Socio-Economic Developments in Bactria and Northern India During the Kushan Empire

SJIF Impact Factor: 7.001| ISI I.F.Value:1.241| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2016 ISSN: 2455-7838(Online) EPRA International Journal of Research and Development (IJRD) Volume: 5 | Issue: 6 | June 2020 - Peer Reviewed Journal

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN BACTRIA AND NORTHERN INDIA DURING THE KUSHAN EMPIRE

Gabrielyan Sofya Ivanovna Teacher of department World history National University of Uzbekistan

Biykuziyev Asxat Abdunabiyevich Teacher of department World history National University of Uzbekistan

DISCUSSION drachmas - were issued in imitation of the Greek- At the beginning of the 1st century A.D. The Bactrian king Helioclu[1] . five principalities by Yue-chj were united by the In the 1st century A.D. northern Yabgu Kudzula Kadfiz. Under him , had once been Bactria long east and valas under Kushan nomads such kakyu-chih in largely managed to settle power as Vima Kadphises originally owned the land in Bactria. But the main stronghold and a base north of Guyshuy River (Amu Darya)[2] . for their penetration in the south to most of I would like to note that the changes were India , was precisely Northern Bactria. also made in the field of the internal structure of the However, it should be noted that the study state. Apparently, the hotel regions of the Kushan the e Severn th and Yuzhn second Bactrim iotdelno state were governed by governors (satraps ), endowed from each other with respect to cultural and political with sufficiently broad powers (up to the issue of aspect is not entirely correct . King Kood sula coins with their own image ). But in the initial Kadfiz ( around 20-60 AD ) was able at the period in beginning of his reign, to significantly the middle eat and lower administrative m control ido expand t s territory of the new Kushan state . This lgoe time kept vivo Recording Greek and local state has transcended the borders traditions. of ancient Bactria (southern Uzbekistan, southern After VimaKadfiza, his successor Tajikistan and northern Afghanistan) and began to VimaTakto becomes king , and he strengthened and cover numerous areas of neighboring states - secured the borders of the empire in the north of Indi and, as well as part of the border lands of East Bactria. Vima Takto replaces Kanishka I in Parthia (Annecy) . Kudzula Kadfiz (in ancient 78 . Under the new king , the Kushan empire Chinese sources Kiodzyukyu) obeys yl power Kuxan reaches its highest peak in its history . He has almost entirely w territori w Afghanistan (Kabul) and united virtually vsesevero- Northwest th Indie w and thereby CPNS l spatial Indian e possessions I such as the Punjab, Kashmir, kernel Kushana . Sindh and Uttar Pradesh. Realizing , that the Initially, the center of the semi- control s North of th Indy it can only contain it state found camping on the spot Dalverzintepa constantly s troops , Kanishka I of (78-123g.) ( southern Uzbekistan ). After Kudzula Kadfiz, his Moved to his bet. Center State Kushan was son Kadfiz II (or VimaKadfiz) came to re n e with en from Bactria to the city Purushapura power , who continued to expand the borders of the (Peshawar). About saddle- Kushan state , annexing many agricultural areas agricultural th cultures and Northern India has a of present-day Pakistan and Northern India. To strong influence on Kochev uyukultury elite of the centralize his power, king Kadfiz II carried out Kushan. Of these , local governors (kshatraps) were a monetary reform. For the first coins - obols and appointed from the local aristocracy [3] .

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |267 |

In the beginning, the nomadic Yue- quantities issued small copper coins intended chi inherited the developed irrigation agriculture of for domestic trade. Bactria, based on agriculture. At present this area is With otsialn th structures and Kushan high st densities s population, much of which live in state was and is mainly of sedentary of people , the city ah former Greco-Bactrian . But despite this , among which you can find used aktriyts s , Parthians, with the north, Bactria was constantly inhabited by Indians, s etc . The production unit in agriculture was the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. Archaeological the rural community evidence suggests that the mounds found in northern of Indian taxpayers. With uschestvovali as large Bactria belonged to the nomadic peoples of the centralized rich farms that belonged to the temples region. [4] . That nomads could quite successfully and large landowners . In these agricultural farms lead a livestock economy. played a significant role slave labor[6] . But in the Cities are divided into two types: cities, Kushan Empire, the military-political elite was made which gradually formed as large centers of trade , and up of nomadic clans of Yue-Jay. cities built on the basis of state support , which The prospect ION Kanishka I of (78- developed back in the pre - 123 g . ) Starting d -inflammatory period of relative Dushan period. Significantly increased the peace and prosperity, the flowering of the number of cities - Dalva and rzintepe, Old ancient cities of India and Temez , Khalchayan etc. What proves. , That Baktrii.Torgovye communications with the main the Kushan s continued active urban policies[5] . centers of the ancient world have led to an The large and small cities of the Kushan extraordinary flourishing of the Kushan Empire. Its state , which previously existed under the Greeks and characteristic feature is the close connection with were newly built, formed a cities and the spread of urbanized culture in rural system economically connected by roads and caravan areas. Excavations of rural settlements of Kushan routes. The developed domestic and foreign trade that time in Bactria show that they are not inferior to the united them was a characteristic feature of the cities of India of the ancient period . Cities Mathur Kushan Empire . As for foreign policy contacts, one and taxi (or Takshashila) was and to develop and of the first places was trade relations with Parthia and achieving be high cultural level . the Roman Empire . International trade was carried Speaking of religious influence, then out both by land and by sea , through the ports a relatively new religion for India b uddism , with of subordinate India. The land road went north Kushans on a large scale penetrates into to Kangyu , and further east to the Han Bactria and some other areas of Central empire . Merchants m nogonatsionalnoy Kushanian Asia (Ferghana and Pamir) . Kushan kings Empire , reached Rome Egypt and on monsoon Kanishka I , Vasishka (123-131 seaway . g . ) , Huvishka (1 31 -166 g . ) , And Vasudeva (166- In the eastern province 200 g . ) Tried to turn Buddhism into the ideology of of Rome and exported Indian spices, perfumes, the state . The urban population has been extend precious stones Bactria , ivory , sugar , and Chinese their s camping and Buddhism began to gain more silk . Of particular importance was the trade followers. But for the north of the empire, the settled in rice and cotton products. Rome Skye Empire agricultural population preferred exported the same cloth, to practice Zoroastrianism and clothes have , products made of glass and precious shamanism. Buddhism, on the other hand , developed metals, and various statues of Greek wine. In the a new view of personality, preached the equality of main import of gold and silver Roman coin hoards people, at least in the spiritual field. Buddhism at which are quite common in the Kushan did not lead to crowding out local folk cults, area , prinadlezhavshe th Kushan Empire . Roman and Zoroastrianism continued , like other religions, to gold was also used to mint its own maintain their positions here . Monumental fire coins. The government received income from churches and small home sanctuaries continued to be merchants as a result of the collection built, in which the altar with sacred fire occupied the of high customs duties. Equally important was the central place. Also terracotta figures of patron spirits, internal trade in the Kushan Empire itself . Central mainly in the form of women , remained part of Asia supplied leather goods and horses for the spiritual life of the population of Bactria. cavalry. Sedentary - agricultural and handicraft area Speaking of the language of the empire of stavlyali nomads goods and supplied group and ethnicity e Kushan period , we note that them with everything necessary. In addition to p Annius language ancestors kushanyue-chzhey was gold coins, the rulers of the Kushans in large probably akin to the Altai group. But as they moved

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |268 |

and the process of sedentarization in Dahya (North 5. Pugachenkova, G.A. Art treasures of Dalverzin- Bactria) and India , the language underwent a Tepe. L., 1975.S. 53. transformation. In the beginning , Greek and Bactrian 6. Tursunov S., Қobilov E., Pardaev T., Murtazoev were used for economic management. Of course, the B. Surkhondaryo tari kzgusida. T., 2001 .-- C 32. language is not the only and maybe not even the most 7. Pyankov V.I. Some questions of ethnic Central Asia .// Journal "EAST-ORIENS", M . , 1995., N important of the characteristics characterizing the 6., With . 27 ethnic community, but it is most convenient for the historian due to the vagueness and uncertainty of most other signs . And to control the economy of the empire, all the languages of the peoples subordinate to the Kushans were used. The Türkic ethnic element prevailing now in Central Asia also has a long history, but the early stages of its ethnogenesis, as it is generally recognized, proceeded outside Central Asia. Altai tribes for the first time clearly appear in Central Asia in the person of the Huns, although their appearance in earlier times is not excluded. There is no doubt that the population of ancient Central Asia was mainly Iranian-speaking[7] . Speaking about a rhitektur ie , sculptures e and painting ikushan, it should be noted the presence of three art 's tradition st . Prim th and most Ant nn tradition of culture - a culture Dahya with its great achievements in the field of monumental architecture. The second component was the Greek art of the Greco-Macedonian colonists, with the penetration of Hellenistic traditions into the local East Iranian environment. T retim was the art of India, which came with the spread of Buddhism, which brought ready architectural solutions of religious buildings , certain artistic traditions and aesthetic concepts. In conclusion, it can be said that all the achievements of the Kushan Empire proved the following - the nomadic traditions of economic management of settled territories will ultimately lead to sedentarization and the formation of new ethnic groups and peoples . BACTRIA itself ceases to hereinafter , in the III - IV centuries , cited under this name. But its role - to be a springboard to penetrate the agricultural regions of Iran and India, she kept several centuries. Bactria economy as has always been and remains a mixed of emledelchesko - cattle.

1. Rtveladze E.V. Ancient and early medieval coins of historical and cultural regions of Uzbekistan. T., 2002.S. 120 2. Borovkova L.A. Kushan kingdom according to ancient Chinese sources. M., 2005.S. 228. 3. Struchevsky I.A. Interstate relations in the ancient east. M. 1987.S. 206. 4. Mandelstam A.M. Monuments of nomads of Kushan time in Northern Bactria. L., 1975.S. 44.

2020 EPRA IJRD | Journal DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2016 | www.eprajournals.com |269 |