DOCSLIB.ORG

Print This Article

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Print This Article Journal of tourism – studies and research in tourism [Issue 29] IS SOCIAL MEDIA A VALUABLE TOOL FOR EVALUATION OF TOURISM SERVICES? EVIDENCES FOR BUCHAREST METROPOLIS AS A TOURISM DESTINATION Camelia SURUGIU, University of Bucharest, Romania The National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism, Romania [email protected] Doru-Marian TUDORACHE, The National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism, Romania [email protected] Roxana ASTEFANOAIEI, The National Institute for Research and Development in Tourism, Romania [email protected] Raluca MAZILESCU, Institute of National Economy - Romanian Academy [email protected] Marius-Razvan SURUGIU Institute of National Economy - Romanian Academy [email protected] Abstract Tourism stakeholders are not currently using information and communication technologies (ICT) and social media tools at its full effectiveness, in order to relate and engage with tourists. Unfortunately, social media is not differentiated as a specific and vital marketing tool in order to enrich marketing strategy. DMO need to pay attention to social media websites because they assist consumer-generated content, and in order not to undermine their authority. Organizations no longer have ultimate power over their image. DMO should develop a more flexible strategy incorporating social media as a marketing tool. This paper presents the perceptions of tourists about tourism services provided by tourism operators from Bucharest metropolis, via social media networks, namely Booking, TripAdvisor and mobile applications. Key words: Bucharest, marketing, perceptions, social media, tourism services JEL Classification: L83, L86. products or services (Berthon et al, 2012); amplify I. INTRODUCTION word-of-mouth marketing and other general marketing functions (Vermeulen and Seegers, 2010); facilitate employee communications and public relations (Xiang The use of the Internet has evolved to a stage in and Gretzel, 2010). which social networking has become a norm among In the absence of sustained public promotion, users and communication has become multi-directional private groups can support the voluntary promotion of and instant (Cormode and Krishnamurthy, 2008). Web the city in the virtual environment (blogs, on-line travel 2.0 led to the construction of business and destinations guides, displaying of the photos and videos, comments using the network effect to improve productivity, as and reviews). In these conditions, there is a risk that more companies and individuals become active certain negative messages to propagate with faster creators (William and Perez, 2008). With Web 2.0 speed through the virtual environment. Destination communication flows are bidirectional, because web Marketing Organizations (DMO) should pay a careful allows users to interact and share information with each attention also to the negative effects of social networks. other, creating virtual communities of users and social On social media, people make not only positive reviews networks (Singh et al, 2009). but also negative ones and as a consequence, tourism Social media are acknowledged as a more operators should reinforce loyalty and satisfaction of trustworthy source of holiday’s information than others visitors and avoid or even combat criticism and resources available (Fotis et al, 2012). From a unproven speculation (Alonso et al, 2013). marketing perspective, social networks can be used to: With many unique tourist attractions, Bucharest improve the product and brand awareness and is a city worth visiting. Many special places create reputation management; increase customer loyalty; unique experiences. In the historical centre, festivals, market research, idea generation, and launch of new cultural events, and fairs of medieval art are organized. Journal of tourism – studies and research in tourism [Issue 29] The Parliament Palace is one of the most decisions, consumer-generated marketing content interesting and valuable buildings that impresses with (Howison et al, 2015). its architectural style. The palace is open to tourists and New technologies and social media pioneered offers visit programs in several languages. The largest new opportunities and challenges for tourism concert hall in Romania is the one at the Romanian stakeholders, as all of them are involved, not only in the Athenaeum, and this building houses the headquarters production, purchase, but also in the generation of of the "George Enescu" Philharmonic. The George content through brainstorming, criticism, consultancy, Enescu Festival is a classical music festival, lasting proposals, evaluation, and other activities (Bizirgianni almost a month. and Dionysopoulou, 2013). Social media is, ultimately, Bucharest has many museums and memorial a powerful tourism marketing tool, registering one of houses. At the Romanian Peasant Museum, a rich the fastest growths and recognition from the collection of traditional objects from Romania is found, consumers. Using its large variety of tools (texts, with unique ceramics exhibitions and folk costumes photos, audios, videos, podcasts) to create user- from various regions. The Grigore Antipa National generated-content (stories, opinions, complaints, Museum of Natural History hosts important scientific reviews, warnings, advice/tips), consumers provide collections, and also temporary exhibitions. reliable data for travel planning, with social benefits Among Bucharest’s churches are among the (Kang and Schuett, 2013). city’s must-visit destinations, with centuries-old Consumers need to feel some degree of control paintings and rare objects. Among the most famous of the marketing messages delivered by companies and churches are The Patriarchal Cathedral, Stavropoleos this is why they get involved in the content generation Church, Coltea Church, the church of Antim to create some balance between what the organizations Monastery, Kretzulescu Church, Mihai Voda Church, are saying and what they are actually thinking and The Saint Spiridon Church, etc. receiving from the companies (Mhizha et al, 2015). On In Bucharest, there are many parks and gardens, the other hand, this widespread connectivity available including the Botanical Garden and Văcărești Nature through mobile devices and smart-phones allows Park - a natural urban delta. inexperienced travellers to take trips in different The present paper is structured as follows. Next regions and both discover and share experiences. These section is dedicated to the analysis of the literature developments will continue on a more rapid path, as review related to the capitalization of ICT and social consumers will adopt more travel-related apps and as media tools. Section three describes the methodology. tourists want for their travel experiences to become Section four presents the main findings and discusses more visible (Buckley et al, 2015). the results. Last section concludes the paper. In conclusion, DMO need to pay attention to Our objective is to apply a qualitative content social media websites because they assist consumer- analysis of various ICT and social tools used by tourists generated content, and in order not to undermine their to gather and share information about Bucharest as a authority. Organizations no longer have ultimate power tourism destination. over their image. DMO should develop a more flexible strategy incorporating social media as a marketing tool. II. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES TO This way the brand of a destination can be humanised and the engagement increased. Social media should CAPITALIZE ICT AND SOCIAL MEDIA TOOLS remain an integrative marketing tool that may generate significant benefits (Hays et al, 2013). Recently, tourism industry has put an increasing interest on the utilization of social media for sharing III. DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODOLOGY information, communication, and collaboration, interactivity and transactions (Osei et al, 2018; Hays, et For the current investigation, several tools were al, 2013). On the other hand, during their journey, used to explore the current perception of visitors about travellers use the Internet for both decision-making and the quality of tourism services provided in Bucharest, collection of additional information about tourism namely: destinations. Individuals are becoming "addicted" to Booking.com portal: the radiography of the the Internet and social media platforms, through which accommodation structures; the reviews received by they can quickly disseminate their experience and each accommodation unit; the investigation of the main receive feedback from their friends. reasons to travel; Moreover, social media provide virtual travel experiences through virtual tours of tourism Tripadvisor.com platform: the analysis of destinations, making tourism products more tangible. the main objectives and tourism activities; tourism Thus, the web content needs to present current guides, tourist accommodations and food services. On information, to be creative, exciting, and interactive in tripadvisor.com portal over 27,200 photos of Bucharest order to generate sales and revenues. The social media were uploaded. In the forum 1,902 threads on strategies should focus on enabling consumer-driven Bucharest were opened. Journal of tourism – studies and research in tourism [Issue 29] Mobile applications: city guides, cultural Table 2. Quality of tourism services – results and and event guides, on-line maps, public transport guides, observations etc. Characteristics Observations Diversity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Halele Carol, Bucharest Observatory Case
    8. Halele Carol (Bucharest, Romania) This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776766 Space for Logos H2020 PROJECT Grant Agreement No 776766 Organizing, Promoting and Enabling Heritage Re- Project Full Title use through Inclusion, Technology, Access, Governance and Empowerment Project Acronym OpenHeritage Grant Agreement No. 776766 Coordinator Metropolitan Research Institute (MRI) Project duration June 2018 – May 2021 (48 months) Project website www.openheritage.eu Work Package No. 2 Deliverable D2.2 Individual report on the Observatory Cases Delivery Date 30.11.2019 Author(s) Alina, Tomescu (Eurodite) Joep, de Roo; Meta, van Drunen; Cristiana, Stoian; Contributor(s) (Eurodite); Constantin, Goagea (Zeppelin); Reviewer(s) (if applicable) Public (PU) X Dissemination level: Confidential, only for members of the consortium (CO) This document has been prepared in the framework of the European project OpenHeritage – Organizing, Promoting and Enabling Heritage Re-use through Inclusion, Technology, Access, Governance and Empowerment. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 776766. The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Deliverable
    [Show full text]
  • Planul Integrat De Dezvoltare Urbana (Pidu)
    Bucharest Central Area Integrated Urban Development Plan 1. Recovering the urban identity for the Central area. Today, for many inhabitants, the historic center means only the Lipscani area, which is a simplification of history. We are trying to revitalize and reconnect the different areas which constitute the center of Bucharest, from Victory Square to Carol Park, having the quality of urban life for city residents as a priority and trying to create a city brand for tourists and investors. 2. Recovering the central area located south of the Dambovita river. Almost a quarter of surveyed Bucharest residents had not heard of areas like Antim or Uranus, a result of the brutal urban interventions of the 1980s when, after intense demolitions, fragments of the old town have become enclaves hidden behind the high- rise communist buildings. Bridges over Dambovita disappeared, and whole areas south of the river are now lifeless. We want to reconnect the torn urban tissue and redefine the area located south of Dambovita. recover this part of town by building pedestrian bridges over the river and reconstituting the old ways of Rahovei and Uranus streets as a pedestrian and bicycle priority route. 3. Model of sustainable alternative transportation. Traffic is a major problem for the Bucharest city center. The center should not be a transit area through Bucharest and by encouraging the development of rings and the outside belt, car traffic in the downtown area can easily decrease. We should prioritize alternative forms of transportation - for decades used on a regular basis by most European cities: improve transportation connections and establish a network of streets with priority for cyclists and pedestrians to cross the Center.
    [Show full text]
  • Component 1. Elaboration of Bucharest's Iuds, Capital
    ROMANIA Reimbursable Advisory Services Agreement on the Bucharest Urban Development Program (P169577) COMPONENT 1. ELABORATION OF BUCHAREST’S IUDS, CAPITAL INVESTMENT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Output 3. Urban context and identification of key local issues and needs, and visions and objectives of IUDS and Identification of a long list of projects. Chapter 3. Spatial and Functional Profile March 2021 DISCLAIMER This report is a product of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This report does not necessarily represent the position of the European Union or the Romanian Government. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable laws. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with the complete information to either: (i) the Municipality of Bucharest (Bd. Regina Elisabeta 47, Bucharest, Romania); or (ii) the World Bank Group Romania (Str. Vasile Lascăr 31, et. 6, Sector 2, Bucharest, Romania). This report was delivered in March 2021 under the Reimbursable Advisory Services Agreement on the Bucharest Urban Development Program, concluded between the Municipality of Bucharest and the
    [Show full text]
  • The Revitalization of Bucharest's Center Surrounding Areas by Reconverting the Industrial Heritage Bîță, Claudiu
    www.ssoar.info The revitalization of Bucharest's center surrounding areas by reconverting the industrial heritage Bîță, Claudiu Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Bîță, C. (2017). The revitalization of Bucharest's center surrounding areas by reconverting the industrial heritage. Cinq Continents, 7(16), 192-225. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-63442-8 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Volume 7 / Numéro 16 Hiver 2017 ISSN: 2247 - 2290 p. 192-225 THE REVITALIZATION OF BUCHAREST’S CENTER SURROUNDING AREAS BY RECONVERTING THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE Claudiu BÎȚĂ Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest [email protected] Sommaire: 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 194 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 196 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dismantling the Ottoman Heritage? the Evolution of Bucharest in the Nineteenth Century
    Dismantling the Ottoman Heritage? The Evolution of Bucharest in the Nineteenth Century Emanuela Costantini Wallachia was part of the Ottoman Empire for nearly four centuries. Together with Moldova, the other Danubian principality, it maintained strong autonomy, as well as its own institutions, such as the position of voivoda (prince). The particular position of Wallachia in the Ottoman Empire is reflected by the peculiar aspect of Bucharest in the early nineteenth century. The Romanian scholars who studied the history of Bucharest, Ionescu-Gion and Pippidi, did not call it an Ottoman town. Maurice Cerasi, author of a very important study of Ottoman towns,1 has another viewpoint, and actually locates Bucharest at the boundaries of the Ottoman area. This means that Bucharest is not frequently taken as an example of typical Ottoman towns, but is sometimes mentioned as sharing some features with them. The evolution of Bucharest is one of the best instances of the ambiguous relationship existing between the Romanian lands and the Ottoman Empire. Moldova and Wallachia lacked the most evident expressions of Ottoman rule: there were no mosques, no Muslims, no timar system was implemented in these areas. But, on a less evident but deeper level, local culture and local society were rooted in the Ottoman way of life and displayed some of its main features: the absence of a centralized bureaucracy, the strong influence of the Greek commercial and bureaucratic elite of the Ottoman Empire, the phanariotes2 and a productive system based on agriculture and linked to the Ottoman state through a monopoly on trade. Bucharest was an example of this complex relationship: although it was not an Ottoman town, it shared many aspects with towns in the Ottoman area of influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Start GA CLGE 2010
    According to the Guidelines for hosting General Assemblies of CLGE , APCGC (The Romanian Association of Private Surveyors), UGR (the Romanian Union of Geodesists) and ANCPI (Romanian Agency of Cadastre and Land Registration) as organizers of G.A. CLGE & ECC Romania 2010 would like to present you the following draft schedule: 1. Organization 2. Date 3. Venue 4. Agenda 5. Invitation papers 6. Accommodation 7. Social programme 8. Participation fees 9. Payments THE COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN GEODETIC SURVEYORS ROMANIA ––BUCHARESTBUCHAREST 2010 COMITÉ DE LIAISON DES GÉOMÈTRES EUROPÉENS 1. Organization We are pleased to inform you that we signed of number of protocols with the Romanian authorities for the organization of the General Assembly of CLGE and ECC in Bucharest. Thus, the National Agency of Cadastre and Land Registration will provide logistic and financial means for the ECC. Furthermore, The Bucharest Municipality will offer to our guests public transportation, access to museums and a reception. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN GEODETIC SURVEYORS ROMANIA ––BUCHARESTBUCHAREST 2010 COMITÉ DE LIAISON DES GÉOMÈTRES EUROPÉENS 2. Date The proposed period agreed by the Executive Bureau of CLGE together with APCGC and UGR is spring 2010, between 6 th and 8 th of May. Definitely, the final decision will be made by the General Assembly in September 2009, in Rome. THE COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN GEODETIC SURVEYORS ROMANIA ––BUCHARESTBUCHAREST 2010 COMITÉ DE LIAISON DES GÉOMÈTRES EUROPÉENS 3. Venue APCGC took all the necessary steps in order to organize the G.A. in the Palace of Parliament Bucharest, in “Nicolae Iorga” Hall. The distance between the “Henri Coanda ” airport and Bucharest city is about 16 km and takes less than 60 minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • BASEES Sampler 2
    R O U T L E D G E . TAYLOR & FRANCIS Regimes and Societies in Conflict Eastern Europe and Russia since 1956 www.routledge.com/carees Contents 1. The gendered subject of postsocialism From: Gendering Postsocialism, edited by Yulia Gradskova and Ildikó Asztalos Morell 2. The March 1956 events in Georgia From: Georgia after Stalin, edited by Timothy K. Blauvelt and Jeremy Smith, foreword by Ronald Grigor Suny 3. Women’s experiences of repression in Czechoslovakia,1948–1968 From: Women's Experiences of Repression in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, by Kelly Hignett, Melanie Ilic, Dalia Leinarte and Corina Snitar 4. The Romanian Orthodox Church From: Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twenty-First Century, edited by Lucian N. Leustean 5. A history of dissensus, consensus and illusions of a new era From: Art and Protest in Putin's Russia, by Lena Jonson 6. Introduction: What are truth- revelation procedures and why do they matter? From: Politicising the Communist Past, by Aleks Szczerbiak 7. Against the liberal consensus From: Ideology and Social Protests in Eastern Europe, by Veronika Stoyanova 20% Discount Available Enjoy a 20% discount across our entire range of Central Asian, Russian & East European Studies books. Simply add the discount code FGT07 at the checkout. Please note: This discount code cannot be combined with any other discount or offer and is only valid on print titles purchased directly from www.routledge.com. www.routledge.com/carees Copyright Taylor & Francis Group. Not for distribution. 1 The gendered subject of postsocialism State-socialist legacies, global challenges and (re)building of tradition Ildikó Asztalos Morell and Yulia Gradskova When the Berlin Wall fell in November 1989 and when, two years later, the Soviet Union crumbled and was divided into 15 independent states, the huge space formerly called the Communist Bloc or the countries of state socialism seemed to disappear forever, and an unprecedented process of change began.
    [Show full text]
  • Regasit˘ -..::Youth and Museums
    B u c u r e ˛s t i regasit˘ Metamorfoze VI Bucuresti˛ regasit˘ Metamorfoze VI Coordonator proiect: Daniela Popescu, preşedinte Alumnus Club pentru UNESCO http://youthandmuseums.org/alumnus mail:[email protected] Fotografii: George Dumitriu Texte: Mihaela Varga, istoric de arta Concept grafic&dtp: Sfera Albastra SRL, www.dumitriu.ro C u p r i n s Muzeul de Artă Contemporană ...........................................................9 Casa Ion Mincu Ordinul Arhitecţilor .................................................11 Muzeul Ţăranului Român .................................................................14 Biserica Bucur Ciobanu ....................................................................17 Centrul de cultură arhitecturală .........................................................20 Uniunea Arhitecţilor din România ......................................................23 Biserica Sfântul Gheorghe Nou ........................................................26 ArCub ...............................................................................................29 Biblioteca Metropolitană Bucureşti.....................................................32 Palatul Patriarhiei .............................................................................35 Librăria Cărtureşti-Verona ................................................................38 Biblioteca Centrală Universitară „Carol I“ ..........................................41 Castelul Vlad Ţepeş .........................................................................43 Scoala
    [Show full text]
  • Colliers International Romania Research & Forecast Report
    20 Soft landing path ahead Colliers International Romania Research & Forecast Report Accelerating success. 18 1 Content TOP 10 Economic Industrial Retail Predictions 2018 Overview Market Market p. 04 p. 06 p. 10 p. 14 Office Green Investment Market Co-working Buildings Market p. 18 p. 22 p. 24 p. 26 Land Hotel New tax provisions New rules for commissioning Market Market in the Real Estate of construction works. Novelties Industry and practical difficulties. p. 28 p. 32 p. 34 p. 36 2 Colliers International Romania Research & Forecast Report | 2018 Dear friends and partners, Ilinca Paun Those who don’t change their mind, never change Your real estate project must be multilocation, virtual Member of the Board anything. It is Sir Winston Churchill who made this accessible, multifunction and highly accessorized by Colliers International phrase famous in his impossible situation as the comfortable services offering memorable experiences. [email protected] Kingdom’s Prime Minister of deciding between peace talks with Hitler or going ahead risking many hundreds And we are here to help you. of thousands of lives of the British army. Luckily, we are We will invest more in the professional and personal in a safer place and our market situation is not as bad as education of our people and we will continue to work Europe’s war zone in 1940. on our promise to be the most loved and respected The lesson to learn from is that of flexibility and leaving consultancy company on the market. Some of the best room for doubt. We get wise because we have doubts.
    [Show full text]
  • Street Life, Value and Exchange in a Poor Neighborhood of Bucharest
    STREET LIFE, VALUE AND EXCHANGE IN A POOR NEIGHBORHOOD OF BUCHAREST by Gergő Pulay Submitted to Central European University Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisors: Dr. Vlad Naumescu Dr. Violetta Zentai Budapest, Hungary 2017 1 Abstract In states of postsocialist Eastern Europe, the search for local obstacles to the civilizing process took the shape of exposing society’s ‘dirty laundry’ – as a public disciplinary exercise by politicians, the media, as well as by ordinary citizens – and has been conducive to the stigmatization of abject populations. The marginalized and mixed Roma and non-Roma Romanian neighbourhood of Bucharest that provides the field-site of this ethnographic account is known as an ultimate ‘Gypsyland’ (ţiganie) in town, an ‘internal orient’ containing the ‘worthless’ and ‘uncivilized’ of urban society. The dissertation advances the conceptual framework of stigmatization by connecting the urban scale of inquiry to the marginalization that occurs at the level of the EU superpolity, as it details how the historically developed urban inequalities in Bucharest work in tandem with unequal relations between the states of Western Europe and the post-socialist European periphery. The different scales of stigma coalesce when the inhabitants of the ‘Gypsy’ neighbourhood – and by extension Romanian Gypsies in general – are accused of giving ‘a bad name’ to the Romanian nation. In this context, poor neighbourhoods can obtain highly central positions not only as regular suppliers of ’hot issues’ in the public, but also because of the metonymic power by which they allude to the overall plight of the city and the nation at the European periphery.
    [Show full text]
  • Archäologie Und Politik
    6 ADRIANA PANAITE & ALEXANDRU BARNEA Gebrauch und Missbrauch von Geschichte Das Tro paeum Traiani von Adam klissi im 20. Jahrhundert Uz și abuz de istorie Tro p aeum Traiani de la Adam clisi în secolul al XX-lea Use and Abuse of History The Trop aeum Traiani at Adam clisi in the 20th Century 156 ADRIANA PANAITE & ALEXANDRU BARNEA Einführung: Macht und Monument Introducere: Monument și putere Introduction: Monument and Power Historische Narrative und Geschichts- Istoria a fost folosită nu o dată ca Historical narratives and constructs konstruktionen werden immer wieder instrument de putere. Trecutul în gene- have been used as tools of power on als Instrumente der Macht eingesetzt, ral sau unele segmente ale lui au multiple occasions. The past, holisti- wobei Vergangenheit im Allgemeinen, fost și sunt de multe ori folosite ca cally or in part have been and are often oder bestimmte historische Phasen, instrumente de propagandă, de către used as tools of propaganda by var- verschiedenen politischen Regimen diverse regimuri politice. Această stra- ious political regimes. This strategy als Propagandawerkzeuge dienen und tegie a fost eficient folosită în special has been used with particular efficacy dienten. Das betrifft insbesondere în definirea identități locale și națio- in ethnically based, local and national ethnisch begründete lokale und natio- nale bazate pe etnie și susținută de identities building on ancient legacy, nale Identitäten, die sich auf ein anti- moștenirea antică, așa cum se poate as can be observed in the nationalis- kes Erbe stützen, wie es sich ab dem observa în cadrul mișcărilor națio- tic movements in 19th century Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Globalization Elements in Romanian Cities: Examensarbete I Hållbar Utveckling 87 Searching for Sustainable Solutions
    Globalization Elements in Romanian Cities: Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 87 Searching for Sustainable Solutions Globalization Elements in Romanian Cities: Searching for Sustainable Solutions Floriana-Alina Pondichie Floriana-Alina Pondichie Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Master’s Thesis Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2012. E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 87 Globalization Elements in Romanian Cities: Searching for Sustainable Solutions Floriana-Alina Pondichie Supervisor: Maria Ignatieva Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Problem background ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Nature of the problem .......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. Reconfiguration of urban landscapes ........................................................................................... 2 1.2.2. Global landscape architecture styles ............................................................................................ 2 1.2.3. Global culture elements .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Aims and delimitations
    [Show full text]