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African Renaissance Vol African Renaissance Vol. 13, (Nos. 1 & 2), March/June 2016 The Gambia: Issues and Choices Guest Editor: Ismaila Ceesay Table of Contents Theme-articles Editor’s Note Ismaila Ceesay………….…………………………………………..7 Promoting Maternal Wellness and Survival in the Gambia through Nutrition and Exercise Haddy Tunkara-Bah…….………………………………………..11 Sociocultural Factors Influencing Fertility among the Soninke Tribe in the Gambia Haddy Tunkara-Bah……….……………………………………..31 ‘We align and rhythm the toubabs’: The Strategies of Beach Hustlers Ismaila Ceesay………….…………………………………………45 Public Access to ICTs in the Gambia: The Case of Cybercafés Ismaila Ceesay………….…………………………………..……..75 Non-theme articles Impact of Falling Oil Prices on Nigeria's Economy Afeikhena Jerome and David Nabena…….………………………...101 Decline of Commodity Prices and the South African Economy Oluyele Akinkugbe………………………………………………133 Political Economy of War and Violence: The Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin Simeon H.O. Alozieuwa………………………………………….165 ii African Renaissance Editors-in-chief Dr Jideofor Adibe Adonis & Abbey Publishers, London [email protected] Associate Editors Professor Mammo Muchie, Professor Ufo Okeke Uzodike, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, University of KwaZulu-Natal, SA/Aalborg University, Denmark/ Oxford South Africa University, UK Ioannis Mantzikos, Kings College, University of London, UK Dr Issaka Souare, African Union Commission, Prof Kenneth Omeje, Addis Ababa United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya Editorial Board Prof. Nhlanhla Mkhize, Professor KK Prah, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society (CASAS), Cape Town, South Africa Dr Mohammed Eno, St Clements university , Professor Isawa J Elaigwu, Somalia Institute of Governance and Social Research (IGSR), Gerrie Swart, Jos, Nigeria University of Stellenbosch, Dr Osman Farah, South Africa Aalborg University, Denmark Dr Marcel Kitissou, Cornell University, Professor Habu Galadima, University of Jos, Nigeria USA Professor Shuaib Ibrahim, Dr Chiku Malunga, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, CADECO, Blantyre, Nigeria Malawi Professor Lioba Moshi, Professor Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, University of Georgia, Athens, USA Savannah State University, Georgia, USA Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd St James House 13 Kensington Square, London, W8 5HD United Kingdom Suites C4 & C5 J-Plus Plaza Tel: 0845 873 0262 Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria Copyright 2015 © Tel: +234 (0) 7058078841/08052035034 Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd ISSN : 1744-2532 iii African Renaissance: Guidelines for Authors Submitting Papers Authors are required to submit original papers, that is, papers submitted should not have been previously published or be currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. All papers are refereed through a double blind process. You may send an electronic copy of your paper (MS Word file attached to an e-mail) to: Length A paper should be no longer than 4,000 to 5,000 words, with an Abstract of about 150 words. Remove author details, any acknowledgements and other author identifiers, and put them into a separate file when you submit. Style You can use any standard of English (e.g., UK or US) provided you are consistent in your choice. If you use acronyms, you should explain them separately in a list below the Abstract or in the text. All Tables and Figures should be numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. (respectively) and mentioned in the text. Notes and References End Notes should be used sparingly to highlight, elaborate or explain some points in the text, and also to give reference to anonymous articles from websites. References in the text should be done thus: ‘Jones (2006) argued that …’ or ‘According to a survey (Jones, 2006a) …’ or ‘Jones et al (2001: 23) found that...’. Anonymous newspaper articles should be shown thus: ‘(The Guardian, 20 May 2007)’. List full citations at the end under ‘References’ using the guidance below: Book: Allen, D. and Levine, V. (1986), Nurturing advanced technology enterpris es: emerging issues in state and local economic development policy, New York: Praeger Publishers. iv Edited Book: Edquist, C. (ed.) (1997): Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organisations, (London: Pinter). Chapter in an Edited Book: Baskaran, A. and Muchie, M. (2003): ‘Towards African National System of Innovation: Sharing with the Experiences of Indian National System of Innovation’, in Muchie, M., Gammeltoft, P. and Lundvall, B.-Å. (eds.), Putting Africa First: The Making of African Innovation Systems, Aalborg, Denmark: Aalborg University Press. Journal Article: Chan, K.F. and Lau, T. (2005): ‘Assessing technology incubator programmes in the science park: the good, the bad and the ugly’, in Technovation, 25(10): 1215-1228. Conference papers/ proceedings: Allen, D. (1985), ‘An entrepreneurial marriage: business incubators and start-ups’, in Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference, Center for Entrepreneurial Studies Babson College, Wellesley, Massachusetts. Baskaran, A. and Muchie, M. (2011), ‘Can the Relative Strength of the National Systems of Innovation Mitigate the Severity of the Global Recession on National Economies? – The Case of Selected Developed Economies,’ Paper presented at the DIME Final Conference, 6-8 April, Maastricht, Netherlands. Working Paper/ Discussion Paper: Mani, S. (2001), ‘Role of Government in Promoting Innovation in the Enterprise Sector: An Analysis of the Indian Experience,’ Discussion Paper, No. 3, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies, Maastricht, Netherlands. Available at: http://www.inte ch.unu.edu/publications/discussion-papers/2001-3.pdf Newspaper Article: The Financial Times (1996), “Celltech chief could net £6.2m,” 31 January. Paper/ Report from a Website: White,S.,Gao,J. and Zhang, W. (2002), ‘China’s Venture Capital Industry: Institutional trajectoriesandsystemstructure,’Availableat:http ://www.insme.info/documenti/white.pdf (Accessed9, September 2012) v Kanamori, T. and Zhao, Z. (2004), Private Sector Development in the People’s Republic of China, Tokyo: ADB Institute. Available at: http://www.adbi.org/book/2004/10/07/602.private.sector.prc/ (Accessed 10 September 2012). House of Commons, Select Committee on Science and Technology (1999), Science and Technology--Minutes of Evidence, 31 March. Available at: http://www.parliament.thestationary…9899/cmselect/c msctech/332/9033106.htm (Accessed: 20 June 2010). Doctoral Thesis Mian, S. (1991), ‘An assessment of university-sponsored business incubators in supporting the development of new technology-based firms’, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, School of Business and Public Management, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. Tables, Figures and Diagrams Avoid colour in Tables, Figures and Diagrams. Avoid graphics or scanned figures from websites: redraw them or get detailed originals. Avoid all shading in Tables and Figures, if possible. Editorial Contacts Email to the editor Dr Jideofor Adibe: [email protected] vi African Renaissance Volume 13, Numbers 1 & 2, 2016 Pp 7-9 Editor’s Note Ismaila Ceesay [email protected] We are pleased to introduce the June 2016 issue of the African Renaissance which focuses on scholarship from the Gambia. Although the Gambia is the smallest country on mainland Africa, its culture is the product of very diverse influences. The Gambia’s dynamic economic and socio-cultural landscape makes it a fertile ground for social scientific scholarly research. However, very little has been written on the Gambia, its society and socio-cultural diversity. This issue will attempt to fill this void and contribute immensely to producing knowledge on the Gambia by Gambians. The articles in this issue focus on several topics of importance in Gambian studies, ranging from maternal wellness, fertility, youth livelihoods and tourism and information and communication technologies. The first article, written by Haddy T. Bah examines maternal wellness and survival in the Gambia through nutrition and exercise. It argues that regular exercises and good nutrition in pregnancy are useful and of great benefit to both mother and fetus. Most of the causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in the Gambia such as anaemia, haemorrhage, prolong labor and eclampsia have some degree of association with the status of maternal nutrition and level of physical activity. In her second article, Haddy T. Bah examined the sociocultural factors influencing fertility among the 7 Ismaila Ceesay, Vol. 13, Numbers 1 & 2, 2016, pp 7-9 Soninke tribe in The Gambia. Being a primarily rural and highly gender-stratified culture, Haddy found that the Soninke are very supportive of high fertility. Indeed the patrilineal descent, patrilocal residence, inheritance and succession practices and hierarchical relations have remained unchanged among the Soninke. Low status of women, early marriage, extended family system and polygamy are the main driving forces of high fertility among the Soninke people, the study found. The study on beach hustling by Ismaila Ceesay explored the income generating strategies of a group of young people known as beach hustlers. Operating on the fringes of the Gambia’s tourism sector, they employ diverse tactics to make money from tourists by offering them various services. The final article, written by the same author, examined the role of public access points, the cybercafé in particular, in the Gambia. The article also explored the types of users and the patterns of internet use
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