Map 99 Bactria Compiled by F.T
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Abschlusspublikation Zum Herunterladen
SONDERPROGRAMM ZENTRALASIEN ABSCHLUSSPUBLIKATION SPECIAL PROGRAMME CENTRAL ASIA FINAL PUBLICATION DIE GERDA HENKEL STIFTUNG BOT IN DEN JAHREN 2004 BIS 2013 EIN PROGRAMM ZUR FÖRDERUNG VON HERAUSRAGENDEN WISSENSCHAFTLERN AN, DIE SICH AUF DIE REGION ZENTRALASIEN KONZENTRIEREN. ZIEL DES PROGRAMMS WAR ES, FORSCHUNGSARBEITEN INSBESONDERE IM BEREICH DER ARCHÄOLOGIE UND DER KUNSTGESCHICHTE, ABER AUCH IN DEN DISZIPLINEN GESCHICHTE, HISTORISCHE ISLAMWISSENSCHAFT, ARCHITEKTUR UND KUNSTWISSENSCHAFT ANZUREGEN. BESONDERS BERÜCKSICHTIGT WURDEN WISSENSCHAFTLER AUS DER REGION ZENTRALASIEN. EBENFALLS GEFÖRDERT WURDEN KOOPERATIONSPROJEKTE ZWISCHEN WISSENSCHAFTLERN AUS DEN ZIELLÄNDERN UND EUROPÄISCHEN ZENTRALASIEN-FORSCHERN. DIE FÖRDERUNG DES WISSENSCHAFTLICHEN NACHWUCHSES WAR DABEI EIN BESONDERES ANLIEGEN DER STIFTUNG. FROM 2004 TO 2013, THE GERDA HENKEL FOUNDATION OFFERED A PROGRAMME TO SUPPORT OUTSTANDING SCHOLARS, WHOSE RESEARCH IS FOCUSED ON CENTRAL ASIA. THE PROGRAMME AIMED TO STIMULATE ACADEMIC RESEARCH PROJECTS IN THE AREAS OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART HISTORY AS WELL AS PROJECTS IN THE FIELDS OF HISTORY, HISTORIC ISLAMIC STUDIES, ARCHITECTURE, AND THE FINE ARTS. SCIENTISTS FROM CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES WERE INVITED TO APPLY FOR THIS PROGRAMME. MOREOVER, IT SUPPORTED PROJECTS THAT IDEALLY WERE BASED ON COOPERATION BETWEEN SCHOLARS FROM THE TARGETED REGION AND EUROPEAN EXPERTS SPECIALIZED IN CENTRAL ASIA. A SPECIAL CONCERN OF THE FOUNDATION WAS THE ADVANCEMENT OF POSTGRADUATES. VORWORT FOREWORD Seit ihrer Gründung im Jahr 1976 unterstützt die Gerda Henkel -
Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner
“Notes on the Yuezhi - Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology”, by Hans Loeschner Notes on the Yuezhi – Kushan Relationship and Kushan Chronology By Hans Loeschner Professor Michael Fedorov provided a rejoinder1 with respect to several statements in the article2 “A new Oesho/Shiva image of Sasanian ‘Peroz’ taking power in the northern part of the Kushan empire”. In the rejoinder Michael Fedorov states: “The Chinese chronicles are quite unequivocal and explicit: Bactria was conquered by the Ta-Yüeh-chih! And it were the Ta-Yüeh-chih who split the booty between five hsi-hou or rather five Ta-Yüeh-chih tribes ruled by those hsi-hou (yabgus) who created five yabguates with capitals in Ho-mo, Shuang-mi, Hu-tsao, Po-mo, Kao-fu”. He concludes the rejoinder with words of W.W. Tarn3: “The new theory, which makes the five Yüeh- chih princes (the Kushan chief being one) five Saka princes of Bactria conquered by the Yüeh- chih, throws the plain account of the Hou Han shu overboard. The theory is one more unhappy offshoot of the elementary blunder which started the belief in a Saka conquest of Greek Bactria”.1 With respect to the ethnical allocation of the five hsi-hou Laszlo Torday provides an analysis with a result which is in contrast to the statement of Michael Fedorov: “As to the kings of K’ang- chü or Ta Yüeh-shih, those chiefs of foreign tribes who acknowledged their supremacy were described in the Han Shu as “lesser kings” or hsi-hou. … The hsi-hou (and their fellow tribespeople) were ethnically as different from the Yüeh-shih and K’ang-chü as were the hou… from the Han. -
Early Hunic Invaders of Central Asia That Influenced the History of India, China, and Eurasia, the Erection of Great Wall and Dark Period of Indian History
Early Hunic Invaders of Central Asia that influenced the history of India, China, And Eurasia, the Erection of Great Wall and Dark Period of Indian History: By: Bipin Shah Dark Period of Indian history: During my world travel and visit to the Great Wall of China, I could not help wonder the real reasons for building such a massive wall at great cost of life and sacrifices? We always admire such monumental structure and cataloged them as “Great wonder of the world “. This and the pyramids are similar topics of the history that are often unknown to the public and never questioned or taught in the school. This type of subject not only intrigues me but compels me to investigate further. I decided to investigate further and found out how neatly this world event indirectly fits in to the puzzle of Indian subcontinent’s history, when Purana writers and the history keepers lost control of the Indian history and their genealogy of the Indian rulers. The Indian historian considers this to be the dark period of Indian history that began with the fall of Mauryan Empire and lasted until the rise of Gupta Empire. This is a total period of 500 to 550 years. During this period of uncertainty, India witnessed a massive influx of the foreign tribes from its borderland that was displaced as a result of chain reaction that started in the Northern China. India unwittingly became a melting pot of various ancient ethnicities during this “dark period” of the Indian history for which much remains unknown. Purana dismisses this event with one simple sentence: “Mlechha will rule India.” A similar melting process is now taking place in countries like America, Australia, Canada and South America but in a peaceful and orderly ways and the key driver for modern migration is the same that is just “economics”. -
From Northern Afghanistan to Xinjiang, Hellenistic Influences in the History of a Yuezhi-Kushan Burial
Journal of Asian Civilizations -1- From Northern Afghanistan to Xinjiang, Hellenistic influences in the history of a Yuezhi-Kushan burial Gianni Dubbini Abstract: In this essay an object in particular, that is the golden clasp with two Macedonian warriors from the Kushan site of Tillya Tepe, burial n° 3, will be discussed as a case-study. Using a comparative method, this artefact becomes clearly an example of cultural interaction with other sites, histories and objects along the Bactrian side of the Silk Road, till China. The Hellenistic, Central Asiatic, “nomadic”, and Chinese artistic and historical influences, will be here analysed in relation with a particular geographic area that is the Oxus Region between the conquests of Alexander the Great (4th c. B.C) and the early Kushan kingdom (1st c. A.D.). The area of Bactria, that has the river Oxus (Amu Darya) as a natural landmark and way of communication, saw during the period taken in consideration, an incredible and unique process of cultural assimilation and syncretism. This artistic syncretism of the ancient world clearly trespassed the traditional geographical and cultural barriers. I. The historical background of Tillya Tepe: the legacy of Alexander the Great in the Oxus region, and the city of Ai Khanoum until the Kushans (334 B.C- 1st century. A. D) Although it is a well studied subject (Briant 2010: 156-157), it is still interesting to summarize the history of the events that preceded the formation of the Kushan dominions of Northern Afghanistan in the area of Tillya Tepe (fig. 1). I will concentrate here the attention on the Greek military and cultural penetration into a specific region of Central Asia: Bactria. -
Karakoram Himalayas and Central Asia. the Buddhist Connection
RUDN Journal of World History 2018 Vol. 10 No 2 109–125 Вестник РУДН. Серия: ВСЕОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯ http://journals.rudn.ru/world-history DOI: 10.22363/2312-8127-2018-10-2-109-125 KARAKORAM HIMALAYAS AND CENTRAL ASIA. THE BUDDHIST CONNECTION K. Warikoo Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi 110067, INDIA The Karakoram-Himalayan region is the cradle from where ancient Indian culture in- cluding Buddhism spread to different directions in Central Asia, East Asia and South East Asia. Gilgit, Chilas, Chitral, Baltistan, Ladakh, Zanskar and other frontier areas have been important mileposts on the famous Silk Route. Buddhist savants from India contributed to the spread of Buddhism in Central Asia and East Asia. One of the eminent scholars was Kumarajiva (344–413 AD) who broke political, geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers for propaga- tion of Buddhism. Hieun Tsiang mentions four important centres of Buddhism in Central Asia – Shan-shan (Kroraina), Khotan, Kucha and Turfan. Kashmir played an important role in intro- ducing Buddhism to Khotan, which in turn played a key role in the transmission of Buddhism to China. Several important places on the Silk Route system such as Kucha, Balkh, Bamiyan, Khotan, Kashgar etc. developed into important centres of Buddhism when parts of Central Asia and north-western India were integrated into a single kingdom under the Kushans.) Keywords: Karakoram-Himalayas, Gilgit, Chilas, Chitral, Baltistan, Zanskar, Ladakh, Kashmir, Kucha, Kashgar, Khotan, Buddhism, Kumarajiva, Hiuen Tsianmg, Lotus Sutra, Kan- ishka, Palola Sahis) Introduction. Abutting the borders of Afghanistan, China, Pakistan and India and being situated in close proximity to Central Asia, the Karakoram-Himalayan region has been an important constituent of India’s trans-Himalayan communica- tion network in the continent and beyond. -
Iconography of the Elite in Post-Greek Bactria and North-West India and Its Transmission from the Saka to the Yuezhi*
Iconography of the Elite in Post-Greek Bactria and North-West India and Its Transmission from the Saka to the Yuezhi* by FABRIZIO SINISI Viene presa in esame la rappresentazione dell’élite tra Battriana e India nord-occidentale di ambito Saka e Yuezhi. L’interpretazione correntemente diffusa secondo la quale gli appartenenti a questi due gruppi sarebbero chiaramente distinguibili in quanto raffigurati in modo differente, un’im- postazione che rispecchia l’idea di due orizzonti culturali fondamentalmente diversi, viene messa in discussione in favore di uno scenario alternativo: anziché elaborata indipendentemente dando vita ad un’iconografia reale distinta da quella Saka, la rappresentazione dell’élite Yuezhi – in par- ticolare quella del sovrano – ne è l’erede diretta, in un contesto di sostanziale affinità tra i due gruppi. The circa two centuries between the fall of the Greek kingdom of Bactria around 140 BCE and the birth of the Kushan Empire in the mid-1st century CE remain to this day one of the most obscure periods in the history of the region between Bactria to the North and Northwestern India to the South. The modalities of the collapse of Greek domination North of the Hindu Kush and of the penetration into the region of the Central Asian invaders, their internal relations and links with the lands to the South of the great mountain range and with the Parthian Empire to the West (among other questions) are all matters on which we can only make summary hypotheses and which still largely remain to be clarified.1 A point on which there is now widespread agreement is that Bactria was overrun in two distinct phases, the first ascribed to Saka groups and the second to those known to us from Chinese sources as Yuezhi.2 Some of the Saka ended up settling in Drangiana * This text is the revised version of my paper “Royal imagery in the North-West before the Kushans: Sakas and Yuezhi” presented at the 23rd conference of the European Association for South Asian Archaeology and Art held in Cardiff in July 2016, the conclusions of which have remained unchanged (cf. -
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads
The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads A thesis submitted to fulfil requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Departments of Archaeology and History (joint) By Paul Wilson Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences University of Sydney 2020 This is to certify that to the best of my knowledge, the content of this thesis is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for any degree or other purposes. I certify that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work and that all the assistance received in preparing this thesis and sources has been acknowledged. 1 Abstract: The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads The Kushans were a major historical power on the ancient Silk Roads, although their influence has been greatly overshadowed by that of China, Rome and Parthia. That the Kushans are so little known raises many questions about the empire they built and the role they played in the political and cultural dynamics of the period, particularly the emerging Silk Roads network. Despite building an empire to rival any in the ancient world, conventional accounts have often portrayed the Kushans as outsiders, and judged them merely in the context of neighbouring ‘superior’ powers. By examining the materials from a uniquely Kushan perspective, new light will be cast on this key Central Asian society, the empire they constructed and the impact they had across the region. Previous studies have tended to focus, often in isolation, on either the archaeological evidence available or the historical literary sources, whereas this thesis will combine understanding and assessments from both fields to produce a fuller, more deeply considered, profile. -
Fantastic Beasts of the Eurasian Steppes: Toward a Revisionist Approach to Animal-Style Art
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Petya Andreeva University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Andreeva, Petya, "Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal- Style Art" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2963. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Abstract Animal style is a centuries-old approach to decoration characteristic of the various cultures which flourished along the urE asian steppe belt in the later half of the first millennium BCE. This astv territory stretching from the Mongolian Plateau to the Hungarian Plain, has yielded hundreds of archaeological finds associated with the early Iron Age. Among these discoveries, high-end metalwork, textiles and tomb furniture, intricately embellished with idiosyncratic zoomorphic motifs, stand out as a recurrent element. While scholarship has labeled animal-style imagery as scenes of combat, this dissertation argues against this overly simplified classification model which ignores the variety of visual tools employed in the abstraction of fantastic hybrids. I identify five primary categories in the arrangement and portrayal of zoomorphic designs: these traits, frequently occurring in clusters, constitute the first comprehensive definition of animal-style art. -
Socio-Economic Developments in Bactria and Northern India During the Kushan Empire
SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 6 | June 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN BACTRIA AND NORTHERN INDIA DURING THE KUSHAN EMPIRE Gabrielyan Sofya Ivanovna Teacher of department World history National University of Uzbekistan Biykuziyev Asxat Abdunabiyevich Teacher of department World history National University of Uzbekistan DISCUSSION drachmas - were issued in imitation of the Greek- At the beginning of the 1st century A.D. The Bactrian king Helioclu[1] . five principalities by Yue-chj were united by the In the 1st century A.D. northern Yabgu Kudzula Kadfiz. Under him , had once been Bactria long east and valas under Kushan nomads such kakyu-chih in largely managed to settle power as Vima Kadphises originally owned the land in Bactria. But the main stronghold and a base north of Guyshuy River (Amu Darya)[2] . for their penetration in the south to most of I would like to note that the changes were India , was precisely Northern Bactria. also made in the field of the internal structure of the However, it should be noted that the study state. Apparently, the hotel regions of the Kushan the e Severn th and Yuzhn second Bactrim iotdelno state were governed by governors (satraps ), endowed from each other with respect to cultural and political with sufficiently broad powers (up to the issue of aspect is not entirely correct . King Kood sula coins with their own image ). But in the initial Kadfiz ( around 20-60 AD ) was able at the period in beginning of his reign, to significantly the middle eat and lower administrative m control ido expand t s territory of the new Kushan state . -
Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia
EARLY BUDDHIST ART OF CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA VOLUME ONE Later Han, Three Kingdoms and Western Chin in China and Bactria to Shan-shan in Central Asia BY MARYLIN MARTIN RHIE BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN 1999 CONTENTS Acknowledgements xiii Preface by Erik Ziircher xv Abbreviated List of Illustrations, Maps and Drawings xvii Introduction xxxv PART I THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST ART IN CHINA CHAPTER ONE: The Han Dynasty (206 B.C-220 A.D.) 5 I. The Opening of China to the West 5 A. The Former Han Period (206 B.C.-8 A.D.) 5 B. The Later Han Period (25-220 A.D.) 11 II. Written Evidences of Buddhism 13 III. Translators and Translations of Buddhist Texts 22 IV. Buddhist Art 27 A. K'ung-wang Shan (Kiangsu) 27 1. Images of Popular Religious Belief 29 2. Buddhist Images 33 3. Other Images 39 4. Technique and Historical Conditions 42 5. Conclusions 45 B. Evidences from Tombs in Szechwan and Kansu 47 1. Cave Tomb No. IX at Ma Hao 47 2. Buddha Images on "Money Trees" 56 a. Ceramic money tree base from P'eng shan 56 b. Buddhas on the money tree from Mien-yang 59 3. The Pagoda Relief Tile from Shih-fang 61 4. The Tomb at Lei-t'ai, Wu Wei 64 C. Miniature Bronze Shrine (Asian Art Museum) 67 VIII CONTENTS D. Harvard Flame-shouldered Buddha 71 1. Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of Technique and Style . 73 2. Considerations of Dating, Provenance, Iconography, Historical Circumstances and Interpretation 89 V. Conclusions 94 CHAPTER TWO: Period of the Three Kingdoms and the Western Chin (A.D. -
Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies 2020
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana Karanos BULLETIN OF ANCIENT MACEDONIAN STUDIES http://revistes.uab.cat/karanos 03 ), online ( 3521 - 2604 ISSN e 2020 (paper), 6199 - 2604 , ISSN 20 20 , 3 Vol. Karanos Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies Vol. 3 (2020) President of Honor Secretary F. J. Gómez Espelosín, Marc Mendoza Sanahuja (Universitat Autònoma (Universidad de Alcalá) de Barcelona) Director Edition Borja Antela-Bernárdez, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i l’Edat Mitjana Editorial Board 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain Borja Antela-Bernárdez Tel.: 93 581 47 87. Antonio Ignacio Molina Marín Fax: 93 581 31 14 (Universidad de Alcalá) [email protected] Mario Agudo Villanueva http://revistes.uab.cat/karanos (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) Layout: Borja Antela-Bernárdez Advisory Board F. Landucci (Università Cattolica del Printing Sacro Cuore) Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona E. Carney (Clemson University) Servei de Publicacions D. Mirón (Universidad de Granada) 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona). Spain C. Rosillo (Universidad Pablo de Olavide) [email protected] F. Pownall (University of Alberta) http://publicacions.uab.cat/ W. L. Adams (University of Utah) N. Akamatis (International Hellenic University) ISSN: 2604-6199 (paper) V. Alonso-Troncoso (Universidad de A Coruña) eISSN 2604-3521 (online) A. Domínguez Monedero (Universidad Dipòsit legal: B 26.673-2018 Autónoma de Madrid) F. J. Gómez Espelosín (Universidad de Alcalá) Printed in Spain W. S. Greenwalt (Santa Clara University) Printed in Ecologic paper M. Hatzopoulos (National Hellenic Research Foundation) S. Müller (Philipps-Universität Marburg) M. Jan Olbrycht (University of Rzeszów) O. -
The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East
BAR S2196 2011 MAIRS The Archaeology of the Hellenistic Far East: A Survey THE AR Rachel Mairs CHAEOLOGY OF THE HELLENISTIC FAR EAST BAR International Series 2196 2011 Mairs 2196 cover.indd 1 11/02/2011 14:04:55 CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PREFACE 3 FIGURES 4 Figure 1: The Hellenistic East 5 Figure 2: Hellenistic Bactria-Sogdiana 6 Figure 3: Ai Khanoum 7 CHAPTER 1: THE HELLENISTIC FAR EAST 8 1.1 Scope 8 1.2 Chronological and Geographical Parameters 9 1.3 Resources, Limitations and Future Publications 10 CHAPTER 2: THE HISTORICAL TRADITION 12 2.1 Modern Histories of the Hellenistic Far East 12 2.2 Greek and Latin Sources 12 2.3 Indian and Chinese Sources 12 2.4 A Medieval European Tradition? 12 2.5 Early Modern Historical Studies 12 2.6 Historical Fiction 13 2.7 Cinema 13 CHAPTER 3: CULTURE AND IDENTITY IN THE HELLENISTIC FAR EAST 14 3.1 The Hellenistic Far East: Cultural Custody Battles 14 3.2 Theory and Archaeological Practice 15 3.2.1 The Colonial Hellenistic Far East 15 3.2.2 Ethnicity 15 3.2.3 Movement of Objects and Transformations in Meaning 16 3.2.4 Space and Landscape 17 3.2.5 Places in Between: The Postcolonial Hellenistic Far East 17 3.2.6 Multilingualism and Administration 18 CHAPTER 4: GENERAL PUBLICATIONS 20 4.1 Introduction 20 4.2 Synthetic Historical Studies 20 4.3 Edited Volumes 21 4.4 Exhibition Catalogues 21 4.4.1 The National Museum, Kabul 21 4.4.2 Loans from the National Museum, Kabul 21 4.4.3 Other Exhibitions of Central Asian Material 22 4.5 Numismatics 22 CHAPTER 5: ARCHAEOLOGY 23 5.1 Introduction 23 5.1.1 History of Archaeological