Ans. Type Q5. other individuals. (vi) Fundamental Rights– (v) Secularism– A secular These rights protect State is one in which the citizens against the state does not officially arbitrary and absolute promote any one religion exercise of power by the as the state religion.

Chapter Understanding Secularism 2 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral-Based Questions Rapid-Fire Questions 1. The United States of America 1. Ireland 2. Yes 2. Jews 3. No 4. France 3. The term refers to the Puzzle Time separation of religion from the State. ICOERCION P GHLC BRGNAEINIRONAH 4. To force someone to do DEICSXN P NCICTR something. IRNCTGGUERNT P I ADDNADEHKRDNBS Fill in the Blanks AAUOTVRIGHTONT MCSCEEMOCRAITI 1. Secular 2. religious UUSOURTALUTOUA 3. religion 4. domination SAOENNRELIGION LRVNAMINIRONAE True/False IEMAJORITYHCGX 1. T 2. T 3. F MRRC P NGUFILTER CODISTUCRBHART 4. F 5. F SECULARISMHILL

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Match the following 1. (a) gather in a public place (i)—(e) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(b) for prayers (iv)—(a) (v)—(c) 2. (d) all of the above 3. (c) abolition of Fill in the Blanks untouchability 1. religions 2. tolerance 4. (b) strict separation between 3. infanticide religion and the state 4. enforce

108 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII True/False Short Answer Type Questions 1. True 2. True 3. False 1. (i) One religions community 4. False does not dominate another. Very Short Answer Type Questions (ii) Some members do not 1. The independence that dominate other members all persons shall have to of the same religious understand things in their community. own way. In civics, it refers to (iii) The State does not a person’s liberty to develop enforce any particular their own understanding and religion nor take away meaning of the religion they the religious freedom of practice. individuals. 2. Secularism refers to the 2. The celebration of the religious separation of religion from the festival within the school state. The Indian constitution would have been a violation does not uphold any religion of the government’s policy of as state religion. Everybody treating all religions equally. is free to follow his/her own Government schools cannot religion. promote anyone religion 3. (i) In Hitler’s Germany, either in their morning Jews were persecuted prayers or through religious and several millions were celebrations. Hence, most killed. religious festivals are public (ii) In Saudi Arabia, non- holidays. Muslims are not allowed 3. The Indian State prevents to build a temple, church, religious domination through etc. and nor can they a strategy of non-interference. gather in a public place This means that in order to for prayers. respect the sentiments of all 4. Acts of discrimination take religious and not interfere place more easily when with religious practices, the one religion is given official State makes certain exceptions recognition by the state at the expense of the other religions. for particular religious 5. Untouchability was banned communities. For example, because the practice was the Indian State recognises based on discrimination. that wearing of pugri is central It prevented lower east to a Sikh’s religious practice community or dalits from and in order not to enterfere entering the mainstream of with this, allows an exception the society. in the law. 6. The promotions of any one 4. The Indian secularism religion would violate the works to prevent religious government’s policy of domination through a strategy treating all religions equally. of intervention. We cite the

Teacher’s Manual n 109 example of abolution of domination is through untouchability in this regard. a strategy of non- The Indian Constitution interference. banned this practice by (iii) The third way in which intervening in religion. And with it ended discrimination Indian secularism works and exclusion of lower castes. to prevent religious 5. In Indian secularism, through domination is through a the State is not strictly separate strategy of intervention. from religion it does maintain Note: Also See Short Ans. Type a principled distance vis-a- Q4 & 5 above. vis religion. This means that 2. In American secularism, the any interference in religion legislature cannot declare by the state has to be based any religion as the official on the ideals laid out in the religion. Nor can they give Constitution. preference to one religion. In Long Answer Type Questions this country, the separation 1. The Indian State works in between state and religion various ways to prevent means that neither the state religious domination– nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another. (i) It uses a strategy of In Indian secularism, the distancing itself from state can intervene in religion. The Indian State religious affairs. We know is not ruled by a religious how the Indian Constitution group and nor does it intervened in Hindu religious support anyone religion. practices in order to abolish (ii) The second way in which untouchability. However, the Indian secularism works state maintains a principled to prevent religious distance vis-a-vis religion. Chapter Why do We Need a 3 Parliament? FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. 1909 2. Electronic 1. representation voting machine 2. Rajya Sabha; Lok Sabha 3. All adult citizens of the 3. state legislatures country have the right to vote. 4. communist 5. North Block 4. Member of Legislative True/False Assembly 1. False 2. True 3. False 5. Sansad 4. True 5. False 110 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time

1. The Prime Minister of India ILOKSABHACIOSO 2. Prime Minister’s Office RIXOS P LMJO P WOS 3. It consists of the President, AX P ARTYXAARWEX the Rajya Sabha and the Lok JXWSZXISWLEWXA Y P RIMEMINISTER Sabha. AXEODHJXWTIXCQ 4. National Democratic Alliance SZQWIO P SXIDZUS 5. House of the People. ASZWAYJMSOERTX BAWQRTUNSNNXIZ H P ARLIAMENTWVI AZXCVBNMWEUQEH SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions legislature with a right to 1. (c) 2004 2. (c) five years discuss the budget and ask 3. (d) 245 4. (d) 9 questions. 5. (a) Vice-President of India 4. (i) They were in response to the growing demands of Match the following the nationalists. (i)—(c) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) (ii) They did not allow for all (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) adults to vote nor could people participate in Fill in the Blanks decision-making. directly; representatives; 5. It did not mean that the representative; universal government could do what adult franchise. it felt like, it meant that the government had to be True/False sensitive to people’s needs 1. True 2. True 3. True and demands. 4. False 5. False 6. In a democracy, the idea of consent refers to the desire, Very Short Answer Type Questions approval and participation 1. ‘Coalition’ refers to the of people. It is the decision alliance formed by political of people that creates a parties after elections when democratic government and no party has been able to get decides about its functioning. adequate seats to from a clear 7. The executive is a group of majority. persons who work together 2. It empowers easy adult of to implement the laws made the country to play his/her by the Parliament. part in the formation of the 8. It is the Prime Minister government. of the country who is 3. The Indian National Congress equally responsible for the demanded that there be effective functioning of the elected members in the government.

Teacher’s Manual n 111 Short Answer Type Questions castes and the minorities. 1. India became independent The communities that have on 15 August 1947. Preceding been historically marginalised this was a long and difficult such as SCs and STs are given struggle in which many adequate representation in the sections of society participated. Parliament. Their participation in the 4. The Indian Parliament consists freedom struggle left little of the President, the Rajya doubt in the mind’s of the Sabha and the Lok Sabha. nationalists that all persons The Prime Minister of India is in independent India would the leader of the ruling party be able to participate in in the Lok Sabha. The Rajya making decisions. Hence, Sabha functions primarily as they adopted the principle of the representative of the states universal adult franchise, i.e. of India in the Parliament. that all adult citizens of the 5. After the elections are country have the right to vote. over, the party that gets the 2. One way of doing so is through largest number of seats in elections. People would elect the Parliament, is invited to their representatives to the form the government by the Parliament, then, one group President. But sometimes from among these elected no single party gets a full representatives forms the majority. Then two or more government. The Parliament, parties join together and which is made up of all come forward to form a government. This is known as representatives together, a coalition government. Since controls and guides the a coalition contains different government. In this sense, parties, each with its own people, through their chosen view on different issues, and representatives, form the sometimes the government government and also control may not last a full term. If it. there is a disagreement on 3. The Parliament has more any issue, any one or more of and more people from the parties withdraw support different backgrounds. For and the coalition government example, there are more rural could fall. members as also members 6. The Lok Sabha is the Lower from many regional parties. House of the Parliament. After Groups and peoples that the Lok Sabha elections, a list were till now unrepresented is prepared showing how are beginning to get elected many MPs belong to each to the Parliament. There political party. For a political has also been an increase party to form the government, in political participation they must have a majority of from the Dalit and backward elected MPs. Since there are

112 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 543 elected (plus 2 nominated) known as the Council of members in the Lok Sabha, to States. have a majority a party should (ii) The Lok Sabha can have have at least half the number upto 545 members in i.e. 272 members or more. which two members These members are elected for are nominated. In Rajya a term of five years. Sabha, there are 233 Long Answer Type Questions elected members plus 12 members nominated by 1. The Indian Parliament the President. performs various functions— (iii) The Lok Sabha is not (i) The Parliament selects a permanent body. Its the national government. members are elected for (ii) It controls, guides and a term of 5 years. The informs the government. President can dissolve it (iii) It makes laws for the before its term is over. entire country. But the Rajya Sabha is (iv) It keeps a check on the a permanent body. It is ministers and their work. never dissolved. (v) It can make amendments (iv) The Lok Sabha is more to our Constitution with powerful than the Rajya a simple majority. Sabha. 2. (i) The Lok Sabha is the (v) The members of the Lower House of the Lok Sabha are elected Parliament. It is also by the adult citizens of known as the House of the country whereas the the People because the members of the Rajya people of our country Sabha are elected by the elect its members elected members of the directly. The Rajya Sabha Legislative Assemblies of is the Upper House of states. the Parliament. It is also Chapter Understanding Laws 4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions Fill in the Blanks 1. All laws apply equally to all 1. laws 2. British 3. victims citizens of the country and no 4. law one can be above the law. 2. 1919 3. 2005 True/False 4. USA 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. False Teacher’s Manual n 113 Rapid-Fire Questions Puzzle Time

1. The system of rules which HINTSGENERA P LR a particular country or KYADEHSBGRLA P K community recognises as KLOKDAVHAEKRNR regulating the actions of its AYADIVIIG PP L P U GCONTROVERSIAL members and which it may LRUOIVLIVEEAXO enforce by the imposition of FIRIOEEIOSSMET penalties. ATVANLNYLSIECA 2. To find fault with a person. SIOENNCEUIDNUL 3. The Act allowed the British ACVNAMENTVETTY CITIZENIIENCIR government to imprison HSARLUN P O P ULAR people without due trial. GEHIVLAWNGA P EY 4. 1870. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions them from exercising their 1. (a) 2006 2. (c) court Fundamental Rights including 3. (b) Parliament Right to speech and Assembly 4. (c) could arrest any person can be called repressive laws. who protested there 3. This Act prohibited government. discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national Match the following origin in the USA. (i)—(b) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(d) 4. The rule of law means is that (iv)—(c) all laws apply equally to all Fill in the Blanks citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. 1. trial 2. equal But the sedition Act of 1870 3. repressive 4. decisions contradicted this rule of law. 5. Parliament Under this Act the British True/False could arrest and detain any person they wanted. Thus, 1. F 2. F 3. F they were above this law. 4. T 5. T 5. People criticise laws when Very Short Answer Type Questions they find fault with the 1. They considered this Act functioning of government. arbitrary because persons Short Answer Type Questions were arrested for a variety 1. What the rule of law means of reasons that were seldom is that all laws apply equally clarified before hand as well to all citizens of the country as because those arrested were and no one can be above the often kept in jail without a law. Neither a government trial. official, nor a wealthy person 2. Laws that brutally control nor even the President of the persons and often prevent 114 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII country is above the law. Any unwillingness to accept crime or violation of law has repressive laws framed by a specific punishment as well the Parliament. When a large as a process through which number of people begin to the guilt of the person has to feel that a wrong law has been be established. passed, they can approach the 2. Domestic violence refers to court. The court has the power the injury or harm or threat to modify or cancel laws if it of injury or harm caused by finds that they don’t adhere to an adult male, usually the the Constitution. husband, against his wife. Injury may be caused by Long Answer Type Questions physically beating up the 1. Throughout the 1990s, the woman or by emotionally need for a new law was raised abusing her. in different forums. In 1999, The protection of women from Lawyers Collective, a group Domestic Violence Act, 2005 of lawyers, law students and extends two rights to women: activists, after nation-wide (i) The right of women to live consultations took the lead in a shared household, in drafting the Domestic (ii) The right of women to Violence (Prevention and get monetary relief to Protection) Bill. This draft meet their expenses. bill was widely circulated. 3. (i) First that colonial rule Meetings were held in different was arbitrary. organisations. Several (ii) Second that the Indian women’s organisations, nationalists played a National Commission for prominent role in the women made submissions to development of the legal the Parliamentary Standing sphere in British India. Committee. Finally the 4. The role of citizens is crucial bill was introduced in the in helping the Parliament Parliament in 2002. frame different concerns that In December 2002, the Standing people might have into laws. Committee submitted its From establishing the need for recommendations to the Rajya a new law to its being passed, Sabha and these were also at every stage of the process labeled in the Lok Sabha. The the voice of the citizens is a Committee’s report accepted crucial element. This voice can most of the demands of the be heard through TV reports, women’s groups. Finally a newspaper editorials, etc. new belt was reintroduced 5. In a democracy like ours, in the Parliament in 2005. citizens can express their After being passed in both

Teacher’s Manual n 115 the Houses of the Parliament, (ii) People might criticise it was sent to the President such laws, hold public for his assent. The Protection meetings, write about it of women from Domestic in newspapers, report to Violence Act came into effect TV news channels, etc. in 2006. (iii) In such a situation, the 2. (i) Unpopular and Parliament changes this controvertial laws are law. those laws which are (iv) The court has the power unacceptable to people to modify or cancel because they feel that laws if it finds that they the intention behind it is don’t adhere to the unfair and harmful. Constitution.

Chapter 5 Judiciary FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. Public Interest Litigation. 1. Supreme Court 4. To increase accessibility. 2. District Judge 5. Justice delayed is justice denied. 3. New Delhi 4. Yes 5. High Court Puzzle Time

Fill in the Blanks ACQUITAIBUACTS 1. Chief Justice 2. three GZYABQQEIF P SIU HHGDCOVRTT P HM P 3. integrated 4. courts IYBSXFHJWCEFTR 5. independent GEYKDNGCMHAWSE HBRADVLRAILDZM True/False CF P TRIALGERJ P E 1. True 2. True 3. False OAQEXJWHOFLLGC 4. True UCMGHNYUFJLSZO REKOUBELSUBNLU Rapid-Fire Questions TSXKRDRWVSIIUR UAYACQUITTEDAT 1. Article 21 COM P ENSATIONEC 2. It deals with any harm or NEAVBDWCYCXAOU injury to rights of individuals. FJUDGEZFGEQIYS SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions 5. (d) Public Interest Litigation. 1. (d) all of the above Match the following 2. (a) 1966 (i)—(d) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 3. (a) 21 (iv)—(e) (v)—(b) 4. (b) 26 Jan., 1950

116 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Fill in the Blanks 6. Anyone can approach the 1. Criminal courts if they believe that their 2. Bombay, Calcutta; Madras right have been violated. The 3. Court 4. bonding judiciary plays a crucial role 5. interpreting in protecting these rights. 7. True/False 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True Very Short Answer Type Questions Supreme Court 1. Criminal law deals with High Court conduct or acts that the law defines as offences. For Lower Court example, theft, harassing a woman to bring more dowry, murder. Short Answer Type Questions 2. (i) Dispute resolution 1. The main functions of the Indian judiciary are: (ii) Judicial review (i) Dispute resolution (iii) Upholding the law (ii) Judicial review enforcing Fundamental (iii) Upholding the law and Rights. 3. The First is civil, which deals enforcing Fundamental with matters like money, Rights. property, inheritance, 2. It is the independence of marriage disputes, etc. The the judiciary that allows second is criminal which the courts to play a central includes case of theft, physical role in ensuring that their is injury, murder. no misuse of power by the 4. Appellate cases are appeals legislature and the executive. against the judgments of 3. Three different levels of court the High Courts. As the in our country are: highest judicial authority the (i) Subordinate or district Supreme Court has the power courts. to review the decisions of the (ii) High Court in each state. High Courts and give its own (iii) The Supreme Court at judgments. 5. This means that other the apex level that is branches of the state like the located in New Delhi. legislature and the executive 4. In India, we have an integrated cannot interfere in the work judicial system, meaning that of the judiciary. The courts the decisions made by higher are not under the government courts are binding on the and do not act on their behalf. lower courts.

Teacher’s Manual n 117 5. There are certain cases that 1980. Sudha died in hospital can only be decided by the due to burns. Her family filed Supreme Court. They have a case in court. When this case to originate in the Supreme was heard in the Trial Court, Court and are, therefore, four of her neighbours were called original cases, for called in as witnesses. These example, disputes between witnesses stated that Sudha states. had been subjected to torture Long Answer Type Questions by her in-laws and that they 1. In principle, all citizens of were demanding more cash, India can access the courts a scooter and a fridge on in this country. This implies the birth of the first child. that every citizen has a But Laxman and his mother right to justice through the told another story. According courts. The courts play a very to them, Sudha’s sari had significant role in protecting accidentally caught fire while our Fundamental Rights. If she was heating milk. On any citizen believes that their the basis of this and another rights are being violated, then evidence, the Trial Court they can approach the court convicted Laxman, his mother for justice to be done. While and his brother-in-law and the courts are available for all, sentenced all three of them to in reality access to courts has death. always been difficult for a vast In November 1982, the three majority of the poor in India. accused went to the High Legal procedures involve a Court to appeal against this lot of money and paper work verdict of the Trial Court. as well as take up a lot of The High Court accuted all time. For a poor person who the three accused. In 1985, cannot read and write, and the Supreme Court heard the whose family depends on a appeal against the acquittal daily wage, the idea of going of Laxman and the two to courts to get justice often members of his family. The seems remote. apex court found Laxman and 2. In February 1980, Sudha his mother guilty and aquitted Goel got married to Laxman the brother-in-law due lack Kumar. She began to live in of evidence against him. The her husband‘s flat in Delhi Supreme Court decided to with him and other members send the accused to prison for of his family. On 2 December life.

118 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Chapter Understanding Our 6 Criminal Justice System FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. A declaration supporting 1. The questioning of a witness evidence. who has already been 4. An offence for which the examined by the opposing police may arrest a person side. without the permission of the 2. The interest of the State. court. 3. The interest of the accused. Puzzle Time 4. As a public wrong. Fill in the Blanks QWERTY P GHJKFDRI WIOMNBOVJGCDXZM 1. fair trial 2. investigation IKJHGFLOU P UYGF P 3. investigation TCVXZSITDYBNVCA 4. impartially NXDSTRCFGLAWYER ENJUDGEMENTOVXT True/False SFDGYTREXHVFNCI 1. True 2. False 3. True STEVIDENCEBFCFA 4. False YRMHFAIRVCCECDL XDSTUMJBFDTNVCG Rapid-Fire Questions CDRTREYUIJHCBHF 1. Article 21 DETENTIONRYEWES 2. Article 22 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions of governments directed 1. (b) state 2. (a) judge at upholding social control 3. (d) all of the above deterring and mitigating 4. (a) The police investigates crime, or sanctioning those into the crime. who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation Match the following efforts. (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(a) 3. It is because the police may (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) try to gather information as evidence by torturing Very Short Answer Type Questions or beating or inflicting 1. This refers to the trial judge punishment on the accused informing the accused, in during the investigation. writing of the offence for 4. When the police think that the which he/she will face trial. evidence points to the guilt of 2. Criminal justice is the system the accused person, then they of practices and institutions file a chargesheet in the court.

Teacher’s Manual n 119 5. A criminal offence is The judge decides whether considered to have been the accused person is guilty committed not only against or innocent on the basis of the affected victims but also the evidence presented and against the society as a whole. in accordance with the law. 6. The duty of a public prosecutor If the accused in convicted, is to act impartially and then the judge pronounces the present the full and material sentence. facts, witnesses and evidence 4. FIR stands for First before the court to enable the Information Report. This court to decide the case. information can be given to Short Answer Type Questions the police either orally or 1. Our important function of in writing. The FIR usually the police is to investigate mentions the date, time and any complaint about the place of the offence, details commission of a crime. the basic facts of the offence, including a description of the An investigation includes events. recording statements of witnesses and collecting Long Answer Type Questions different kinds of evidence. On 1. Article 22 of the Constitution the basis of the investigation, and criminal law guarantee the police are required to form to every arrested person an opinion. It is not a job of the following Fundamental the police to decide whether Rights— a person is guilty or innocent. (i) The Right to be informed 2. In court, it is the Public at the time of arrest of Prosecutor who represents the offence for which the the interests of the state. The person is being arrested. role of the Prosecutor begins (ii) The Right to be presented once the police has conducted before a magistrate the investigation and filed within 24 hours of arrest. the chargesheet in the court. (iii) The Right not to be The Prosecutor must conduct ill-treated or tortured the prosecution on behalf of during arrest or in the state. As an officer of the custody. (iv) Confessions made in court, it is his/her duty to act police custody cannot be impartially. used as evidence against 3. The judge conducts the trial the accused. impartially and in an apex (v) A boy under 15 years court. The judge hears all of age and women the witnesses and any other connot be called to the evidence presented by the police station only for prosecution and the defence. questioning.

120 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 2. A fair trial ensures that accused. Shanti was defended Article 21 of the Constitution by a lawyer. Shanti’s lawyer, is upheld. Let us describe Advocate Roy was given an Shanti’s case and identify the opportunity to cross-examine essential elements of a fair all the prosecution witnesses. trial. Advocate Roy was given Firstly, Shanti was given a an opportunity to present copy of the chargesheet and witnesses in Shanti’s defence. all other evidence that the Although the police filed prosecution presented against a case of theft against her. Shanti was charged with Shanti, the judge assumed the offence of theft that was her to be innocent. It was defined as a crime in the law. the responsibility of the The trial was held in an open prosecution to prove beyond court, in public view. Her reasonable doubt that Shanti brother, Sushil could attend was guilty. In this case the the court hearings. The trial prosecution failed to do so. was held in the presence of the Chapter Understanding 7 Marginalisation FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions 4. religious; linguistic 1. The situation in which groups True/False of people or communities are 1. False 2. True 3. True deprived of certain privileges 4. False or treated as different from others. Puzzle Time

2. An area or locality that is FHRKLHIERARCHYF populated largely by members GNFHMLAEWZHNBBS of a particular community. MBAQZKSDQXCBMWS AVDWXJMCSDVNJQA 3. They are referred to as ICIECHUVXABNZCX ‘Adivasis’. NXVRVGSBRLCTGDF 4. Original inhabitants. SDATBFLNTISLAMJ TFSYNDIMITWFGHE 5. 4% RGIUMSM P OIUYTRE EHSIYSDFGHJKLSA Fill in the Blanks AJDODSANTHALISF 1. hierarchy 2. Madarsas MKF P DFGHJKLUYTR 3. low MARGINALISATION

Teacher’s Manual n 121 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions refer to the communities that 1. (a) 8% 2. (b) Bihar are numerically smaller in 3. (d) all of the above. relation to the rest of the 4. (c) 13.4% 5. (c) Muslim population. Match the following Short Answer Type Questions (i)—(e) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 1. Adivasis are invariably (iv)—(b) (v)—(d) portrayed in a very stereotypical ways. Besides Fill in the Blanks this, we seem to know very 1. 500 2. burqa little about the realities of 3. 25% 4. educational their lives. This often wrongly 5. hierarchy leads to people believing that they are exotic, primitive and True/False backward. 1. False 2. True 3. True Adivasis also feel marginalised 4. False due to their poor and low Very Short Answer Type Questions social status. This sense of difference and exclusion 1. Economic, social cultural and leads to communities not political factors work together having access to resources and to make certain groups in opportunities, and in their society feel marginalised. inability to assert their rights. 2. Adivasis are the communities 2. Groups may be marginalised who lived, and often continue due to the following reasons– to live, in close association (i) They speak a different with forests. language. 3. There is very little hierarchy (ii) They follow different among Adivasi societies. This customs or belong to very fact makes them different a different religious from other communities. group from the majority 4. Iron, copper, gold, silver, community. aluminium, platinum, (iii) They are poor and are uranium and zinc. considered to be of low 5. Paper, sandal, coffee, eraser, social status. tea, timber. 3. According to 2001 Census, 6. Gobindha Marna was Muslims are 13.4 per cent displaced due to a refinery of India’s population and project in Orissa. are considered to be a 7. Adivasis, Muslims, Scheduled marginalised community Castes, Scheduled Tribes. in India today because 8. The term ‘minority’ is the in comparison to other most commonly used to communities, they have over

122 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII the years been deprived of and other large industrial the benefits of socio-economic projects. development. They lack basic (iii) Powerful forces have aminities, education and often colluded to take public employment. over tribal land. Much 4. Adivasis have been portrayed of the time, the land is here in very stereotypical taken away forcefully ways – in their traditional and procedures are not costumes, headgears and followed. through their dancing. This (iv) According to official leads us to think of them as figures, more than 50 per being exotic and backward. cent of persons which 5. Muslim customs and practices are tribals displaced due are sometimes quite distinct to mines and mining from what is seen as the projects. mainstream. Some not all – 2. The term ‘minority’ is most Muslims may wear a burqa, commonly used to refer sport a long beard, wear a to communities that are fez, and these become ways numerically small in relation to identify all Muslims. to the rest of the population. Because of this, they tend The Indian Constitution to be identified differently recognised that the culture of the majority influences and some people think they the way in which society and are not like the ‘rest of us’. government might express Often this becomes an excuse themselves. In such cases, size to treat them unfairly, and can be a disadvantage and discriminate against them. lead to the marginalisation This social marginalisation of the relatively smaller of Muslims has led to them communities. Thus, safeguards migrating from places where are needed to protect minority they have lived, often leading communities against the to the ghettoisation of the possibility of being culturally community. dominated by the majority. They also protect them Long Answer Type Questions against any discrimination 1. (i) Adivasis have lived in and disadvantage that they forests. But forest lands may face. have been cleared for 3. (i) Forests were absolutely timber and to get land for crucial to the development agriculture and industry. of all empires and settled (ii) Adivasis have also lived civilisation in India. Metal in areas that are rich ores, invaluable timber, in minerals and other most medicinal herbs natural resources. These and aminal products – all are taken over for mining came from the forests.

Teacher’s Manual n 123 (ii) In addition, the continuation to live in close association of life depended heavily with forests. They had a on the forests, that help deep knowledge of, access recharge many of India’s to, as well as control over rivers. most of these vast tracts at least till the middle of (iii) Forests covered the major 19th century. part of our country till the (iv) Empires heavily 19th century. Adivasis depended on Adivasis are the communities who for the crucial access to lived and often continue forest resources. Chapter Confronting 8 Marginalisation FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 4. movements 1. Broken True/False 2. It states that untouchability 1. True 2. True 3. False has been abolished. 4. False 5. True 3. It states that no citizen of India shall be discriminated against Puzzle Time on the basis of religiou, caste, race, sex, etc. ESDFGJKLERERR 4. They were viewed as DTOSTRACISEAD untouchables. GHMYFGHJK P WMI 5. Kabir’s poetry brings out the HNNHMNBVVLDNS IMBBVBNM P ECB P powerful idea of the equality MKVCONFRONTVO of all human beings and their MODLERTNLRLCS labour. OUSKGFDSIFKXS Fill in the Blanks RHAJZTSOCVJXE AGWHXGZIYBGSS 1. publicty LFQGCIXGYNDDS 2. subhuman EDRFVOVWHJSHE 3. 1989 FDTDA P BGGOEZD

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions Match the following 1. (b) Gujarat (i)—(c) (ii)—(e) (iii)—(d) 2. (c) Children (iv)—(b) (v)—(a) 3. (b) Right to Equality Very Short Answer Type Questions 4. (d) Brahmins 1. Manual scavenging refers 5. (a) Adivasi activist to the practice of removing

124 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII human and animal waste/ them in the mainstream of excreta using brooms, tin society. plates and baskets from dry 8. (i) Article 15 mentions that latrines and carrying it on no citizen of India shall the head to disposal grounds be discriminated against some distance away. on the basis of religion, 2. In 1993, the government race, caste, sex, etc. passed the employment of (ii) The Fundamental Rights Manual Scavenger’s and section have drawn upon Construction of Dry Latrines the right to freedom of (Prohibition) Act. This law religion and cultural and prohibited the employment educational rights. of manual scavengers as well as the construction of Short Answer Type Questions dry latrines. So, the Safai 1. Governments across India Karamchari Andolan filed a have their own list of PIL in 2003. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled 3. The petitioners complained Tribes and backward and that manual scavenging still most backward castes. The existed and it continued in central government too has government undertakings like its list. Students applying to the railways. educational institutions and 4. The court directed every those applying for posts in department/ministry of the government are expected to union government and state furnish proof of their caste or governments to verify the tribe status, in form of caste and facts within six months. tribe certificates. If a particular 5. He filed his complaint under Dalit caste or a certain tribe is this Act to protest against in the government list, then a the domination and violence candidate from that caste or of the powerful castes in his tribe can avail of the benefit village. of reservation. 6. The Act supported Rathnam 2. Both state and central by calling off the age old ritual governments create specific in which a member of the schemes for implementation Dalit community washed the in tribal areas or in areas that feet of all the priests and then have a high Dalit population. took path in the water used For example, the government for this on the occasion of a provides for free or subsidised ceremony held once in five hostels for students of Dalit years. and Adivasi communities so 7. The government’s reservation that they can avail of education policies give opportunities to facilities that may not be specific groups such as the available in their localities. SCs and STs in order to bring The reservation policy is also a

Teacher’s Manual n 125 step taken by the government are constantly exposed to to end inequity in the system. infections that affect their 3. The argument is that in a eyes, skin, respiratory and society like ours, where for gastro-intestinal systems. centuries sections of the They get very low wages for population have been denied the work they perform. opportunities to learn and In 1993, the government work in order to develop passed the Employment new skills or vocations, a of Manual Scavengers and democratic government needs Constructions of Dry Latrines to step in and assist these (Prohibition) Act. This law sections. prohibits the employment of 4. Dalit groups in southern manual scavengers as well India asserted their rights. as the construction of dry They refused to perform latrines. their so-called caste duties 2. Rathnam was a 20-year-old and insisted on being treated young Dalit boy, studying equally. They also refused to engineering in a college follow practices located in the located in southern India. He humiliation and exploitation refused to wash the feet of the of Dalits. They also demanded priest on the festival day. It new laws that would list was a ritual carried on by his the various sorts of violence family till then. He said that against Dalits and prescribe he had no faith in this practice strict punishment for those and that his family members who indulge in them. were forced to perform this Long Answer Type Questions ritual because they were 1. Manual scavenging refers Dalits. Rathnam’s refusal to the practice of removing angered both the powerful human and animal waste/ castes in the village. They excreta using brooms, tin believed that it was Rathnam’s plates and baskets from dry education which allowed him latrines and carrying it on to imagine that he could start the head to disposal grounds comparing himself with them. some distance away. This Rathnam ruled a case in the job is mainly done by Dalit local police station under the women and young girls. Scheduled Castes and the These manual scavengers Scheduled Tribes (Prevention are exposed to subhuman of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Finally conditions of work and face the age-old ritual came to an serious health hazards. They end.

126 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII Chapter Public Facilities 9 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Oral Questions 3. water 4. rural; urban 1. The idea of equity, or the equal 5. public facilities availability, affordability and True/False quality of water for all. 1. True 2. False 3. False 2. This indicates that there is 4. True dearth of safe drinking water. 3. Equity in the schooling Puzzle Time

facilities available to all WELDE P SULABHJ children. ADKFLOSDFGHJK 4. Provision of facilities for the TDJLEISCHOOLL safe disposal of human urine EEHTCUMSQRSRK RFGOTYNDAFAGJ and faeces. BGFIRTBFZRNFR 5. In rural areas, water is needed OHDLIRVGXFIDV both for human use and for RJSECECHCGTHC the use by the cattle. NKATIWXJDFADD ELZFTQZKWATER Fill in the Blanks DRXDYSDLFEITN FVCSSDSFDSORM 1. Company 2. water-borne P ROVISIONJNKB SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions everyone. These are known 1. (c) television as public facilities. 2. The right to water entitles 2. (d) safe drinking water everyone to sufficient, 3. (a) buses safe, acceptable, physically 4. (d) all of the above resources accessible and affordable 5. (a) 135 litres per day water for personal and domestic use. Fill in the Blanks 3. Our Constitution mentions 1. dysentery 2. tankers that it is the right to every 3. animals 4. public person, whether rich or poor, 5. taxes to have sufficient amounts of water to fulfil his/her daily Very Short Answer Type Questions needs at a price that he/she 1. Things like water, healthcare, can afford. This is called sanitation, electricity, public universal access to water. transport, schools and 4. Food, water, shelter, colleges are essential facilities sanitation, healthcare and that need to be provided for

Teacher’s Manual n 127 education are necessary for amounts of water to fulfil his/ survival and are known as her daily needs at a price that basic needs of human beings. he/she can afford. 5. Safe drinking water can 3. No, water in Chennai is not prevent many water related available to and affordable by diseases such as diarrhoea all. Influential people like Mr. cause untimely death of Ramagopal has enough water several Indians. even on the day when the 6. Once it is provided, its water supply is inadequate. benefits can be shared by Middle class people like many people. For example, Subramanium spends upto a school in the village will ` 500–600 per month on buying enable many children to get water from the tankers. But it educated. is very difficult to get water 7. Private companies supply for poor people like Padma. drinking water to city people 4. Sanitation – Provision of in sealed bottles. facilities for the safe disposal 8. Mumbai’s suburban railway of human urine and faeces. is well-functioning public This is done by construction transport system. It is the dense of toilets and pipes to carry route in the world attending the sewerage and treatment of to 85 lakh passengers daily. waste water. This is necessary Extending over a distance of so as to avoid contamination. 300 kilometres, these local Extremely poor people are trains allow people living far lacking access to sanitation. away from Mumbai in search 5. If water supply is handed of job/work in the city. over to private companies, Short Answer Type Questions there will be a steep rise in 1. The important characteristic the price of water; making it of a public facility is that once unaffordable for many. it is provided, its benefits can Long Answer Type Questions be shared by many people. For 1. Things like water, health instance, a school in the village care, sanitation, electricity, wall enable many children to public transport, schools and get educated. Similarly, the colleges are essential facilities supply of electricity to an area that need to be provided for can be useful for many people. everyone. These are known 2. The Constitution of India as public facilities. recognises the right to water Public facilities relate to as being a part of the Right people’s basic needs. Any to Life under Article 21. This modern society requires that means that it is the right of these facilities are provided every person, whether rich so that people’s basic needs or poor, to have sufficient are met. The Right to Life that

128 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII the Constitution guarantee is • In Hyderabad, a recent for all persons living in this report shows that the country. The responsibility department has increased to provide public facilities, coverage and improved therefore, must be that of the performance in revenue government. collection. 2. • The water supply • In Chennai, the department department in Mumbai has taken several initiatives raises enough money for harvesting rainwater through water charges to increase the level of to cover its expenses on groundwater. supplying water.

Chapter Law and Social Justice 10 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Oral Questions produce goods for sale in the 1. An individual who buys market. goods for personal use and 3. Compressed Natural Gas not to resale. 4. It shows the presence of high 2. In factories and offices. levels of toxic substance in the 3. The Government of India. air. 4. Ahmedabad textile mills could 5. Everyone has a right to the not compete the powerlooms. enjoyment of pollution- 5. This Act specifies that wages free water and air for full should not be below a enjoyment of life. specified minimum. Puzzle Time

Fill in the Blanks ADEEMARKETRG H 1. safety laws J I NVESTMENTRW 2. environmental KJ H GFDSAQWEVO 3. environment WAGESMGMNVRBR 4. harm MNBVCXOZASEPK LKJ H GSVBMAJOE True/False PRODUCERNF H LR 1. True 2. True 3. True ZXCVJKRNBEGLQ 4. False 5. False YTREEWNMVTFUW PO I YT I MKCYFTE Rapid-Fire Questions CONSUMERXRD I R 1. Methyl–isocyanite (MIC) CVBNMRNLZESOT EXPLO I TAT I ONY 2. Persons or organisations that

Teacher’s Manual n 129 SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice Questions (laws) seek to protect the 1. (a) workers are paid fairly weak from the strong. 2. (a) 1984 6. The Union Carbide Company 3. (c) construction sites had deliberately ignored the 4. (d) emissions from vehicles essential safety. 5. (b) don’t have stronger laws 7. People died on a large scale. to check them Hundreds of thousands were maimed. Among those who Fill in the Blanks survived, many developed 1. Bhopal 2. living severe respiratory disorders, 3. toxic 4. South-Asia eye problems and other 5. safety disorders. Very Short Answer Type Questions 8. Accidents are common to construction sites because 1. They make higher profits by safety equipment and other using unfair practices such as precautions are easily ignored. paying workers low wages, employing children for work, Short Answer Type Questions ignoring the conditions of 1. We need a law on minimum work, ignoring the damage to wages to ensure that workers the environment. are not under-paid, or are 2. The government makes laws, paid fairly. enforces and upholds them so 2. Enforcement of laws is as to prevent unfair practices essential in order to control and ensure social justice. the activities of individuals 3. Workers union is an or private companies so as to association of workers. These ensure social justice. are common in factories and 3. Under this Act, the offices. The leaders of the government has banned union bargain and negotiate children under 14 years of with the employer on behalf age from working as domestic servants or as workers in of its members. The issues dhabas, restaurants, tea shops, include wages, work rules, etc. It made employing these rules governing hiring, firing children a punishable offence. and promotion of workers’ 4. One reason why foreign benefits and workplace safety. companies come to India is for 4. These laws help ensure that the cheap labour. Companies can relations between the worker, save costs and earn higher consumer and producer are profits. governed in a manner that is 5. Enforcement of safety laws not exploitative. is important in any factory 5. Enforcement of laws becomes to protect the interests of more important when they workers.

130 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII 6. Union Carbide (UC), an (iii) Effluents should be treated American company had a before being discharged factory in the city of Bhopal into the water bodies. in which it produced 2. The courts have given a pesticides. At midnight on number of judgements 2 December 1984, methyl- upholding the right to isocyanite (MIC), a highly a healthy environment as poisonous gas – started intrinsic to the Fundamental leaking from this UC plant. Right to Life. The courts This caused a great disaster in the city. have come out with strong orders on environmental Long Answer Type Questions issues. These have sometimes 1. Emissions from vehicles are a affected people’s livelihoods major cause of air pollution. adversely. For instance, the Factories discharge effluents courts directed industries in the water-bodies and then in residential areas in Delhi pollute them. to close down or shift out Steps taken to reduce pollution– of the city while the courts (i) The number of diesel orders solved one problem, vehicles should be it created another. Because decreased. (ii) Public transport should be of the closure, many workers encouraged. lost their jobs. WORKSHEET-1 A. Tick () the correct options D. Answer the following questions 1. (c) 1946 1. To limit the power of the 2. (a) the elected representatives executive, the Constituent for implementing laws Assembly included a 3. (c) showing sympathy to the number of provisions in the poor Constitution. 4. (b) Right to property 2. Our Consitution has guaranteed our Fundamental B. Fill in the Blanks Rights. But it has also put 1. six down a list of Fundamental 2. 26th, November, 1949 Duties for us to fulfil. Some 3. IV of them are respecting our 4. conscience national symbols, following the noble ideas, loyalty C. True/False towards our own country, 1. True 2. False 3. True respect for public property, etc. 4. False 5. True 3. See Short Ans. Type Q4 under Summative Assessment.

Teacher’s Manual n 131 4. In addition to Fundamental help reduce the poverty of the Rights, the Constitution also masses. has a section called Directive 5. See Short Ans. Type Q1 under Principles of State Policy. This Summative Assessment. section was designed by the 6. The first objective is that every members of the Constituent citizen must be in a position Assembly to ensure greater to claim those rights. And social and economic reforms secondly, these rights must be and to serve as a guide to the binding upon every authority independent Indian state to that has got the power to institute laws and policies that make law. WORKSHEET-2 A. Fill in the Blanks these religious groups, 1. minor 2. pugri there will most likely to 3. religion 4. dominate be one group that is in a 5. state majority. If this majority religious group has B. Answers the following questions access to State power, 1. In Indian secularism, the then it could quite state can intervene in easily use this power religious affairs. We know and financial resources how the Indian Constitution to discriminate against intervened in Hindu religious and persecute persons practices in order to abolish of other religions. This untouchability. This practice tyranny of majority was inhuman. The members could result in the of the upper caste dominated discrimination, coercion the lower castes. In order to and at times even the prevent this religion-based killing of religious exclusion and discrimination minorities. Therefore, it of lower castes, the Indian is important to separate Constitution banned the state and religion in untouchability. democratic societies. 2. See Short Ans. Type Q3. under (ii) Another reason that it Summative Assessment. is important to separate 3. See Short Ans. Type Q2. under religion from the state Summative Assessment. because we also need to 4. It is important to separate protect the freedom of religion from the state for the individuals to exist from following reasons: their religion, embrace (i) Almost all countries of another religion or have the world will have more the freedom to interpret than one religious group religious teachings living in them. Within differently.

132 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII WORKSHEET-3 A. Tick () the correct options the two Houses – the Lok 1. (a) President Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. 2. (b) making law The Lok Sabha is usually 3. (c) 1951-52 elected once every five years. 4. (a) Alliance The country is divided into numerous constituencies. B. Match the following Each of these constituencies (i)—(b) (ii)—(d) (iii)—(a) elects one person to the (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) Parliament. The candidates who contest elections usually C. Fill in the Blanks belong to different political 1. 44.87 2. democracy parties. Once elected these 3. Parliament 4. bill candidates become Members of the Parliament or MPs. D. True/False These MPs together make up 1. False 2. True 3. False the Parliament. 4. True 3. In all matters dealing with finances, the Parliament’s E. Answers the following questions approval is crucial for the 1. The opposition in the government. The government Parliament is formed by puts its annual financial all the political parlies that statement or the budget oppose the majority party before the Parliament every or coalition formed. The year. This shows the income largest among these parties of the government in detail is called the opposition and how it will be spent. The party. The opposition party Parliament has to pass it. put a check on the ruling 4. See Long Ans. Type Q2. under party. It plays a critical role Summative Assessment. in the healthy functioning 5. (i) The Prime Minister’s of a democracy. It highlights Office (PMO), (ii) The drawbacks in various policies Ministry of Defence, and programmes of the and (iii) the Ministry of government and mobilise External Affairs. popular support for its own 6. (i) The Ministry of Finance, policies. and 2. The Indian Parliament (ii) The Ministry of Home consists of the President and Affairs. WORKSHEET-4 A. Tick () the correct options B. Fill in the Blanks 1. (d) all of them 1. arbitrary 2. civil 2. (d) all of the above 3. nineteenth 4. controvertial 5. victims Teacher’s Manual n 133 C. True/False 2. Our role as citizens does 1. True 2. True 3. False not end with electing our 4. False representatives. Rather, it is then that we begin to use D. Answers the following questions newspapers and the media to 1. Indian nationalists began carefully chart the work that protesting and criticising is being done by our MPs and arbitrary use of authority by criticise their actions when we the British. They also began feel it is required. fighting for greater equality 3. Any person protesting and wanted to change the or criticising the British government could be arrested idea of law from a set of without due trial. rules that they were forced 4. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 to obey, to law as including allowed the British ideas of justice. By the end of government to imprison the 19th century, the Indian people without due trial. legal profession also began 5. This law is a very significant emerging and demanded step because it recognises–(i) respect in colonial courts. the right of women to live in They began to use law to a shared household. Women defend the legal rights of now can get a protection order Indians. Indian judges also against any further violence. began to play a greater role (ii) Women can get monetary in making decisions. relief to meet their expenses. WORKSHEET-5 A. Tick () the correct options C. Fill in the Blanks 1. (c) 65 2. (b)The President 1. executive 2. life 3. (a) 1862 3. PIL 4. (d) all of the above 4. independent B. Match the following D. True/False (i)—(b) (ii)—(c) (iii)—(a) 1. False 2. True 3. False (iv)—(d) 4. True E. Answer the following questions 1. Criminal Law Civil Law (i) This law deals with (i) This law deals with any conduct or acts that the harm or injury to rights of law defines as offences. individuals. For example, For example, theft, disputes relating to sale of murder, etc. land, etc.

134 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII (ii) It usually begins with (ii) A petition has to be filed the lodging of an FIR before the relevant court by with the police who the affected party only. investigate the crime after which a case is filed in the court. (iii) It found guilty, the (iii) The court gives the specific accused can be sent to relief asked for. jail and also fined. 2. The judiciary has the power or the Supreme Court on to strike down particular laws behalf of those whose rights passed by the Parliament if were being violated. The legal it believes that these are a process was greatly simplified violation of the basic structure and even a letter or telegram of the Constitution. This is addressed to the Supreme called judicial review. Court or the High Court could 3. What this means is that the be treated as a PIL. legislature and the executive 5. (i) The Supreme Court cannot interfere in the work can pass judgement on of the judiciary. The courts original, appellate and are not under the government advisory cases. and do not act on their behalf. (ii) It hears and gives rulings 4. In the early 1980s, the on both civil and criminal Supreme Court devised a cases. mechanism of Public Interest (iii) The Supreme Court Litigation or PIL to increase can give advise to the access to justice. It allowed President on Consitutional any individual or organisation issues when asked for it. to file a PIL in the High Court 6. (i) Criminal (ii) Civil. WORKSHEET-6 A. Fill in the Blanks C. Answer the following questions 1. judge 2. stealing 1. The Supreme Court of 3. defence lawyer India has laid down specific 4. FIR requirements and procedures 5. chargesheet that the police and other B. True/False agencies have to follow for 1. False 2. True 3. True the arrest, detention and 4. True 5. False interrogation of any person. These are known as the D.K.

Teacher’s Manual n 135 Basu Guidelines. Some of the Life states that a person’s points that they include are– life or liberty can be taken (i) The police officials who away only by following a carry out the arrest or reasonable and first legal interrogation should procedure. wear clear, accurate and 3. What this means is that they all need to work to ensure visible identification and that every citizen, irrespective name tags with their of their class, caste, gender, designations. religioun and ideological (ii) A memo of arrest should backgrounds gets a fair trial be prepared at the time when accused. of arrest and should 4. The judge like an umpire include the time and date conducts the trial impartially of arrest. in a game and in an open court. (iii) The person arrested, 5. The defence lawyer tries to detained or being defind his/her client. He/ She cross-examines all the interrogated has a right prosecution witnesses. He to inform a relative, is also given an opportunity friend or a well-wisher. to present witnesses in the 2. Article 21 of the Constitution defence of his/her client. that guarantees the Right to

WORKSHEET-7 A. Tick () the correct options E. Answer the following questions 1. (c) 4 1. Recognising that Muslims 2. (a) Muslim men in India were lagging 3. (b) 59% 4. (d) Orissa belind in terms of various 5. (a) 45% development indicators, B. Match the following the government set up a high-level Committee in 2005. (i)—(d) (ii)—(a) (iii)—(b) Chaired by Justice Rajinder (iv)—(e) (v)—(c) Sachar, the Committee C. Fill in the Blanks examined the social, economic 1. dams; mining and educational status of the 2. lowest Muslim community in India. 3. prejudice; powerlessness 4. cultural The report discusses in detail the marginalisation of this D. True/False community. 1. True 2. True 3. False The Committee submitted 4. True 5. False report according to which the

136 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII average years of schooling and powerlessness vis- for Muslim children between a-vis more powerful and the ages of 7 – 16 is much dominant sections of society. lower than that of other socio- In this way, economic and religious communities. social marginalisation are 2. See Long Ans. Type Q3. under interlinked. Summative Assessment. 4. The Sachar Committee Report 3. In social environment groups debunked common belief of people or communities about Muslims. It is commonly may have the experience believed that the Muslims of being excluded. Their prefer to send their children to marginalisation can be Madarsas. But the fact is that because they speak a different only 4% of Muslim children language, follow different are in Madarsas, whereas 66% customs, etc. They also feel attend government schools marginalised because they and 30% private schools. are poor, considered to be of 5. (i) Huge tracts of Adivasis, low social status. This sense lands have gone under of difference and exclusion the waters of hundreds leads to communities not of dams that have been having access to resources built in independent India. and opportunities and in their inability to assert their (ii) In the North-east, their rights. They experience a lands remain highly sense of disadvantage militarised and war-torn.

WORKSHEET-8

A. Fill in the Blanks We know that Adivasis are 1. caste 2. women often unwilling to move 3. scholarships from their land and are forcibly displaced. Activists 4. Rathnam 5. Mahar have asked that those who B. True/False have forcibly encroached 1. False 2. True 3. True upon tribal lands should be 4. False 5. False punished under this law. 2. • First, by insisting on their C. Answer the following questions Fundamental Rights, 1. Adivasi activists refer to the marginalised have the 1989 Act to defend their forced the government to right to occupy land that recognise the injustice done was traditionally theirs. to them.

Teacher’s Manual n 137 • Second, they have insisted groups is not dominated or that the government wiped out by the culture of enforce these laws. the majority community. 3. What this means is that no one 5. Firstly, it lists modes of can henceforth prevent Dalit humiliation that are both from educating themselves, physically horrific and entering temples, using public morally reprehensible and facilities, etc. It also means seeks to punish those who force a member of a SC/ST that it is wrong to practice to drink or eat any inedible untouchability, and that this or obnoxious substance and practice will not be tolerated forcibly removes clothes from by a democratic government. the person of a member of a 4. By granting different forms SC/ST. of cultural rights, the Secondly, it lists actions that Constitution tries to ensure dispossess Dalits and Adivasis cultural justice to the minority of their meagre resources groups. The Constitution does or which force them into this so that the culture of these performing slave labour.

WORKSHEET-9 A. Tick () the correct options has to incur costs in pumping 1. (c) both (a) & (b) water, carrying it over long 2. (b) Sulabh 3. (a) flu distances, laying down pipes B. Fill in the Blanks for distribution, treating the 1. taxes 2. 68 water for impurities and 3. poor 4. 44 finally, collecting and treating 5. failure waste water. It meets these C. Answer the following questions expenses partly from the various taxes that it collects 1. See Short Answer Type and partly by charging a price Q5. under Summative for water. Assessment. 3. Yes, there is a general shortage 2. The government gets money of water for everyone in for public facilities from Chennai. the taxes collected from the Municipal supply meets people. The government is only about half the needs of empowered to collect taxes the people of the city, on an and use them for such average. These are areas which programmes. For instance, to get water more regularly than supply water, the government others. Those areas that are

138 n Question Bank Social Science-VIII close to the shortage points 7,500 public toilet blocs and get more water whereas 1.2 million private toilets, colonies further away receive giving access to sanitation less water. to 10 million people. The 4. Private companies begin to majority of the users of Sulabh sell water at a price that only facilities are from the poor some people can afford. working class. 5. Sulabh, a non-government 6. I don’t think the distribution organisation, has been of public facilities in our working for three decades country is adequate and fair. to solve the problems of For example, remote areas of sanitation facing low-caste, low-income people in India. India don’t have adequate It has constructed more than medical facilities. WORKSHEET-10 A. Tick () the correct options conditions. 1. (a) American Company 3. Before the Bhopal gas disaster, the environment was treated 2. (c) Methyl-isocyanite as a free entity and any 3. (b) Anderson industry could pollute the 4. (d) all of the above air and water without any B. Fill in the Blanks restrictions. In response to the pressure 1. India; Bangladesh from environmental 2. Old ships activists and others, in the 3. pumps years following the Bhopal 4. CNG gas tragedy, the Indian C. True/False government introduced new 1. True 2. False 3. False laws on the environment. 4. False Henceforth, the polluter was D. Answer the following questions to be held accountable for the damage done to environment. 1. The Minimum Wages Act 4. (i) Slums need to be cleaned. protects the interest of the (ii) Polluting factories should workers. be moved to the outskirts 2. By organising themselves into of the city. unions, workers can use their combined power to demand (iii) We should gradually move fair wages and better working to cleaner technologies and processes in factories. Teacher’s Manual n 139 5. (i) At west Virginia (USA) can easily replace another. computerised warning Since there is so much and monitoring systems unemployment, there are were in place, whereas the many workers who are willing UC plant in Bhopal relied to work in unsafe conditions on manual ganges and the in return for a wage. Making human senses to detect gas use of workers’ vulnerability, leaks. employers ignore safety in (ii) At the west Virginia plant, workplaces. emergency evacuation 7. Union Carbide set up its plant plans were in place, but in India because cheap labour non-existent in Bhopal. was easily available in the 6. It all lies in the worth of a country. worker. In India, one worker

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