The Archaeology of Sogdiana

Boris I. Marshak

The Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

Sogdiana (or Sogd) is a region in Cen- ever, for a more complete picture we in Samarkand region and the Dashti tral Asia that was populated by need to note the monuments of earlier Kozy tomb to the east of Panjikent. Sogdians, people speaking and writing periods. These unrelated monuments do not in an Eastern Iranian language. Accord- help, however, to explain the origins ing to Greek and Roman authors, The most ancient archaeological find- of the Sogdians. Sogdiana included territories between ings on the territory of Sogdiana date two rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr to the Middle Paleolithic period. There Urban development in Sogdiana began Darya. Khoresm, which occupied the are a few Upper Paleolithic settlements sometime in the early first millennium Amu Darya delta, was not part of (in Samarkand, for example) as well; BCE, i.e., in the early Iron Age, when a Sogdiana. Later Sogdiana, beginning at the same time, nothing from the new culture emerged in Samarkand at least in the first and second centu- Neolithic period has yet been found. and Kashkadarya, Sogdiana ries CE, occupied a smaller territory. Sarasm, situated between Samarkand [Isamiddinov]. Some characteristic fea- Thus its southern border was no longer and Panjikent, is an Eneolithic monu- tures of this culture are more archaic along the Amu Darya but along the ment dated to the fourth and third mil- than those included in the Bactrian- Zeravshan mountain range. Ferghana lennia BCE. Abdullo Isakov and his stu- Margiana cultural circle or even those and Ustrushana, situated between dents, as well as Roland Besenval and of the more ancient culture of Sarasm. Chach (the Tashkent oasis), Ferghana Bertille Lyonnet, studied this monu- For example, so-called semi-huts ap- and Sogdiana, did not belong to ment which consists of several settle- peared in place of houses made of Sogdiana, although the inhabitants of ments that occupy hundreds of hect- unbaked brick and consisting of sev- Ustrushana wrote and, perhaps, spoke ares. Sarasm pottery combines char- eral rooms. Plain pottery, sometimes the Sogdian language. Big Tokharistan, acteristics of northern Iranian (Tepe decorated with simple painting, re- a successor of Bactria, was located Hissar), southern Turkmen (Geoksur), placed dishware found in sedentary south of the Zeravshan mountain southern Afghan (Mundigak), Khoresm settlements which was produced with range. It is not clear, however, whether (Keltiminar), and even southern Sibe- the use of a potter’s wheel. This pot- the Sogdians populated all the lands rian (Afanasiev) cultures. There are, tery is different from the Andronov which Greek and Roman authors at- perhaps, local types as well. Bezanval type. At the same time, the emergence tribute to Sogdiana. It is possible that attributes such “multiculturalism” of of Iranian-speaking tribes in the first these authors referred to administra- Sarasm to the resettlement of people millennium BCE, including the ances- tive boundaries of the Achaemenid from different lands to this area, at- tors of historical Sogdians in the re- Empire, ignoring population distribution tracted there by the mineral resources gions where the latter lived, is often in the area. According to archaeologi- of the upper reaches of the Zeravshan associated (although empirically un- cal convention, any monument located River. supported) with the arrival of Andronov in the lower Zeravshan and tribes. Kashkadarya River valleys (but not to The Bronze Age is not well studied. the south or north-east of this terri- However, we are aware of the If, indeed, these tribes that populated tory) is defined as Sogdian regardless Zamanbaba culture in the lower the steppe during the late Bronze Age of the date. I should note, however, Zeravshan Valley. Dated to the early invaded Sogdiana, they must have lost that prior to the first and second cen- Bronze period, this culture is close to their older pottery tradition by the time turies CE, in archaeological terms, the Afanasiev culture in Siberia. Also, of the invasion. The fact is that, about there is no difference between Sogdian a burial cave was discovered in the same time, in the beginning of the culture and cultures to the south of the Zardcha-Khalifa, a location near first millennium BCE, nomadic pasto- Zeravshan mountain range. This said, Panjikent, dated the beginning of the ralism had developed in the steppe, the in the present article, following the es- second millenium BCE. This cave is at- original area of the Andronov culture, tablished convention, Sogdiana de- tributed to the second phase of the replacing the old herding-agricultural notes the region including the Sappali culture, a variant of the Bac- type of economy. Nomadic pastoralists, Zeravshan and Kashkadarya River ba- trian-Margiana culture. The Andronov as ethnographic research has shown, sins. Clearly, the archaeology of steppe culture penetrates the do not make pottery. Most likely, it was Sogdiana is dated no earlier than the Zeravshan basin somewhat later, in the the invasion of the nomads that re- first millennium BCE, when Sogdians first half of the second millennium BCE, duced to practically nothing the emerged on the historical stage. How- as evidenced in the Muminabad tomb achievements of the Bactrian-Margiana

3 characteristic of Iranian culture) spread only in the fourth century BCE during the late Achaemenid and the early Hel- lenic periods. During the Hellenic period, semi-huts were built along with unbaked brick constructions. The Kurgancha settlement in southern Sogdiana, which was excavated by M. Khasanov, dated the fourth and the third centuries BCE, is characteristic of this trend.

Neither Persian influence during the Achaemenid period nor Greek influence in the Hellenic epoch had an immedi- ate impact on the Sogdian culture. Greek forms in the Afrasiab pottery, including “fish plates” and kraters ap- peared in the third century BCE during the rule of the Seleucids, not right after Alexander the Great’s conquest of Sogdiana in the 320s BCE. Nomads conquered Sogdiana in the end of the Copyright © 1979 Daniel C. Waugh C. Daniel 1979 © Copyright third century. Greeks may have re- The ruins of Panjikent turned to Sogdiana in the first half of the second century, but by mid-cen- culture, although it did not eliminate survived to some degree. tury, the nomads took it over again. old traditions completely. Some invad- Ancient oriental elements prevail in the ers settled on deserted and fertile lands A new stage in cultural development architecture of the Greek period. A typi- and took up agriculture. Mountain in Sogdiana began in the seventh and cal example is the Afrasiab city wall. people, always in need of additional the sixth centuries BCE. Its character- It was built from large unbaked bricks land, participated in this process as istics were found in Bactria, Margiana, of a type unknown in Greece on which well. Pottery has always been a typi- northern Parthia, and, somewhat later, were written the names of the makers cal product among them, right down in Khoresm as well. These characteris- in Greek letters. Unbaked brick con- to modern times [Peshchereva]. tics (for example, cylinder cone-shaped structions were typical of Sogdiana dur- pottery made with the use of the ing its whole history. The French-Uzbek In the eighth and seventh centuries potter’s wheel and the production of expedition excavated at the Afrasiab BCE, settlements with semi-huts were large, rectangular, unbaked brick) did citadel a large storehouse for grain that replaced by large cities, among them not spread beyond the territories in the belonged to the state or the temple. Kok-tepe (with an area of 100 hect- northeast of Sogdiana. It has been ar- This storehouse had been built in the ares; the name is the modern one) and gued that these lands were included in time of Greek rule and then was Samarkand (220 hectares; the ancient the same state in the seventh and the burned, most likely during the nomadic town was Afrasiab). The study of these sixth centuries. However, it is not clear conquest. sites by the Uzbek-French expedition yet what was this state’s major politi- demonstrates that the process of erect- cal and administrative center. Even be- Burial sites of the nomadic population ing city walls in Samarkand and Kok- fore this period, a new large urban cen- near oases date from first centuries tepe and shrines in Kok-tepe included ter, the remnants of which are now BCE to the first centuries CE. Artifacts large-scale works [Rapin, Isamiddinov called Er-kurgan, emerged in southern produced by sedentary masters, includ- and Khasanov]. According to Sogdiana. In 1950, Aleksei I. ing pottery made on the potter’s wheel, Isamiddinov’s reasonable hypothesis, Terenozhkin developed relative and were popular among pastoralists. Dur- irrigation canals in Samarkandian absolute systems of chronology of ing the period between about the late Sogdiana, the length of which was more Sogdian pottery and other specimens second and the first centuries and the than 100 km, were built at about the that were dated between the sixth cen- first and the second centuries CE, tall same time as the cities. With some tury BCE and the end of the eighth cen- goblets became a widespread item, and changes, these canals survived until the tury CE. Cultural change (as much as iron arrowheads replaced those made present. Three important factors facili- it can be assessed by archaeologists) of bronze. The urban culture of tated this socio-economic transforma- did not occur immediately after Bactria, Samarkand, Er-kurgan, and other cit- tion: rapid population growth on fer- Sogdiana, and Khoresm were con- ies and settlements dating from this tile land, military organization of a quered by Cyrus the Great and became period is well explored. However, in newly established state ruled by those part of the Achaemenid Persian Em- contrast with the situation for Er- who not long before were nomads, and pire in the second half of the sixth cen- kurgan, the later period from the end the advanced cultural traditions of the tury BCE. New elements (in particular, of the second to the fourth centuries is Bactrian-Margiana culture, which still open forms of pottery - cups and bowls, not well studied for Samarkand. Under

4 the rule of the Kushan kings in the sec- survived in Samarkandian Sogd and burial chambers were constructed in ond and the beginning of the third cen- in the upper Zeravshan Valley. Panjikent to hold the ossuaries in which, turies, urban life flourished in Tokhari- according to Zoroastrian custom, the stan. Sogdiana, on the other hand, de- Very little is known about the struc- bones of the deceased were collected. clined during the same period, although ture of ancient Sogdian cities. The so- Such chambers and ossuaries were the depth of the decline should not be called palace of Er-kurgan is similar to common in Samarkandian and exaggerated. The Sogdian “Ancient Let- houses of wealthy urban residents in Bukharan Sogdiana in the sixth and on ters” show that in the beginning of the Hellenic and Kushan Bactria. The down to the eighth century. fourth century many Samarkandians streets of Er-kurgan crossed at 90 de- lived and traded in China, mailing and gree angles, making square blocks. Growing prosperity in Sogdiana resulted receiving letters from their hometown. However, it is uncertain when we in the emergence of a new type of A public temple of the gods with two should date this systematic design. In dwellings for aristocrats in the seventh pillars made of burnt brick in the main Samarkand of the third to fifth centu- and the eighth centuries. These dwell- hall was built around the third century ries, a wall separated the northern ings were divided into three parts: liv- in Er-kurgan. third of the city that was densely filled ing quarters, quarters for the domestic with houses from the other part of the economy, and ceremonial public rooms. At least from the second century BCE huge area, which was only sparsely The ceremonial halls were decorated to the first century CE, there were also settled. Starting with the sixth century, with wall paintings and wooden reliefs smaller fortified buildings, often with a houses of aristocrats were built be- and statues. Houses of the elite in square main floor. These buildings had tween this wall and the ancient outer Samarkand and Panjikent were similar towers at the corners of the square floor palisade. In the fourth century, some to the palaces of the Sogdian rulers at or in the middle of each side. In the Huns conquered Sogdiana and founded Varakhsha and Panjikent, albeit smaller latter case, the floor plan of the build- a new Samarkandian dynasty. Later, in size, and the homes of the wealthy ing is cross-like. These tall, two-story by the end of the fourth century and, urban residents resembled those of the constructions were built for military especially, in the fifth century, the aristocrats. Standards of living among defense and were not suitable for liv- population of the country rapidly in- ordinary citizens improved as well. Pro- ing. Sometimes walls were built around creased. In the fifth century, new ur- fessional builders constructed two-story the central fort, and the space between ban centers such as Panjikent were houses with complex vaulting both for the fort and the wall was filled with built, which included both citadels and nobility and ordinary inhabitants. In dwellings. Similar forms in rural forts cities proper laid out in a regular plan. the seventh and first half of the eighth emerged much earlier in Iran (Shakh- The city walls dating from that period centuries the bronze coins minted in i-Kumys). They were also found in were tall with frequent towers and Samarkand, Panjikent and other cen- Ferghana, Ustrushana, and Chach. In many loopholes. They looked impres- ters had square holes in the center (imi- Sogdiana, citadels in small rural settle- sive, but were ill suited for military tating Chinese designs) so that they ments were expanded so that the origi- defense. The Hellenic (Bactrian) tra- could be strung on cords. The abun- nal four towers and spaces between dition survived in the architecture of dance of these coins is an indication of them were transformed into inner quar- temples in Panjikent and Jar-tepe (be- the growth of retail trade in these cit- ters around which new walls with eight tween Panjikent and Samarkand). Be- ies. towers were erected. In the fifth cen- ginning in the third century BCE, tury, there were landlords’ palaces near stamped terracotta statuettes ap- The pottery of the third to the sixth cen- citadels. These palaces were fortified, peared, specifically those depicting a turies speaks to emergence of local and, by the sixth and the seventh cen- seated Hellenic goddess. In the first schools that developed distinct forms turies, actual castles emerged with a centuries CE, largely female votive (at Tali Barzu near Samarkand [layers tripartite system of military defense. figurines became widespread. 1 to 4, G. V. Grigoriev’s excavation]; Each palace consisted of a residential Terracotta icons depicting a god or god- earlier layers of Panjikent). In the sev- tower, often built around the old fort dess in a temple niche were typical in enth century, a new style of pottery, tower, as well as the inner and outer Samarkandian Sogd in the sixth cen- imitating the designs on silver dishes, systems of reinforcement. In most tury. Right up to the fifth century, emerged in new pottery centers such cases, warriors inhabited residential Sogdian coins imitated Hellenic types. as Kafyr-kala near Samarkand (G. V. towers and masters stayed in the in- In the fifth century and especially in Grigoriev’s excavation). This develop- ner yard, while the outer wall served the sixth century, Sassanian silver ment reflects urban dwellers’ attempts to defend dwellings of subordinate coins began to circulate in Sogdiana. to affect the lifestyle of wealthier coun- landownders landowners and tenants. Local imitations of Sassanian drachmas terparts. In the periphery, however, also date from the same period. especially in mountain regions, pottery Iurii Iakubov discovered a settlement was still hand-modeled and burnt in a in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan In general the fifth century marked a fire rather than being made with a River (Gardani Khisor) dated to the end number of important changes. A Zo- potter’s wheel and fired in a furnace. of the seventh or beginning of the roastrian House of Fire was added to Urban citizens used hand-modeled pot- eighth centuries that was built entirely one of the two temples in Panjikent. tery as well, including dishes for meal around the master’s palace. Later, An altar with the perpetual fire ap- preparation. Many artisan shops, in- when these palaces were abandoned peared as well in the fifth century in a cluding those whose masters worked by their inhabitants, they eroded into temple in Er-kurgan. This is also the with metal, were found in Sogdian cit- flattened hills, hundreds of which have period when the first vaulted, surface ies such as Panjikent.

5 The houses of peasants who lived in The Uzbek-French expedition [Frantz References the mountains were different from ur- Grenet, Ivanitskii, Iurii Karev] discov- ban dwellings, resembling the houses ered in Samarkand two palaces of Arab (For additional references, see the of Mountain Tajiks in the twentieth cen- vicegerents dated to the 740s or 750s. annotated bibliography by Frantz tury. In the plain, and especially in Their architecture is not Sogdian. Un- Grenet in this Newsletter. There is proximity to cities, there were houses der the Arabs, local principalities gradu- some overlap between the two listings, which more or less corresponded to ally lost autonomy, and noblemen and but the editor felt it important to urban norms. The architecture of for- wealthy merchants abandoned small reproduce Dr. Marshak’s selection in tified residences was similar to that of towns such as Panjikent. However, it its entirely.) the houses of wealthy citizens. was a time of the rapid growth of large cities, such as Samarkand and Al’baum, L. I. Zhivopis’ Afrasiaba In the Sogdian decorative arts images Bukhara, which then became adminis- [The Painting of Afrasiab]. Tashkent, of the gods were formed under the trative centers. In the ninth century, 1975. Greek influence, to which were added Sogdiana lost its ethnic and cultural dis- Iranian elements in the fifth century tinctiveness, although many elements Azarpay, Guitty. Sogdian painting. and, in the sixth century, Indian ele- of Sogdian material culture are found The pictorial epic in oriental art. ments. Secular narrative painting was in materials dating from the ninth to Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: used to illustrate literature of different the eleventh centuries. This is why, University of California Press, 1981 genres, such as epics, fairy-tales and starting with the ninth century, it is im- (with contributions by A.M. fables that used local, Iranian, Indian, possible to speak of Sogdian culture Belenitskii, B.I. Marshak, and Mark and Greek plots. Feasts and other cel- on the territory of Sogdiana itself at J. Dresden). ebrations, and equestrian hunts were the same time that it survived until the favorite themes in this painting. Oc- eleventh century among Sogdian im- Belenitskii, A. M. Monumental’noe casionally, artists utilized events of re- migrants who resettled in eastern Cen- iskusstvo Pendzhikenta. Zhivopis’. cent history. The mature Sogdian style tral Asia and China. Skul’ptura [Monumental art of of the seventh and the eighth centu- Panjikent: painting, sculpture]. ries was dynamic, and featured a bright About the Author Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1973. and harmonious palette. Among the mineral pigments ochre predominated, Dr. Boris Il’ich Marshak has headed the Belenitskii, A. M.; Bol’shakov, O. G.; and Badakhshani ultramarine was used Central Asian and Caucasian Section Bentovich, I. B. Srednevekovyi for the backgrounds. of the Hermitage Museum in St. Pe- gorod Srednei Azii [The medieval tersburg since 1978, the same year in city in Central Asia]. Leningrad: In the eighth century after several mili- which he assumed direction of the ar- Nauka, 1973. tary actions the Arabs conquered chaeological excavation at the impor- Sogdiana, which became one of the tant Sogdian town of Panjikent Belenitskii, A. M.; Marshak, B. I.; richest parts of the Caliphate. How- (Tajikistan) where he had been work- Raspopova, V. I. “Sogdiiskii gorod v ever, economic prosperity was com- ing since 1954. The leading expert on nachale srednikh vekov (itogi i bined with cultural assimilation. In the the archaeology and art history of metody issledovaniia drevnego second half of the eighth and the ninth Sogdiana, he is a fellow of many inter- Pendzhikenta) [The Sogdian city at centuries, urban citizens adopted Is- national learned societies and has lec- the beginning of the Middle Ages: lam. Simultaneously Persian (Tajik) tured widely around the world. His results and methods of the study of language replaced Sogdian, although books include Sogdian Silver (in Rus- ancient Panjikent].” Sovetskaia for a long time afterwards inhabitants sian) (Moscow, 1971) and most re- arkheologiia [Soviet archaeology], of rural areas continued to speak cently Legends, Tales, and Fables in the 1981, No. 2, 94-110. Sogdian. Art of Sogdiana (New York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, 2002). Belenitsky, Aleksandr. Central Asia. Tr. James Hogarth. Geneva etc.: Nagel, 1968. (Archaeologia Mundi).

Belenizki, A. M. Mittelasien: Kunst der Sogden. Tr. Lisa Schirmer. Leipzig: E.A. Seemann, 1980.

Berdimuradov, A. E.; Samibaev, M. K. Khram Dzhartepa – II (k problemam kul’turnoi zhizni Sogda v IV-VIII vv.) [The Temple of Jartepa - II (On the problems of cultural life of Sogdiana in the 4th-8th cen- Copyright © 1999 Daniel C. Waugh C. Daniel 1999 © Copyright turies)]. Tashkent, 1999.

Ossuaries on display in the Samarkand Museum of History, Art, and Ethnography

6 Bernard, Paul; Grenet, Frantz; soobshcheniia Instituta istorii Marshak, Boris. “La thématique Isamiddinov, Muxammedzhon, et material’noi kul’tury [Brief sogdienne dans l’art de la Chine de collaborateurs. “Fouilles de la communications of the Institute of la seconde moitié du VIe siècle.” mission franco-soviétique à the history of material culture], vyp. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des l’ancienne Samarkand (Afrasiab): 12 (1946). Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 2001, première campagne, 1989.” 227-264. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Iakubov, Iu. Pargar v VII-VIII vv. Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 1990, n.e. (Verkhnii Zeravshan v epokhu Marshak, Boris. Legends, tales, and 356-380. rannego srednevekov’ia) [Pargar in fables in the art of Sogdiana. New the 7th and 8th centuries CE (The York: Bibliotheca Persica Press, - - - -. “Fouilles de la mission franco- upper Zeravshan in the early Middle 2002. (With an Appendix by V.A. ouzbèke à l’ancienne Samarkand Ages)]. Dushanbe: Donish, 1979. Livshits). (Afrasiab): deuxième et troisième campagnes (1990-1991).” Comptes Iakubovskii, A. Iu. “Drevnii Marshak, Boris. “Le programme Rendus de l’Académie des Pendzhikent [Ancient Panjikent].” In iconographique des peintures de la Inscriptions & Belles-lettres, 1992, Po sledam drevnikh kul’tur ‘Salle des Ambassadeurs’ à Afrasiab 275-311. [Following the traces of ancient (Samarkand).” Arts Asiatiques, 49 cultures]. Moscow: Gos. izd-vo (1994), 5-20. Besenval, R. and Isakov, A. “Sarazm kulturno-prosvetitel’noi lit-ry, 1951. et les debuts du peuplement agricole Marshak B. I., and Raspopova V. I. dans la region de Samarkand.” Arts Isakov, A. I. Sarazm (k voprosu “Cultes communautaires et cultes Asiatiques, t. 44 (1989). stanovleniia rannezemledel’cheskoi privés en Sogdiane.” In P. Bernard & kul’tury Zeravshanskoi doliny) F. G r e n e t , e d ., Histoire et cultes de Bobomulloev, S. “Ein bronze- (raskopki 1977-1983) [Sarazm (on l’Asie centrale préislamique. Paris : zeitliches Grab aus Zardca Chalifa the origins of early agriculture in the Editions du CNRS, 1991, 187-195, bei Pendzikent (Zeravsan-Tal).” Zeravshan Valley) (excavations of Pl. LXXIII-LXXVIII. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 1977-1983)]. Dushanbe, 1991. und Turan, Bd. 29 (1997). Mode, Markus. “Die Religion der Isakov, A. I. Tsitadel’ drevnego Sogder im Spiegel ihrer Kunst.” In K. Drevnosti Tadzhikistana. Katalog Pendzhikenta [The citadel of ancient Jettmar and E. Kattner, ed., Die vystavki [The antiquities of Panjikent]. Dushanbe: Donish, vorislamischen Religionen Tajikistan. An exhibit catalogue]. 1977. Mittelasiens. Stuttgart: W. Dushanbe: Donish, 1985. Kohlhammer, 2003 (=Die Religionen Isamiddinov, M. Kh. Istoki gorodskoi der Menschheit, Bd. 4/3), pp. 141- Grenet, Frantz. “L’art zoroastrien en kul’tury Samarkandskogo Sogda 218. Sogdiane. Etudes d’iconographie (problemy vzaimodeistviia funeraire.” Mesopotamia, XXI kul’turnykh traditsii v epokhu Mode, Markus. Sogdien und die (1986). rannezheleznogo veka i v period Herrscher der Welt. Türken, antichnosti) [The sources of the Sasaniden und Chinesen in - - - -. “Old Samarkand: Nexus of urban culture of Samarkandian Sogd Historiengemälden des 7. the Ancient World.” Archaeology (problems of the interaction of Jahrhunderts n. Chr. aus Alt- Odyssey, September/October 2003. cultural traditions in the early iron Samarqand. Frankfurt/M. etc.: Peter age and in the period of Classical Lang Verlag, 1993 (= Europäische Grenet, Frantz, and Marshak, Boris Antiquity)]. Tashkent, 2002. Hochschulschriften, Reihe XXVII, “Le mythe de Nana dans l’art de la Kunstgeschichte, Bd. 162). Sogdiane.” Arts Asiatiques, t. 53 Isamiddinov, M. Kh., and Sulei- (1998), pp. 5-18. manov, R. Kh. Erkurgan Obel’chenko, O. V. “Liavandakskii (stratigrafiia i periodizatsiia) [Er- mogil’nik [The Liavandak tomb].” In Grigor’ev, G. V. “Gorodishche Tali- kurgan (stratigraphy and Istoriia material’noi kul’tury Barzu. Kratkii ocherk [The fortified periodization)]. Tashkent, 1984. Uzbekistana [History of the material complex of Tali-Barzu. A brief culture of Uzbekistan], vyp. 2. sketch].” Trudy Otdela Vostoka Marshak, B. I. “Iskusstvo Sogda Tashkent: Izd-vo “Fan” Uzbekskoi Ermitazha [Works of the Eastern [The art of Sogdiana].” In SSR, 1961. Section of the Hermitage], vol. 2 Tsentral’naia Aziia. Novye (Leningrad, 1940). pamiatniki pis’mennosti i iskusstva. Obel’chenko, O. V. “Mogil’nik Sbornik statei [Central Asia: New Akdzhar-tepe [The tomb of Akdzhar- Grigor’ev, G. V. “K voprosu o monuments of writing and art. A tepe].” In Istoriia material’noi khudozhestvennom remesle collection of articles.]. Moscow: kul’tury Uzbekistana [History of the domusul’manskogo Sogda [On the Izd-vo “Nauka,” Glav. red. material culture of Uzbekistan], vyp. question of artistic crafts in pre- vostochnoi lit-ry, 1987, 233-247. 3. Tashkent: Izd-vo “Fan” islamic Sogdiana].” Kratkie Uzbekskoi SSR, 1962.

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