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Synthesis of Arts in Architecture of Uzbekistan of the Ancient Period

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Synthesis of Arts in Architecture of Uzbekistan of the Ancient Period INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 5, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2016 ISSN 2277-8616 Synthesis Of Arts In Architecture Of Uzbekistan Of The Ancient Period Nurmukhamedova Shoira Zahidovna Abstract: As in ancient architecture of Greece and Rome there was an interconnection between picturesque and monumental forms of arts, in antique period in the architecture of Uzbekistan there was a tight connection between architecture and such forms of picturesque arts as monumental painting, sculpture. Determinant factor of their application was the scale of the monument itself, the height of the walls, the conditions of viewing. These forms of arts represented an organic unity in regard to architecture, improved it by color and plastic solutions, underlying and emphasizing the architectonics of the interior by art means. Index Terms: monumental sculpture and painting, synthesis in art, architectonics, relief, bass relief, wall painting, murals, Asian traditional means, frieze, art effect, scale. ———————————————————— 1. INTRODUCTION Greek architects sought to include the sculptures not only into In different periods of the history of architecture in Central the composition of the facades (on the gables, the walls), but Asia, there was a close relationship between architecture and also into the interior; their role was "to deepen and reveal a fine arts such as a monumental painting, sculpture. For rich artistic and ideological content of the temple‖ [6, 202p]. In example, the findings in the temple of Oxus made by the ancient Rome, the murals covering the entire surface of the Greeks or Hellenized Bactrians, certify that in Bactria in IV-II walls of houses, as well as mosaics were used as a centuries BC there were local sculpture schools [1]. Even in decoration. Chinese chronicles there were evidences of monumental paintings in Central Asian monuments, praising the colorful 2. SCULPTURE murals in the building of Kushaniya [2], where the walls had By means of a painting "the closed character of a Roman "written paintings" of the kings of various countries. This house and the tightness of its rooms were visually expanded‖ process could be followed on the monuments of ancient period [7, 481p]. A special place was occupied by small arts and in in the territory of North and South Bactria, Khorezm, ancient architecture of Uzbekistan the main types were Sogdiana, Eastern Parthia, "where the synthesis of the arts presented by sculptures, colorful wall paintings, though in was formed with the involvement of Greek art and culture, but ancient time "plastic art prevailed over picturesque one‖ [8, looked different" [3, 228p]. Synthesis of arts, which reached in 214p]. The attitude to the smoothness of the wall was special the early Middle Ages an amazing height, could be seen in already in the Achaemenid period, when pilaster sides, such monuments as Toprak-kala, Pyanjikent, Varakhsha, cornices, toothes-merlons were introduced. Two voluminous Balalyktepa. Murals decorated the temples, palaces, castles, hollow sculptures in the form of a ram's head, found in houses, etc. Monumental sculpture was mainly used in the Kanibadam, Tajikistan [9], refer to V-III centuries BC. temples and palaces. This connection has been interrupted According to E.V. Rtveladze, "it is possible that they were a during the Arab conquest, when figurative elements were part of the sculpture composition, which adorned the interior of gradually displaced from the architecture. But a new artistic a building" [10, 450p]. These traditions were kept on in the splash could be seen in the era of Temur and Temurids. An future, when the sculpture was actively introduced into the attempt to disclosure this issue was made by V.L. Voronina [4] architecture and its location "was subordinated to laying out of on the examples of medieval architectural monuments architectural surfaces and strict rhythm‖ [11, 19].To decorate (Pyanjikent, Varakhsha, Afrasiab). If we turn to the history of the walls, depending on the purpose of the building, the world architecture, it is possible to observe the different projecting cornices, grilles, special veneer, stucco garlands degrees of relationship between fine arts and monumental were used. However, it should be noted that the use of the arts. For example, in ancient Greece, the architecture of which means of fine arts was limited - "only in the key elements of differs in compositional logicality, means of sculpture volume and spatial compositions of the buildings‖ [12, 43]. For composition, due to plastic properties, the ancient builders example, if in Buddhist temples or buildings they were actively reinforced the sense of interaction between the sculpture and used, in Zoroastrian buildings there existed а "relative hostility architecture [5]. of the cult idols"[13,64], in Achaemenid Iran figurative elements were excluded, but were widely spread in the period of Hellenization. So, in Bactrian temples, "dedicated to the gods of Avesta pantheon, their images were numerous"[14, 210p]. _______________________ 2.1. PLACE OF USE OF A SCULPTURE The main place of use of small arts was the interior (Toprak- Nurmukhamedova Shoira Zahidovna Senior kala, Khalchayan), as for the exterior they were built by a researcher of the Department "History and Theory of combination of simple monumental spaces correlated to Architecture", Tashkent Architecture and Construction surrounding scale, without the use of any elements (except Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Mobile number: 371 antefixes, merlons, etc.). It should be noted that there was a 241 58 01, [email protected] sharp contrast to three-dimensional composition of the facades and the interiors. For the ancient builders the 190 IJSTR©2016 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 5, ISSUE 02, FEBRUARY 2016 ISSN 2277-8616 organization of the interior space was the most important, and side), depending on the location of a sculpture in the overall one can recall the words of Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu, that composition of certain structures, on the skills of masters the reality of the building lies not in the four walls and a roof, belonging to different art schools. In rare cases, the low relief but in the interior space designed for life. Apparently, the (the sculpture in Surkh Kotal) [21], traditional for ancient Iran architects of the time adhered to this principle. The exteriors and less characteristic for the art of Kushan, was used. Thus, correlated to urban scale, while interiors, oriented to human the "Bactrian sculpture was characterized by monumentality scale, differing in color deepness and plastic design of the and strict frontal position‖ [22, 90p]. But round, often three- walls, and were the antithesis to the facades. Here one could quarter, always wall sculpture, had been rather an exception in examine the process of submission of fine arts to monumental the buildings of Greco-Bactrian period and Buddhist architecture when artistic means highlighted the compositional structures. According to references, the statue of Anahit [23] characteristics of a building. For example, the main axis of the was located in the temple of Bactria before the arrival of the building, its scale or sculptural relief performed the function of Greeks, and with the arrival of the Greek, the Hellenistic the finishing frieze wall. traditions began to play a significant role in the artistic culture of Central Asia [24]. In the Hellenistic period the sculpture was 2.2. USED MATERIAL done in full volume and size, often exceeding the human scale The basic building material for the sculptures to be installed in (in Square Hall of Nisa, in the temple of Ai-Khanum in Surkh the temples was material at hand - oily plastic clay of Kotal). For example, the sculpture of Ai-Khanum was two and yellowish-brown color with a thin cover of alabaster (Toprak- a half times larger than the life size, this required from the kala), which was always painted and "the technique of masters an "excellent knowledge of modeling techniques and sculpture painting maintained the art techniques of wall strengthening the clay mass" [25, 71p]. By the scale the paintings‖ [15, 66p]. Sometimes a combination of clay and sculptors emphasized the position of painted person in the gypsum was used, with a special set retarding additive –a hierarchy. Hellenistic traditions of erecting the statues of kings mucilage added to it. The use of gypsum required from "were transformed over time into the objects of worship and sculptors a quickness of action and a great skill. The clay was were placed in sanctuaries‖ [26, 15p]. In Bactria there existed thoroughly processed, washed, and (to avoid further cracking and were for a long time exercised the temples of Hellenic when it dries) small particles of reed or bird fluff were added to Gods (Temple of Dioscurus in Dilberdjin), "visited by both local it». Thanks to such pretreatment of clay, the sculptures of descendants of Greek colonists and the Hellenized part of Greco-Bactrian time were long-lasting (for example, the age of local population" [27, 82p]. In all probability, Greek deities sculptures at Ai-Khanum and Oxus temple is more than 2,300 were placed there (for example, in the area of Bactria a years). According to the I.R. Pichikyan’s opinion, the choice of sculpture of Hercules of 1 m height was found). As for clay was due to the quickness of its processing and final Buddhist sculpture in Bactria in III-IV centuries BC, it had a result, and "there is an opinion that it was caused by local tendency to increase in size, the researchers explain it by architectural and decorative tradition; the masters of Greco- "lokottar concept, according to which the Buddha has a Bactrian school were working in this manner" [31, 160p]. Due supernatural appearance" [28, 597]. For example, the height to the impact of Indian influence a stone was also used - of the sculpture of Bodhisattva in Buddhist temple at marble-like marly limestone of snow-white color, of Dalverzintepa (DT-25) was about 210 cm [29], and may be homogeneous structure, easily treatable [16].
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