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The Oahu Army Natural Resources Program Adaptive Rat Control Strategy: Protecting Endangered Hawaiian Species

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The Oahu Army Natural Resources Program Adaptive Rat Control Strategy: Protecting Endangered Hawaiian Species The Oahu Army Natural Resources Program Adaptive Rat Control Strategy: Protecting Endangered Hawaiian Species Katie R. Franklin Oahu Army Natural Resources Program, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii ABSTRACT: Since 1995 the Oahu Army Natural Resources Program (OANRP) has managed over 60 federally endangered Hawaiian species, including plants, invertebrates, and one forest bird. An adaptive rodent control program is essential for the stabilization of many of these species. OANRP has utilized and experimented with various rodent control methods in remote settings on Oahu, including using small grids of bait stations containing rodenticide coupled with snap traps; deploying small grids of snap traps only; constructing predator-proof fence exclosures; and maintaining large-scale grids of snap traps for ecosystem-wide protection. In 2012, the program began to phase out the use of rodenticide in bait stations and transitioned to using kill-traps only, including the use of automatically self-resetting rat traps. To gauge the effectiveness of rat control methods, resources are monitored for changes in rat predation. Rat activity (both black rats and Polynesian rats) is also monitored with tracking tunnels inside and outside of management areas. This study discusses rat control and monitoring methods utilized by OANRP in the past and present. It also reviews investigations into the use of automatic rat traps, the transition to using kill-traps only instead of bait station grids, and highlight some strengths and weaknesses of various rat control methods. OANRP is working towards integrating multiple control methods for adaptive management in an effort to determine the most effective means to control rats in Army- managed areas on Oahu. KEY WORDS: conservation, endangered species, Hawaii, Oahu, predator-proof fencing, rats, Rattus exulans, Rattus rattus, rodenticides, rodents, trapping grids, traps Proc. 26th Vertebr. Pest Conf. (R. M. Timm and J. M. O’Brien, Eds.) Published at Univ. of Calif., Davis. 2014. Pp. 26-31. INTRODUCTION responsible for the endangerment and/or extinction of The Oahu Army Natural Resources Program many Hawaiian species (Atkinson 1977, Stone 1985, (OANRP) has managed since 1995 lands that are home to Athens et al. 2002, Athens 2009). almost 80% of Oahu’s endangered species. OANRP The decline of Oahu Elepaio has been attributed currently manages 47 endangered Hawaiian species partially to nest predation, particularly adult mortality of including 43 endangered plant species, one endangered females killed by black rats (VanderWerf and Smith Oahu tree snail species (Achatinella mustelina), 2 species 2002, VanderWerf 2009). Black rats have also been of fruit flies (Drosophila montgomeryi and D. implicated in declines of endemic Oahu tree snails substenoptera), and one species of endangered forest bird, (Achatinella spp.) and other species elsewhere in Hawaii the Oahu Elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis). (Hadfield et al. 1993, Hadfield and Saufler 2009). Direct Managed habitat for these species occurs across two evidence of damage caused by rodents has been observed mountain ranges (Koolau and Waianae ranges) on the for at least 15 of the 43 endangered plant species island of Oahu, with habitat ranging from rare dry mesic currently managed by OANRP. These include Alectryon forest to short stature rainforest. In compliance with the macrococcus var. macrococcus, Cenchrus agrimonioides Federal Endangered Species Act and the Sikes Act, the var. agrimonioides, Cyanea acuminata, C. grimesiana goal of OANRP has been to effectively balance the subsp. obatae, C. longiflora, C. superba subsp. superba, requirements of the Army's training mission with its Delissea waianaeensis, Euphorbia celastroides var. natural resource responsibilities. Through these efforts, kaenana, Hesperomannia oahuensis, Labordia the Army has become a major contributor to conservation cyrtandrae, Schiedea nuttallii, S. obovata, Phyllostegia on the island of Oahu. kaalaensis, Plantago princeps var. princeps, and Introduced rodents are worldwide pests and their Pritchardia kaalae. An effective rodent control program, impacts can be especially harmful in island ecosystems especially one that targets rats, is an essential element in a where species evolved without predation by mammals management plan for many vulnerable native Hawaiian (Atkinson 1977, Athens et al. 2002, Athens 2009, Harris species. 2009). The first rodent species introduced to the OANRP has experimented with various rodent control Hawaiian Islands was the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans), methods over the years. These have included using which was brought by the Polynesians around AD 1000 rodenticide in small-scale bait station grids in (Athens 2009). The house mouse (Mus musculus), the combination with traps; bait station grids without traps; Norway rat (R. norvegicus), and the black or roof rat (R. small grids of snap traps; large-scale trapping grids; rattus) were later introduced by European explorers in the predator exclusion fences; and most recently, deploying late 1700s to mid-1800s (Atkinson 1977). All 4 rodent new automatic self-resetting rat traps. Rat control, species are now found throughout terrestrial ecosystems primarily for black rats (R. rattus) but also for Polynesian in Hawaii (Shiels 2010) and are thought to have been rats (R. exulans), is typically a continuous effort and 26 many sites are remote, steep, or require a helicopter to stipulations and grid design requirements (C. Swift, access. These factors make rat control there a significant USFWS, Honolulu, HI, pers. comm.), which will likely and expensive endeavor. To gauge the effectiveness of preclude the use Ramik® at many sites because the grid rat control methods, rat activity is monitored inside and design requirements may be impractical or impossible to outside of control areas. OANRP also monitors meet. ecosystem response to rat control when possible. The program continues to adapt and modify strategies in an Current Rodent Control Methods effort to determine the most effective means to control Overview of Current Rat Control Program rats in conservation areas important to the Army’s All rodent control methods currently utilized by program on Oahu. OANRP are either lethal (trapping) or are designed to exclude rodents from an area (fencing). Rodent control OVERVIEW OF RAT CONTROL METHODS methods utilized by OANRP in 2013 included the use of Historical Rodent Control Methods small snap trap grids for localized rat control, large-scale Small-scale Bait Station Grids with Rat Traps snap trap grids, predator exclusion fences, and Until recently, OANRP primarily controlled black rats experimental grids of Goodnature® A24 automatic rat and Polynesian rats through the use of HACCO Ramik® traps (Goodnature Limited, Wellington, New Zealand). Mini Bars All-Weather Rat and Mouse Killer (rodenticide Based on the Ramik® SLN label expiring and on positive with 0.005% diphacinone; HACCO Inc., Randolph, WI) results from rat trap-only grids, OANRP removed all in bait stations coupled with Victor® snap traps (Victor remaining bait stations in 2013 and replaced them with rat Pest, Lititz, PA) in close proximity to the bait stations. traps arranged in small grids. The program does not Ramik® was the only registered rodenticide available for anticipate returning to the use of bait stations in the near conservation purposes in natural areas in Hawaii. The future. dual method approach of using bait stations and snap traps together was thought to be more effective than one Small-Scale Rat Trapping method by itself. This approach may be best suited for Most rodent control sites that OANRP currently drier habitats, where the bait may persist for several maintains are comprised of small grids of Victor® snap weeks and remain more palatable to rats than in wetter traps. These traps are the least expensive tool used by habitats. Over the years, OANRP successfully protected OANRP for rat control excluding labor costs. The total some species, such as the endangered palm P. kaalae, number of snap traps currently maintained by OANRP using the dual method. Prior to rat control, there was no has more than doubled in the last 2 years due to phasing naturally occurring recruitment of P. kaalae; now there out the use of rodenticide bait stations and replacing them are carpets of seedlings and over 1,000 immature plants with snap traps. These grids protect rare plants, Oahu tree (Kawelo et al. 2012). The baiting grids were typically snails, and Oahu Elepaio from both black and Polynesian maintained at 2- to 6-week intervals. rats. The use of rodenticide bait, however, can be The majority of the small-scale snap trap grids are in expensive, highly variable in efficacy, heavily regulated, Elepaio territories. OANRP currently manages 105 pairs and controversial. The bait was often moldy within a of Elepaio with rat control across 4 management units week, eaten by slugs within days, or untouched by (MUs); 69 pairs are protected by small-scale snap trap rodents. In 2012, only 12.2% of the total bait deployed in grids while the remaining pairs are protected by a large- Elepaio bird territories was reported “taken,” which scale trapping grid (discussed below). Rat control is only resulted in over $4,500 worth of wasted bait. Unused bait conducted during the Elepaio breeding season was removed from the field and disposed of following (December-June). During this time of year, female label regulations.
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