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Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali): the 1981 Season

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Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali): the 1981 Season Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali): the 1981 Season http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100038 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Excavations at Jenne-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali): the 1981 Season Author/Creator McIntosh, Susan Keech Date 1995 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Middle Niger, Mali, Djenné Source Smithsonian Institution Libraries, GN865.M42 E93 1995X Rights By kind permission of Susan Keech McIntosh. Description Contents. List of Figures. List of Tables. Foreword. Acknowledgments. 1: Background to the 1981 research. 2: Stratigraphy, features and chronology. 3: Pottery. 4: Other ceramic and fired clay artifacts. 5: Stone, glass, and bone. 6: Metals. 7: Analysis of the Mammalian, Avian, and Reptilian Remains. 8: Analysis of the fish remains. 9: Paleobotanical and human osteological remains. 10. Conclusion: The sites in regional context. Format extent 652 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.sip100038 http://www.aluka.org University of California Publications University of California Press EXCAVATIONS AT JENNE-JENO, HAMBARKETOLO, AND KANIANA (INLAND NIGER DELTA, MALI), THE 1981 SEASON ML1 ,E93 Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season Edited by Susan Keech McIntosh (,-f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley - Los Angeles * London UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ANTHROPOLOGY Editorial Board: Robert L. Bettinger, Robert Boyd, Michael A. Jochim, Katharina J. Schreiber, William A. Shack, Marc J. Swartz Volume 20 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, LTD. LONDON, ENGLAND ISBN 0-520-09785-8 © 1995 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Excavations at Jenn-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 season / edited by Susan Keech McIntosh. p. cm. - (University of California publications in anthropology; v. 20) Includes bibliographical references (p.). ISBN 0-520-09785-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Man, Prehistoric-Mali-Denn6 Region. 2. Excavations (Archaeology)-Mali-Djennd Region. 3. Djenn6 Region (Mali)Antiquities. I. McIntosh, Susan Keech. II. Series. GN865.M42E93 1994 966.23-dc2O 94-35017 CIP The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. To Desmond Clark, Brian Fagan, Merrick Posnansky, Thurstan Shaw, and the late Raymond Mauny, whose collective encouragement and support have played an important role in the Jenn6 research. Would that all young scholars could have such wonderful mentors and friends. Contents List of Figures, xi List of Tables, xvi Foreword, xix Acknowledgments, xxiv 1. Background to the 1981 Research Susan Keech McIntosh and Roderick J. McIntosh Introduction, 1 Geography, Geomorphology, Climate, 2 Geomorphology and Geography, 2 Climate and Flood, 5 Paleoclimate, 9 Historical Background, 11 Prior Archaeological Research, 15 Results of the 1977 Field Season, 16 1981 Research: Problem Orientation and Methodology, 20 Exacavation Methods, 25 2. Stratigraphy, Features and Chronology 27 Roderick J. McIntosh and Susan Keech McIntosh Unit ALS (Jenn6-jeno), 27 Unit CTR (Jenn&jeno), 29 Unit HAMB (Hambarketolo), 32 Unit HK (Jennd-jeno), 34 Unit KAN (Kaniana), 35 Unit LX-N (Jenn6-jeno), 37 Unit LX-S (Jenn6-jeno), 44 Unit NWS (Jennd-jeno), 54 Unit WFL (Jenn6-jeno), 56 Contents Discussion, 58 Absolute Chronology, 59 Site Growth, 61 Architectural Change, 64 Burials, 66 3. Pottery 130 Susan Keech McIntosh Introduction, 130 Recovery and Sampling Procedures, 132 Recording Methods, 134 Body Sherds, 135 Feature Sherds, 139 Results of the Analysis, 144 Overview of the Assemblages, 144 Description of Major Rim Classes, 146 Summary Description of the Jenn6-jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana Assemblages by Phase, 153 Discussion, 157 4. Other Ceramic and Fired Clay Artifacts 214 Susan Keech McIntosh Statuettes and Figurines, 214 Fired Brick, 215 Burnt Daub, 216 Ceramic Beads/Spindle Whorls, 216 Labrets and Earplugs, 216 Ceramic Bracelets and Pendants, 216 Ceramic Discs, Gold Weights, and Teardrop Weights, 217 Net Weights, 218 Miscellaneous Ceramic Objects, 218 5. Stone, Glass, and Bone 246 Susan Keech McIntosh Sandstone, 246 Bone, 247 Glass, 247 Chemical Analyses of Some Glasses from Jennd-jeno, 252 Robert H. Brill 6. Metals 264 Susan Keech McIntosh Copper and Gold, 264 Iron, 267 Slag and Other Metallurgical Debris, 273 Discussion, 277 Contents 7. Analysis of the Mammalian, Avian, and Reptilian Remains 291 Kevin C. MacDonald Mammalian Remains, 291 Methodology, 291 Results and Discussion, 294 Avian and Reptilian Remains, 304 Methodology, 304 Results and Discussion, 305 Conclusion, 313 8. Analysis of the Fish Remains 319 Wim Van Neer Introduction, 319 Description of the Remains, 319 Unidentified Remains, 334 Interpretation, 334 Nature of the Fishing Grounds, 334 Fishing Techniques and Seasonality, 335 Change in Ichthyofauna through Time, 336 Preparation Techniques, 340 Conclusions, 341 9. Paleobotanical and Human Osteological Remains 348 Susan Keech McIntosh Paleobotanical Remains, 348 Results, 348 Discussion, 352 Human Skeletal Remains, 353 Discussion, 357 10. Conclusion: The Sites in Regional Context 360 Susan Keech McIntosh Upper IND as a Distinct "Culture Area": Description and Affinities, 360 Fineware Phase: Distributions and Affinities, 361 Painted Ware Phase: Distributions and Affinities, 364 Fine Channeled and Impressed Ware Phase: Distributions and Affinities, 368 Human Response to Changing Environmental Conditions, 372 Subsistence Economy, 377 Production, Trade, and the Organization of Society, 380 Iron Production, 380 Copper and Gold, 384 Trade and Interregional Contact, 390 Organization of Society, 393 Contents Appendix A: Stratigraphy and Features 413 Table Al. Description of excavated levels and features, 414 Table A2. Feature index, 459 Table A3. List of features and artifacts associated with structures, 463 Appendix B: Pottery 471 Table B1. Pot bases and handles, 472 Table B2a-d. Rim types by provenience, 474 Table B3. Body sherd decoration by provenience, 478 Table B4. Twine-decorated body sherds by twine type, 484 Table B5. Paint and plastic decorative motifs on rim sherds, 488 Table B6. Ceramic potlids and pot smoothers, 490 Table B7. Pseudocrucibles and pinchpots, 491 Table B8. Zoomorphic/anthropomorphic appliqu6, 492 Figure Bla-h. Relative frequency graphs of twine-decorated body sherds, 493 Appendix C: Sandstone 499 Table Cl. Sandstone from excavation, 500 Appendix D: Metals 533 Table Dl. Unidentifiable iron, 534 Table D2. Slag, 536 Figure Dla-d. Slag totals from unit LX by level and phase, 540 Appendix E: Fauna 545 Table El.Measurements of Bos elements, 546 Table E2. Measurements of dwarf ovicaprine elements, 547 Table E3. Body part distribution for Kob antelope, 548 Table E4. Body part distribution for sheep/goat, 550 Table E5. Body part distribution for Bos sp., 552 Table E6. Body part distribution for other mammalian species, 556 Table E7. Body part distribution for small bovids, 558 Table E8. Body part distribution for small-medium bovids, 559 Table E9. Body part distribution for large-medium bovids, 561 Table El0. Body part distribution for large bovids, 564 Table Ell. Body part distribution for birds, 567 Table E12. Body part distribution for reptiles, 569 Figure El. Weight of animal bone from ALS and CTR, 571 Figure E2. Weight of animal bone from HK, NWS, and WFL, 572 Figure E3. Weight of animal bone from LX-N, 573 Figure E4. Weight of animal bone from LX-S, 575 Figure E5. Weight of animal bone from KAN and HAMB, 577 Figure E6. Average weight of animal bone per unit in g/m3, 578 Bibliography, 579 Plates, 607 List of Figures 1.1. Map of the Inland Niger Delta and Jenn6 region 2 1.2. Map of landforms and soils in the area around Jenn6 4 1.3. Average annual rainfall in the Upper Inland Niger Delta at Mopti 6 1.4. Flood progression and major seasons in the Upper Inland Niger Delta 7 1.5. Limit of Djennd-w4r4's authority in the seventeenth century 14 1.6. Distribution map of known sites prior to and after 1977 field season 17 1.7. Stratigraphic sequence from 1977 excavations at Jenn6-jeno, units M1 and M2 19 1.8. Topographic map is of Jennd-jeno and Hambarketolo, showing location of 1981 and 1977 excavation units 21 1.9. Site formation questions influencing the placement of the 1981 excavation units 23 2.1. ALS: Summary of excavated levels 69 2.2. ALS: Profile of natural strata 70 2.3. Legend for all profile drawings of natural strata 71 2.4. ALS: House 13 (Feature 50) as it appeared on the surface 72 2.5. Urns associated with Features 54 (ALS), 55 (WFL) and 56 (NWS) 73 2.6. CTR: Summary of excavated levels 74 2.7. CTR: Profile of natural strata 75 2.8.
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