Yumenguan–Samarra (Ca

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Yumenguan–Samarra (Ca 246 chapter twelve CHAPTER TWELVE SALLAM’S HOMEWARD JOURNEY: YUMENGUAN–SAMARRA (CA. DECEMBER 843/JANUARY 844– DECEMBER 844/JANUARY 845) 1. Sallam’s itinerary All versions of Sallam’s journey (except that of Yaqut) say that the homeward journey took twelve months and a couple of days. According to Ibn Khurradadhbih’s version, it led from the barrier of ‘the two-horned one’ to al-Lub, to the principality of the ruler of Tabanuyan, and further to Isfijab–Usrushana–Samarkand–Bukhara– Tirmidh–Nishapur–Rayy and finally Samarra. This sequence will be discussed below. al-Idrisi’s version gives four other names of places by which Sallam is said to have passed on his way home: Lakhman, Ghuriyan, Barsakhan and Taraz. They are found on the highway from China to Tashkent and were probably mentioned in al-Jayhani’s lost work. According to al-Idrisi, the guides who were to lead Sallam from the barrier, possibly Yumenguan, to Khurasan, were taken from among the inhabitants of the fortresses near the barrier. If the latter can be identified with Yumenguan, the direct route to Khurasan from there was the southern branch of the Silk Road to Kashgar and the Farghana valley. However, al-Lub, mentioned as the first stage after the barrier, probably stands for Lop (Nor).127 In that case Sallam, upon leaving Yumenguan, did not return to Igu but embarked at the Jade Gate upon the Loulan route to Lop Nor. The travel account further mentions Taraz (al-Idrisi) and Isfijab (Ibn Khurradadhbih), places lying far to the north-west on the above- mentioned trade route from Suyab through the Yeti-su or Semiryechye 127 In the notes to the French translation of Ibn Khurrad§dhbih’s text, De Goeje links al-Lub with Ghuriy§n (Ibn Khurrad§dhbih, Kit§b al-mas§lik, p. 130f.; id., De muur, p. 113). However, Ghuriy§n lay far to the north on lake Issyk-köl. schmidt_BIAL22.indb Sec1:246 12/12/2008 11:42:45 AM sallam’s homeward journey 247 region to Samarkand.128 In order to join that route, Sallam must have travelled from Loulan in northern direction. There were at least two important routes leading from lake Lop Nor to Isfijab and Taraz: one went along the southern branch of the Silk Road to Miran, Khotan, Yarkand, Kashgar, Naryn, lake Khatir-köl, Kurem-aldÌ (on lake Issyk-köl) and Taraz; the other turns north to Korla and/or Kucha, from where the above-mentioned trade route to Taraz and Isfijab could be joined. Neither Ibn Khurradadhbih nor al-Idrisi give any indication as to whether he travelled to Taraz and Isfijab through Kashgar or through Korla. The account only says that Sallam left the place of the ruler called al-Lub and that he came to the place of a ruler called tabanuyan, the head of the poll-tax. He spent a couple of days with each of them, and then travelled from that place until he arrived in eight months at Samarkand.129 As already remarked, many sections of the outward and home- ward journeys of the Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang in the 7th century shed light on parts of the alleged outward and homeward journeys of Sallam. For the section Lop Nor–Korla their itineraries do not coincide, but both travelled on the Kucha–Taraz section of the Silk Road, Xuanzang on his journey from China to India, Sallam prob- ably on his journey from Yumenguan to Samarra. It may have been the route the guides had in mind when they directed Sallam on what he calls the “route of Khurasan”. The respective itineraries of the Chinese traveller and Sallam up to Kucha, however, were different: Xuanzang came from Igu and Urumchi, Sallam from Lop Nor. Since Xuanzang’s itinerary130 is so much better documented than Sallam’s homeward journey, it is useful for our purpose to follow the monk again, now from Yumenguan to Tirmidh. The report of his travels is rich in details, precise observations about religious life, society and cultural customs, rather the opposite of Sallam’s account. 128 Cf. Göckenjan–Zimonyi, Orientalische Berichte, map vii; W.C. Brice (ed.), An Historical Atlas of Islam, Leiden 1981, map 24a. 129 Cf. Chapter 7, p. ■■ (7). 130 For his journey from China to India, his stay there, and his return journey to China cf. Julien, Histoire de la vie de Hiouen-Thsang; S. Beal, Buddhist records of the Western World. Translation from the Chinese of Hiuen-Tsiang (a.d. 629), London 1884, condensed in Watters, On Yuan Chwang’s travels, p. 329-344. schmidt_BIAL22.indb Sec1:247 12/12/2008 11:42:45 AM.
Recommended publications
  • The Image of the Winged Celestial and Its Travels Along the Silk Road
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 225 June, 2012 The Image of the Winged Celestial and Its Travels along the Silk Road by Patricia Eichenbaum Karetzky Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Road and Trans-­Eurasian Exchange
    The Road That Never Was: The Silk Road and Trans- Eurasian Exchange Khodadad Rezakhani he Silk Road, or Silk Route, is a name used today to refer to a supposed trade route of ancient Eurasia, its use bringing different images to mind. These are often of camel caravans on dusty roads, forbidding deserts, and exotic towns and “oases.” The con- cept as a whole tends to ignore realities such as geography and ecology, as well as political units, facts that become lost among the more potent romantic notions. While itineraries are presented at some length, actual places are forgotten, and it is supposed that a conventional “beginning” in China and a vague “destination” somewhere along the Mediterranean are enough. On the way, places such as Transoxiana, the Pamirs, Iran, and indeed the whole of the Near East are simply brushed aside and not much discussed. The Silk Road has then be- come a grand narrative that serves mostly to obscure important details and sometimes even more. As one modern historian similarly opposed to the idea of the Silk Road has suggested, “‘The Silk road’ now has become both band wagon and gravy train, with an endless stream of books, journals, conferences and international exhibitions devoted to it, reaching virtual mania proportions that is almost unstoppable.” 1 This is why I am suggesting not only that the concept of a continuous, purpose- driven road or even “routes” is counterproductive in the study of world history but also that it has no basis in historical reality or records. Doing away with the whole concept of the “Silk Road” of might do us, at least as historians, a world of good and actually let us study what in reality Studies was going on in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Management in Jingjue 精絕 Kingdom: the Transfer of a Water Tank System from Gandhara to Southern Xinjiang in the Third and Fourth Centuries C.E
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 223 April, 2012 Water Management in Jingjue 精絕 Kingdom: The Transfer of a Water Tank System from Gandhara to Southern Xinjiang in the Third and Fourth Centuries C.E. by Arnaud Bertrand Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered.
    [Show full text]
  • Fantastic Beasts of the Eurasian Steppes: Toward a Revisionist Approach to Animal-Style Art
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2018 Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Petya Andreeva University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Studies Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Andreeva, Petya, "Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal- Style Art" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2963. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2963 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fantastic Beasts Of The Eurasian Steppes: Toward A Revisionist Approach To Animal-Style Art Abstract Animal style is a centuries-old approach to decoration characteristic of the various cultures which flourished along the urE asian steppe belt in the later half of the first millennium BCE. This astv territory stretching from the Mongolian Plateau to the Hungarian Plain, has yielded hundreds of archaeological finds associated with the early Iron Age. Among these discoveries, high-end metalwork, textiles and tomb furniture, intricately embellished with idiosyncratic zoomorphic motifs, stand out as a recurrent element. While scholarship has labeled animal-style imagery as scenes of combat, this dissertation argues against this overly simplified classification model which ignores the variety of visual tools employed in the abstraction of fantastic hybrids. I identify five primary categories in the arrangement and portrayal of zoomorphic designs: these traits, frequently occurring in clusters, constitute the first comprehensive definition of animal-style art.
    [Show full text]
  • SILLA KOREA and the SILK ROAD GOLDEN AGE, GOLDEN THREADS COPYRIGHT ©2006 the Korea Society All Rights Reserved
    SILLA KOREA AND THE SILK ROAD GOLDEN AGE, GOLDEN THREADS COPYRIGHT ©2006 The Korea Society All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without written permission from the publisher except in the context of reviews. ISBN # 0-9729704-1-X Project director: Yong Jin Choi Consultants: Jong-wook Lee, Bangryong Park, Richard D. McBride, II, Gari Ledyard and Ned Shultz Curriculum writers: Marjorie Wall Bingham and Yong Jin Choi Editor: Frederick F. Carriere Editorial assistants: Rebecca Brabant, Grace Chon, Delmas Hare, Jennifer Kim and Louis Wittig Mini lesson writer: Ane Lintvedt Graphic designer/ Illustrator: Seho Kim Book design: Seho Kim (Cover) Gold crown ornament from Kumgwan Tumulus, Kyongju, 5th century CE Photo Credit: Reproduced by permission of the Kyongju National Museum of Korea. (Back cover) Gold crown from Kumgwan Tumulus, Kyongju, 5th century CE Photo Credit: Reproduced by permission of the Kyongju National Museum of Korea. (Right page) Photo caption and credit– Sword hilt, gold, Silla period; 5th–6th century Reproduced by permission of the Samsung Foundation of Culture. Grateful acknowledgement is made to the friends of The Korea Society, The Freeman Foundation and The Academy of Korean Studies for their support. We also are grateful to the organiza- tions and individuals who provided images for this publication. This publication has been made possible by the generous fi- nancial support of the northeast asian history foundation. Table of Contents Introduction iv I. Was Silla Part of the Silk Road? A. WHY STUDY SILLA? A CASE STUDY IN CREATIVITY Handout 1 1 B. A COMPARATIVE TIMELINE Handout 2 8 C.
    [Show full text]
  • Along the Silk Road
    The UNC Carolina Asia Center and Duke-UNC Consortium for Middle East Studies Outreach Programs Along the Silk Road: A Journey of Global Exchange Overview: In this lesson, students will learn about the Silk Road and compare it with global exchanges that are occurring today. Students will begin with an introduction to the meaning of a global exchange. Students will then watch a TedEd Talk about the Silk Road, followed by a discussion about the ancient trading routes and the importance of global travelers like Ibn Battuta. After watching the video, students will simulate travel along the Silk Road by visiting stations that represent key cities. At each “city,” students will map the route and analyze artifacts that range from photographs to non-fiction accounts. To conclude the activity, students will discuss the importance of the cultural exchange that occurred along the Silk Road and how global exchange continues to occur in their communities today. Grades 6th; World History NCSCOS Essential • 6.H.2.2 Compare historical and contemporary events and issues to understand Standards continuity and change. • 6.H.2.3 Explain how innovation and/or technology transformed civilizations, societies and regions over time (e.g., agricultural technology, weaponry, transportation and communication). • 6.G.1.2 Explain the factors that influenced the movement of people, goods and ideas and the effects of that movement on societies and regions over time (e.g., scarcity of resources, conquests, desire for wealth, disease and trade). • 6.G.2.1 Use maps, charts, graphs, geographic data and available technology tools to draw conclusions about the emergence, expansion and decline of civilizations, societies and regions.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia
    EARLY BUDDHIST ART OF CHINA AND CENTRAL ASIA VOLUME ONE Later Han, Three Kingdoms and Western Chin in China and Bactria to Shan-shan in Central Asia BY MARYLIN MARTIN RHIE BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON • KOLN 1999 CONTENTS Acknowledgements xiii Preface by Erik Ziircher xv Abbreviated List of Illustrations, Maps and Drawings xvii Introduction xxxv PART I THE BEGINNINGS OF BUDDHISM AND BUDDHIST ART IN CHINA CHAPTER ONE: The Han Dynasty (206 B.C-220 A.D.) 5 I. The Opening of China to the West 5 A. The Former Han Period (206 B.C.-8 A.D.) 5 B. The Later Han Period (25-220 A.D.) 11 II. Written Evidences of Buddhism 13 III. Translators and Translations of Buddhist Texts 22 IV. Buddhist Art 27 A. K'ung-wang Shan (Kiangsu) 27 1. Images of Popular Religious Belief 29 2. Buddhist Images 33 3. Other Images 39 4. Technique and Historical Conditions 42 5. Conclusions 45 B. Evidences from Tombs in Szechwan and Kansu 47 1. Cave Tomb No. IX at Ma Hao 47 2. Buddha Images on "Money Trees" 56 a. Ceramic money tree base from P'eng shan 56 b. Buddhas on the money tree from Mien-yang 59 3. The Pagoda Relief Tile from Shih-fang 61 4. The Tomb at Lei-t'ai, Wu Wei 64 C. Miniature Bronze Shrine (Asian Art Museum) 67 VIII CONTENTS D. Harvard Flame-shouldered Buddha 71 1. Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of Technique and Style . 73 2. Considerations of Dating, Provenance, Iconography, Historical Circumstances and Interpretation 89 V. Conclusions 94 CHAPTER TWO: Period of the Three Kingdoms and the Western Chin (A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD)
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 230 August, 2012 Hellenes and Romans in Ancient China (240 BC – 1398 AD) by Lucas Christopoulos Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vessantara Jataka from Central Asia
    THE VESSANTARA JATAKA FROM CENTRAL ASIA -P. Banerjee In the Stein Collection of Central Asian antiquities in the National Museum, New Delhi, there is an interesting fragment of wall~ painting from Miran (m.m.002) which has not been identified as yet satisfac~orily. Miran is stiauated on the southern of the two principal silk rout~s passing through Cel}.tral Asia. 'It lies near the south~western edge of the lop-desert, at the foot of the northern slopes of the Altin­ tagh; about five hundred and twenty miles E.N.E. of Khotan and two hundred and fifty miles S. of Turfan. In style, the paintings of Miran are related to the art of Gan­ dhara and are attributable to the fourth century A.D. According to Stein, the painting in question occurred on frieze over the dado of the Stupa cella, No.III, in Miran. The shrine in ques­ tion was square outside but circular inside. As Stein has observed, it was once surmounted by a dome and enclosed by a small Stupa in its centre 1. The present panel (pI. 1) which is in a fragmentary condition, shows in the centre a male figure, seated on a throne with an ornamental background. His feet rest on a foot-stool. The right foot points f~rward and the left is at 'right angles to it'. The left arm is akimbo, with hand resting on thigh. The right is extended, as if engaged in discussion or addressing some one. The expression of his eyes bears a deep anxiety on his part.
    [Show full text]
  • Sponsored by the Society for Asian Art
    Arts of Asia Lecture Series Spring 2019 The Architecture of Asia: From Baghdad to Beijing, Kabul to Kyoto and Tehran to Tokyo Sponsored by The Society for Asian Art East Asian Architecture in the 5th-10th Centuries Nancy S. Steinhardt, University of Pennsylvania February 8, 2019 MAJOR DYNASTIES AND CAPITALS OF CHINA Three Kingdoms Wei (220-264), capital at Ye, Hebei Shu (-Han) (221-263), capital at Chengdu Wu (222-280), capital at Jianye (Nanjing) Wei-Jin (220-317) only in North Jin dynasty (265-420) Western Jin (281-316) CHINA IS UNIFIED Eastern Jin (317-420) Six Dynasties (220-589) Western Jin, Eastern Jin, Liu-Song, Southern Qi, Liang, Chen Capital at Jiankang (Nanjing) beginning in Eastern Jin Sixteen States (304-439) only in the North Northern Dynasties (386-534) Northern Wei (386-534), capitals at Shengle (398-, Pingcheng (Datong) (-492), and Luoyang (493-534) Eastern Wei (534-550), capital at Ye Western Wei (535-557), capital at Chang’an Northern Qi (550-577), capital at Ye and auxiliary capital at Taiyuan Northern Zhou (557-581), capital at Chang'an Southern Dynasties (420-589), all capitals in Jiankang (Nanjing) Liu-Song (420-479) Southern Qi (479-502) Liang (502-557) Chen (557-589) Sui Dynasty (581/89-618), capitals in Chang’an and Luoyang Tang Dynasty (618-907), capitals in Chang’an and Luoyang PERIODS OF KOREAN HISTORY Koguryo/Goguryeo (37 BCE – CE 668), capitals in P’yongyang and Jian Paekche/Baekje (18 BCE – CE 660), capital in Puyo/Buyeo Silla (57 BCE – CE 668), capital in Kyongju/Gyeongju Northern and Southern Dynasties
    [Show full text]
  • Ruins of Desert Cathay
    R U I N S O F DESERT CATHAY PERSONAL NARRATIVE OE EXPLORATIONS IN CENTRAL ASIA AND WESTERNMOST CHINA BY M. AUREL STEIN ILLUSTRATIONS BENJAMIN BLOM New York/London First published 1912 reissued 1968 Benjamin Blom, Inc., Bronx, N.Y. 10452 L.C. Catalog Card No. 68-56900 Printed in U.S.A. by NOBLE OFFSET PRINTERS, INC. NEW YORK 3, N. Y. ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME I For list of illustrations turn to pages XXXI-XXXVIII of Volume I < I. ; f . rk 1 1 i lw. ANCIENT BUDDHIST PAINTING ON SILK, SHOWING VAISRAVANA, DEMON-KING OF THE NORTHERN REGION, MOVING WITH DIVINE HOST ACROSS THE OCEAN. DISCOVERED AT THE ‘CAVES OF THE THOUSAND BUDDHAS,’ TUN-HUANG. (CHAP. LXVIII. SCALE, TWO-FIFTHS). VIEW FROM MALAKAND FORT, LOOKING NORTH INTO THE SWAT VALLEY. Open ground below, on left, marks the position of Crater Camp. 2. CHAKDARA FORT, SWAT VAI.LEV, SEEN FROM NORTH. 3. SHIKARAI HAMLET ABOVE DIR, WITH DIR LEVIES ON ROAD. RUIN OF OLD HINDU TEMPLE, GUMBAT, TALASII VALLEY. 5- RUIN OF KARWAN-1IALASI NEAR BOZAI-GUMBA2, LITTLE PAMIR. Ghajab Beg (Karaul Beg) on left; Mubarak Shah (Ak-sakal) on right. i. PATHAN AND GUJAR CARRIERS COLLECTED AT ROLAND I, ABOVE DIR; DIR LEVIES ON FLANKS. 7. VIEW OF LOWARAI FASS FROM GUJAR POST. The arrow indicates position of pass and snow-filled gorge leading to it. n o a a a w o C5 o>— o« o 55 H a O a>< a a a Q H a a a 3 a a o cj a a < a s < a o OT Q a a o z a II.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silk Road in World History: a Review Essay
    Asian Review of World Histories 2:1 (January 2014), 105-127 © 2014 The Asian Association of World Historians doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12773/arwh.2014.2.1.105 The Silk Road in World History: A Review Essay Alfred J. ANDREA University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont USA [email protected] Abstract The Silk Road, a trans-Eurasian network of trade routes connecting East and Southeast Asia to Central Asia, India, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, and northern Europe, which flourished from roughly 100 BCE to around 1450, has enjoyed two modern eras of intense academic study. The first spanned a period of little more than five decades, from the late nineteenth century into the ear- ly1930s, when a succession of European, Japanese, and American scholar- adventurers, working primarily in Chinese Turkestan (present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, which comprises China’s vast northwest) and China’s Gansu Province (to the immediate east of Xinjiang) rediscovered and often looted many of the ancient sites and artifacts of the Silk Road. The sec- ond era began to pick up momentum in the 1980s due to a number of geopoliti- cal, cultural, and technological realities as well as the emergence of the New World History as a historiographical field and area of teaching. This second period of fascination with the Silk Road has resulted in not only a substantial body of both learned and popular publications as well as productions in other media but also in an ever-expanding sense among historians of the scope, reach, and significance of the Silk Road. Keywords
    [Show full text]