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Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia

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EARLY BUDDHIST ART OF CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA VOLUME ONE Later Han, Three Kingdoms and Western Chin in China and Bactria to Shan-shan in Central Asia BY MARYLIN MARTIN RHIE BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN 1999 CONTENTS Acknowledgements xiii Preface by Erik Ziircher xv Abbreviated List of Illustrations, Maps and Drawings xvii Introduction xxxv PART I THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST ART IN CHINA CHAPTER ONE: The Han Dynasty (206 B.C-220 A.D.) 5 I. The Opening of China to the West 5 A. The Former Han Period (206 B.C.-8 A.D.) 5 B. The Later Han Period (25-220 A.D.) 11 II. Written Evidences of Buddhism 13 III. Translators and Translations of Buddhist Texts 22 IV. Buddhist Art 27 A. K'ung-wang Shan (Kiangsu) 27 1. Images of Popular Religious Belief 29 2. Buddhist Images 33 3. Other Images 39 4. Technique and Historical Conditions 42 5. Conclusions 45 B. Evidences from Tombs in Szechwan and Kansu 47 1. Cave Tomb No. IX at Ma Hao 47 2. Buddha Images on "Money Trees" 56 a. Ceramic money tree base from P'eng shan 56 b. Buddhas on the money tree from Mien-yang 59 3. The Pagoda Relief Tile from Shih-fang 61 4. The Tomb at Lei-t'ai, Wu Wei 64 C. Miniature Bronze Shrine (Asian Art Museum) 67 VIII CONTENTS D. Harvard Flame-shouldered Buddha 71 1. Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of Technique and Style . 73 2. Considerations of Dating, Provenance, Iconography, Historical Circumstances and Interpretation 89 V. Conclusions 94 CHAPTER TWO: Period of the Three Kingdoms and the Western Chin (A.D. 220-317) „ 96 I. Political Setting, Relations with Central Asia and Developments in Buddhism 97 A. The Three Kingdoms (220-265) 97 B. The Western Chin (265-317) 103 II. Bhuddist Art 112 A. Funerary Art with Buddhist Figures 112 1. Ceramics 112 a. Various vessels (other than hun-p'ing) 113 b. Hun-p'ing vessels 115 2. Bronze Mirrors 119 a. Shen-shou mirrors with triangular rim 120 b. Shen-shou mirrors with flat rim 122 c. K'uei-feng mirrors 122 3. Small Bronze Figures 126 a. Money tree bronze Buddhas from Szechwan 127 b. Gilt bronze belt buckle with Bodhisattva dated 262 A.D 127 4. Clay Tomb Bricks, Tiles and Figurines 130 a. Tomb bricks, with Buddhist figures 130 b. Tile from P'ing-an, Ch'ing-hai 131 c. Pottery figurine from Chung hsien, Szechwan 132 B. The Orthodox Icons: Buddhist Bronze Sculptures 133 1. The Seated Buddha in the Tokyo National Museum 133 2. The Seated Buddha with Circular Halo Formerly in the Fujiki Collection 139 3. The Fujii Yurinkan Standing Bodhisattva 143 a. Technique, description and stylistic sources 144 b. Concluding remarks 151 4. Small Standing Bodhisattva : , 152 III. Conclusions 154 CONTENTS IX PART II ART OF THE SILK ROAD IN CENTRAL ASIA: 1ST-4TH CENTURY A.D. CHAPTER THREE: Western Central Asia: Transoxiana and Bamiyan 162 I. Introduction: Brief Historical Background 162 II. Sites and Art of the Termez Region 168 A. Khalchayan 169 B. Airtam ?. 175 1. Buddhist Temple Site 176 2. Stupa Site 178 C. Kara-tepe 179 1. Temple Complexes: Courtyards, Caves, Stupas, Paintings and Sculptures 181 a. Complex A 182 b. Complex B , 182 i. stupa drawing 183 ii. Buddha group 184 c. Complex C 185 d. Complex D 186 i. seated Buddha sculpture 187 ii. wall paintings 188 2. Some Concluding Remarks 189 D. Fayaz-tepe 191 1. Monastery Site 191 2. Wall Paintings 193 3. Sculpture 194 E. Dalverzin-tepe 196 1. Buddhist Temple No. 1 196 a. sculptures 198 2. Buddhist Temple No. 2 199 a. sculptures 200 III. Sites and Art of the Khorezm Region 204 A. Koy-krylgan Kala 204 B. Toprak Kala 206 1. Sculptures and Wall Paintings 208 IV. Bamiyan: Some Early Caves 210 A. Introduction 210 X CONTENTS B. Cave 24 214 C. Cave 51 217 1. The Watercolor Drawing by J. Carl 218 2. Wall Painting Fragments 221 D. Caves 129, 130 and 152 223 E. Cave 140 225 F. Cave 165 227 G. Cave 155: The Eastern Great Buddha Niche 228 V. Conclusions 234 A. Sculpture 235 B. Painting 237 C. Architecture 237 CHAPTER FOUR: Eastern Central Asia: Kashgar and Khotan 240 I. Introduction 240 A. History of the Region: Han-early 5th Century A.D 241 B. The Routes 244 II. Sites and Their Buddhist Art Remains 246 A. Kashgar 247 1. Stupas of the Kashgar Region 249 B. Yarkand and Karghalik 255 C. Khotan 257 1. Buddhism and Buddhist Art in Khotan from Literary Sources. 260 2. Sculpture from Khotan 265 a. Figurines of western deities 265 b. Two bronze Buddha heads 266 -c. Small bronze Bodhisattva '. 270 d. Clay Buddha head 270 e. Stone stupa fragment 270 f. Large clay Buddha head 271 g. Conclusions 272 3. Textiles from Tombs at Shampula 272 a. Fragment with design of a man's head 273 b. Fragment with design of a centaur and rosettes 274 c. Cotton fabric with rosette, pearl and wave design 275 d. Chinese warp-faced compound tabby silk fragment 276 4. The Site of Rawak 276 CONTENTS XI a. The stupa 278 b. The sculptures 285 i. Style I 287 ii. Style II 296 iii. Style III 298 iv. Style IV 299 v. Style V 301 vi. Style VI 302 c. Painting from Rawak 313 d. Conclusions: Rawak 314 5. Ak-terek and Siyelik 316 6. Kara-dong (near Keriya) 318 III. Conclusions: Southern Route (Kashgar to Khotan/Keriya) 321 CHAPTER FIVE: Eastern Central Asia: The Kingdom of Shan-shan: Niya to Lou-Ian .' 323 I. Introduction: The Shan-shan Kingdom 323 A. Early History 324 B. Period of the Kharostl Documents 332 1. Chinese Sources 332 2. Kharosti Inscriptions 338 3. Shan-shan Kings 343 C. Shan-shan from the late 4th-early 6th century 352 1. Concluding Remarks 355 II. Sites and Their Art Remains : 357 A. Niya, Endere, Cherchen and Charklik 357 1. The Stupa. at Niya 359 2. Art from Niya 361 a. Woodwork 361 b. Clay seals 363 c. Painting and textiles 363 3. Endere, Cherchen and Charklik 367 B. Miran :. 370 1. Stupas and Structures of Shrines M III and M V 372 2. Paintings of Shrines M III and M V 376 a. Brief description 377 b. Style, technique, and stylistic sources 380 XII CONTENTS c. Conclusions and dating 384 3. Structures and Sculptures of M II 385 4. Sites M XIII, XIV, and XV 389 5. Conclusions: Miran 391 C. Lou-Ian 392 1. L.A. Area 399 a. Stupas of the L.A. area 400 b. Wooden lintel of Buddha niches 402 i. The niches 403 ii. The Buddha images 405 2. L.B. Area 407 a. L.B.I, II, and III complex 408 i. Buddhist shrine L.B.II .'... 408 ii. Figural sculptures from L.B.II 412 a. Jamb with niches of standing Bodhisattvas 412 b. Standing guardian 413 c. Panel with lower part of a cross-ankled figure 414 b. L.B.IV, V, and VI „... 415 i. Carved panel with cross-ankled and standing figure 416 3. Remains from Grave Sites 419 a. Textiles from the L.C. area 420 i. Woolen fragments 421 ii. Silk fragments 422 4. Conclusions: The Lou-Ian Site 424 III. Conclusions: Art from Sites of the Southern Silk Route in Eastern Central Asia 425 Conclusions 427 Bibliography 433 Index 449.
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